镉胁迫对荻生长、镉富集和土壤酶活性的影响

采用盆栽土培法,从播种开始培育132d后,研究0,3,6,9mg/kg镉胁迫对荻的生长、镉富集与分布和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:荻耐性指数随处理浓度的增加先上升后下降,镉浓度≤6mg/kg时,促进荻生长,镉浓度为9mg/kg时,抑制荻生长。叶绿素、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量均随处理浓度的增加先升高后降低,在镉浓度为6mg/kg时达到最大值;类胡萝卜素含量为先降低后升高,在6mg/kg时达最小值。荻根部铜、锌和铁含量均随处理浓度的增加而升高,地上部铜和铁含量先降低后升高,而锌含量持续降低。根部和地上部镉含量随镉处理浓度增加呈线性增加趋势,且根部镉含量均高于地上部;不同浓度镉处理荻根部富集系数均大于1,但地上部富集系数和转运系数均小于1;根部镉积累量随处理浓度的增加先升高后降低,在镉浓度为6mg/kg时达到最大值,地上部镉积累量持续升高,荻体内镉主要分布在根部。镉处理组的土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比总体无显著差异(P0.05),镉浓度为6mg/kg和9mg/kg对土壤脲酶活性有一定促进作用,但会抑制过氧化氢酶活性,根际土壤酶活性总体高于非根际土壤酶。研究表明,荻对镉有较强的耐性,且根部对镉有较强的富集能力,因此,荻在土壤镉污染稳定化修复方面具有一定的应用潜力。     

IAA与KT对菊芋镉富集和生理响应的影响

为探究吲哚乙酸（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）和激动素（kinetin,KT）对镉胁迫下菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus L.）生理响应及耐镉性的影响,以耐镉型榆林菊芋和镉敏感型成都菊芋为研究对象,设置CK （空白对照,无Cd）、T1（Cd_{300 mg/kg}）、T2（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+IAA_{4 mg/L}）、T3（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+KT_{8 mg/L}）及T4（Cd_{300 mg/kg}+IAA_{4 mg/L}+KT_{8 mg/L}）5个处理组,研究了IAA、KT对镉胁迫下菊芋幼苗生长、抗氧化系统、叶绿素荧光特性及镉富集能力的影响。结果表明：2个产地菊芋T1处理下的株高伸长率、叶面积、根系伸长率及干重较CK组均有所下降;激素喷施后可有效提高叶绿素含量,其中榆林菊芋T4处理最大增幅为162.87%。各组脯氨酸（Pro）含量随处理时间呈上升趋势,2个产地菊芋T4处理的最大增幅分别达223.94％和112.73％;而T4处理MDA降幅大于T2、T3处理。T1处理的抗氧化酶活性总体低于T2~T4处理,各组酶活性随植株生长差距逐渐拉大,共同喷施下3种保护酶活性的增幅较为理想。喷施激素显著提升菊芋的根系活力（p<0.05）,榆林菊芋、成都菊芋T4处理的根系活力分别提高39.00%和9.10%。T4处理条件下菊芋茎髓部的气泡数目远大于T1~T3处理,2个产地植株黑色区域分别扩增142.59%,700.00%。植物激素单一或共同喷施均可促进菊芋根、茎、叶器官对镉的吸收,根部镉含量最高,茎次之,各器官的镉富集系数均大于2,转运系数大于1,菊芋T4处理的镉含量大于T1~T3处理。综上所述,4 mg/L IAA、8 mg/L KT主要通过提升抗氧化酶活性和Pro含量,以维持活性氧自由基（ROS）产生与清除的动态平衡,减轻膜脂的过氧化并提高根系活力等途径帮助菊芋有效应对镉胁迫环境并强化其富集能力,这为菊芋在镉污染地区的栽培及植物修复土壤镉污染研究提供理论指导。     

芹菜对镉、铅胁迫的生理响应及抗氧化酶基因表达特性分析

为探讨芹菜在重金属镉、铅胁迫下的生理变化规律和抗氧化酶基因的表达特性,采用营养液培试验,研究镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)单一及复合胁迫对芹菜体内Cd/Pb富集、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性的影响,并用RT-q PCR技术检测了根尖细胞内抗氧化酶基因(Cat、Gpx、Mn-sod及Apx)的表达特性。结果表明,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及复合胁迫下芹菜茎叶中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)含量均随胁迫浓度增大而逐渐增大,说明芹菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸收互为协同作用;6~8 mg·L-1Cd~(2+)和60~80 mg·L-1Pb~(2+)单一及复合处理对芹菜整个生长期内叶绿素、MDA、GSH含量及SOD、POD活性的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01);低浓度下单一及复合胁迫对叶绿素合成有促进效应,高浓度、长时间胁迫时,叶绿素含量显著降低;单一及复合胁迫对MDA、GSH含量及SOD、POD活性的影响均为Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+),但单一Cd~(2+)浓度≥4 mg·L-1时,叶绿素含量大于Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互及单一Pb胁迫;Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对芹菜叶POD和SOD活性的影响相似,均表现为"低促高抑";MDA、GSH含量随重金属浓度的升高而逐渐增加;单一及复合处理下Cat、Gpx、Mn-sod及Apx表达模式基本一致,其表达量的降低幅度为Cd~(2+)-Pb~(2+)交互Cd~(2+)Pb~(2+)。综上,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)胁迫对芹菜的生理和抗氧化系统均造成了一定的损伤,二者具有协同性,这为江西省鄱阳湖区芹菜的安全生产提供了理论依据。     

镉、汞胁迫对桔梗种子萌发、幼苗生理生化特性及镉、汞含量的影响

为探讨重金属对植物种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响,本试验以桔梗种子为试验材料,采用培养皿滤纸发芽法,研究桔梗种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化特性对不同浓度镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,低浓度Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)(≤20 mg·L~(-1))处理对桔梗种子的发芽势和发芽率影响不大;Cd~(2+)浓度≥30 mg·L~(-1)、Hg~(2+)浓度≥40 mg·L~(-1)时桔梗种子的发芽势和发芽率显著降低;Cd~(2+)浓度≥20 mg·L~(-1)、Hg~(2+)浓度≥30 mg·L~(-1)时桔梗种子的发芽指数显著降低;桔梗种子的活力指数随着Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)浓度的增加而降低。桔梗萌发幼苗的根长、株高和鲜重随着Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)浓度增加而降低;可溶性糖含量随着Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;可溶性蛋白含量随着Cd~(2+)浓度增加呈先增加后降低又增加的变化,随着Hg~(2+)浓度增加而增加且保持在较高水平。Cd~(2+)处理后,桔梗幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)含量呈先降低后增加趋势;Hg~(2+)处理后,桔梗幼苗的MDA含量增加。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)浓度增加呈先升高后降低的趋势;过氧化物酶(POD)活性随着Cd~(2+)浓度增加呈先升高后降低再升高的变化,随着Hg~(2+)浓度增加呈先降低后升高趋势。桔梗幼苗地上部和根部的Cd、Hg含量均随着Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)浓度增加而增加。综上,较低浓度的Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)对桔梗种子萌发影响不大,但会抑制幼苗生长;较高浓度Cd~(2+)和Hg~(2+)抑制种子萌发和幼苗生长,并引起生理生化变化及植株体内Cd、Hg含量的增加。本研究为阐明重金属胁迫对桔梗幼苗生长影响的机理提供了理论依据。     

重金属Cd2+、Pb2+胁迫对小白菜生理及其BcMT2a基因表达的影响

为探明小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)单一及其复合胁迫的响应机理,以不同浓度Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)处理小白菜幼苗,对其生物量、生理指标(POD、SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量)及Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在小白菜中的富集情况进行研究,同时克隆与重金属富集相关的金属硫蛋白基因BcMT2a并对其表达特异性进行分析。结果表明:除低浓度Cd~(2+)(10mg/L)对小白菜的根长和地上部分生长有一定的促进作用外,Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)—Pb~(2+)处理对小白菜根长和地上部分生长均有一定的抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高,抑制作用逐渐增强;抗氧化酶系统中,POD与SOD活性较高,且与CAT活性均呈现先升后降的趋势。Cd~(2+)浓度为40mg/L时,MDA含量达到最大值。Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)在小白菜各组织中的积累顺序依次为根茎叶,且Pb~(2+)在一定程度上能够促进Cd~(2+)的吸收。BcMT2a基因编码的蛋白主要存在于细胞核中,属于易突变亲水性蛋白,该基因的相对表达量在一定浓度范围内可随着Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd2—Pb~(2+)浓度的升高而增加,且相对表达量的趋势与抗氧化酶系统结果基本一致,说明小白菜在受到Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Cd~(2+)—Pb~(2+)胁迫时,抗氧化酶系统与BcMT2a基因有明显的应答,可增加小白菜对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的耐受性。     

盐碱胁迫对香樟幼苗根际土壤酶活性的影响

以2年生盆栽香樟幼苗为材料,分别施用0、50、100、200 mmol/L的Na2CO3和Na HCO3(1︰1)混合溶液,研究盐碱胁迫对香樟幼苗根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着盐碱胁迫时间的延长,各处理土壤p H不断上升,且随盐碱处理浓度越高,p H越大;对照的脲酶活性呈不断上升的趋势,盐碱胁迫处理的脲酶活性呈先升后降的趋势,盐碱处理浓度越高,土壤脲酶活性越小;过氧化氢酶活性呈不断上升的趋势,盐碱处理浓度越高,过氧化氢酶活性越大;土壤蔗糖酶活性呈先升后降的趋势,盐碱处理浓度越高,土壤蔗糖酶活性越小;轻度(0~50 mmol/L)盐碱胁迫程度促进碱性磷酸酶活性,而重度盐碱(50~200 mmol/L)胁迫抑制碱性磷酸酶活性;0 mmol/L处理的蛋白酶活性不断上升,而盐碱胁迫抑制蛋白酶活性。盐碱胁迫影响了土壤中有效养分的转化。     

镉胁迫导致番茄根际富集病原菌黄瓜织球壳菌

植物根际真菌群落与植物的健康紧密相关,且我国农田土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染严重,因此,探究Cd 胁迫对农作物根际真菌群落的影响具有重要的现实意义。通过盆栽试验,采用Illumina 高通量测序技术研究Cd 胁迫对番茄根际土壤真菌群落的影响。结果表明,Cd 胁迫明显改变了番茄根际土壤真菌的组成和结构,显著降低了Chao和ACE 指数,增加了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)和毛霉门(Mucoromycota)等优势菌门的丰度。Spearman 相关性分析表明,Cd 胁迫会导致“萎蔫病”的致病真菌黄瓜织球壳菌(Plectosphaerella cucumerina)的显著富集。为了验证富集真菌的致病性,分离黄瓜织球壳菌的纯培养(菌株命名:R-2)。水培试验表明,R-2 显著降低了番茄幼苗的株高(21.43%)、根长(46.99%)和鲜重(34.79%),验证了R-2 是植物病原菌。总体而言,发现Cd 胁迫会导致番茄根际富集植物病原真菌这一现象,可为中、轻度Cd 污染农田土壤的安全生产提供科学依据。     

碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫的反应及其吸收累积特征

采用室外盆栽模拟方法,比较并分析了Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一及复合胁迫对碱蓬生长的影响及其对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸收和累积规律。结果表明:在单一Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)胁迫下,低浓度时(Pb~(2+)20mg/kg、Cd~(2+)5mg/kg)促进碱蓬生长,高浓度时(Pb~(2+)200mg/kg、Cd~(2+)≥20mg/kg)抑制碱蓬生长,富集系数(BF)均1。Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫时,情况较复杂,既有拮抗作用,又有协同作用,与2种重金属浓度密切相关。碱蓬对Cd~(2+)的BF受Pb~(2+)影响显著,且均1,表明碱蓬是Cd~(2+)的超富集植物;碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF主要受Pb~(2+)自身浓度大小的影响,当Pb~(2+)浓度≤200mg/kg时Pb~(2+)的BF1,Pb~(2+)浓度200mg/kg时碱蓬对Pb~(2+)的BF反而减小,且1,加入Cd~(2+)对其影响不显著。碱蓬对Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的富集吸收模式基本符合简单二次方程,这为研究碱蓬在Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫下的吸收累积机制提供理论依据,有利于碱蓬被应用于Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)污染的高盐碱地区的植物修复实践。     

PEG预处理对盐及镉胁迫下黑麦草生理代谢的影响

为了探讨PEG预处理对盐胁迫和镉胁迫下多年生黑麦草幼苗生理特性的影响,将黑麦草幼苗分别用0,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%(对应水势分别为0,-0.05,-0.15,-0.30,-0.50,-0.77 MPa)的PEG-6000营养液进行预处理后,分别用含150 mmol/L NaCl和Cd~(2+)浓度为10 mg/L的胁迫液培养,然后测定黑麦草幼苗叶片的光合色素含量、MDA含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性。结果表明:盐胁迫下15%(-0.30 MPa)PEG预处理和镉胁迫下10%(-0.15 MPa)PEG预处理可以有效提高多年生黑麦草的光合色素含量,降低MDA、游离脯氨酸含量,增加可溶性糖含量,提高抗氧化酶活性。PEG预处理下多年生黑麦草在遭受逆境胁迫时,受到多种生理生化的调节,其生理指标的动态变化是黑麦草应答逆境因子胁迫的重要调节机制,体现了其对逆境胁迫的适应能力以及在多种逆境胁迫下的交叉适应能力。     

钙离子对海盐和NaCl胁迫下菊芋幼苗生理特征的响应

用不同浓度CaCl2（5mmol／L，10mmol／L，20mmol／L）对处在相同含盐量的海盐和NaCl两种盐胁迫处理下的菊芋幼苗进行化学调控，研究了钙离子对两种盐处理的菊芋幼苗的生物量、SOD活性、MDA含量、相对电导、叶绿素含量和Pn的影响。研究结果表明：（1）当菊芋处于海盐和NaCl两种盐胁迫下时，菊芋的生物量、SOD活性、叶绿素含量和Pn均显著降低，MDA含量和相对电导显著增加；（2）当施入钙离子后，两种盐对菊芋幼苗的胁迫不同程度降低，其中以中浓度的钙离子效果最好，使菊芋的生物量、SOD活性、叶绿素含量和Pn显著增加，MDA含量和相对电导显著降低，当CaCl2浓度大于10mmol／L时，则钙离子对盐胁迫的缓解作用降低，说明适量的钙离子有效缓解了盐胁迫所致的氧化损伤，从而抑制了脂质过氧化作用，增加叶绿素含量。维持较高的光合速率，增加干物质积累，从而使生物产量增加；（3）在5mmol／L，10mmol／L钙离子浓度下，钙离子对海盐胁迫的缓解作用显著优于NaCl，但在20mmol／L浓度下，两个处理差异不显著。     

菊芋根系分泌物改良滨海盐土的微生物机制

[目的] 探究菊芋在滨海盐土改良过程中的作用机制,分析菊芋和碱蓬根系分泌物的组分差异,明确土壤微生态环境的变化规律,进一步为盐土改良提供理论依据。[方法] 以种植菊芋和自然碱蓬植被为样地,对菊芋和碱蓬的根系分泌物进行对比分析,研究在根系分泌物作用下土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳氮,微生物群落结构以及土壤酶活性的变化,从而系统地阐明根系分泌物介导下盐土改良的微生物机制。[结果] 菊芋根际土壤中含有果糖（2.343×10^-3 g/kg）、葡萄糖（4.235×10^-3 g/kg）、蔗糖（2.670×10^-3 g/kg）,分别是碱蓬根际土壤的9.28,1.52和2.43倍。而菊芋根际与非根际中的果糖含量存在显著性差异（p<0.05）,其根际中含量为非根际的12.02倍。菊芋土壤还含有低聚果糖（蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖和蔗果五糖）,而碱蓬土壤中未检测出低聚果糖。除糖类外,菊芋根系分泌物还含有烷烃、酚、醛、酯、有机酸、醇、酮、酰胺,其组分较碱蓬土壤更为复杂且某些组分为菊芋特有〔1-氯—十八烷、正十六烷酸、2-甲基-Z-4-十四碳烯、十二酮、（Z）-9-十八碳酰胺、苯丙酸十六烷基酯等〕。功能性根系分泌物（如低聚果糖、果糖、十六烷、十八烷酸等）为根际微生物提供碳源、氮源和营养元素的同时,使菊芋根际土壤中微生物数量显著增加（p<0.05）,土壤微生物量碳、氮显著高于碱蓬土壤（p<0.05）,其值分别是碱蓬土壤的1.95和1.6倍,且菊芋根际的微生物量碳、氮约为非根际的1.69和1.50倍,优势菌群（变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门）所占比重达到90%,土壤有益菌群（Actinobacteria和Acidobacteria）的相对丰度显著增加（p<0.05）,土壤生物活性提升。此外,菊芋根际特有的分泌物（十六烷、烯醛等）,抑制了病原菌的生长,优化了微生物群落结构。除过氧化氢酶外,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸活性显著提高（p<0.05）,其活性分别是碱蓬土壤的1.83,1.88和3.30倍。[结论] 种植菊芋后,通过根际分泌物介导,改善土壤微生物群落结构与功能,增加土壤酶活性,使土壤生物活力得以整体提升,与原生植被碱蓬相比,降低了土壤含盐量,起到了改良盐土的作用。     

Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) on growth inhibition and oxidative stress caused by Cd²⁺ toxicity, using two rice cultivars with different grain Cd²⁺ content. Treatments consisted of factorial arrangement of three S levels (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mmol), two cadmium (Cd) levels (0 and 1 μ mol), and two rice cultivars (‘Bing 97252,’ a cultivar with low grain Cd²⁺ content, and ‘Xiushui 63,’ a cultivar with high grain Cd²⁺ content). The results showed that Cd²⁺ addition in the medium generally increased Cd²⁺ and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in both roots and shoots; the increases were more pronounced in ‘Xuishui 63’ than in ‘Bing 97252.’ Dramatic reductions in growth parameters, including plant height, root and shoot weight, tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate were found in the plants exposed to Cd stress relative to the plants without Cd²⁺ treatment. ‘Xiushui 63’ showed more sensitivity than ‘Bing 97252’ under Cd²⁺ exposure. In comparison with the lower S level (0.2 mmol), the higher S levels (0.4 and 0.6 mmol) helped alleviate Cd toxicity, characterized by a significant increase in growth parameters, and a decrease in Cd²⁺ and MDA content in both roots and shoots. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plants varied among tissues, cultivars, and Cd treatments. High Cd²⁺ and MDA content was consistently accompanied by higher SOD activity, and higher S levels caused a marked increase in glutathione content and a reduction in SOD activity, indicating a positive effect of S in alleviating oxidative stress.     

Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Plant-Available Soil Cadmium to Wheat by Several Extraction Methods in Cadmium-Polluted Paddy Field

To develop a new method for the extraction of plant-available cadmium (Cd), the correlation between the Cd content of polluted soil extracted with several extractants and the Cd content of wheat plants (variety “A” Triticum aestivum L.) was examined. Among the HCI concentrations of soil extractants tested, the content of 0.025 mol L^?1 HCI (HCl_0.025)-extractable Cd of soil showed a significant correlation with the Cd content of wheat grain and Cd uptake by shoot. The correlation between the soil Cd content extracted with 1 mol L^?1 NH₄Cl and the Cd content of wheat grain was nearly the same as that in the case of HCI_0.025. In contrast, other reagents such as MgCl₂, diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) and tetra-sodium pyrophosphate (Na₄P₂O₇) could not give a good correlation between the extractable Cd content of soil and the Cd content of wheat grain. Therefore, it was considered that HCl_0.025-extractable Cd is a suitable indicator of the content of plant-available Cd of soil to wheat. This extraction method can be applied to weakly acid Grey Lowland soil. Using the equation for the relation between the content of HCl_0.025-extractable Cd of soil and the Cd content of grain of the wheat variety “A”, the Cd content of grain of other 11 wheat varieties was evaluated. The wheat variety “A” showed the lowest absorption of Cd. The Cd content of variety “B” grain was located on the regression line of that of variety “A”, suggesting that both varieties exhibited the lowest ability to absorb Cd among the varieties tested. Grain yields of both “A” and “B” varieties were reasonably high. On the other hand, other varieties showed a substantially high ability to absorb soil Cd compared with the varieties “A” and “B”. The new method proposed for the determination of the content of plantavailable Cd proved to be suitable for the evaluation of plant-available Cd of soil and also for the screening of wheat varieties with a high or low Cd accumulation capacity in grain.     

Cadmium fractions in an acid sandy soil and Cd in soil solution as affected by plant growth

In a previous experiment, plants were able to immobilize or solubilize Cadmium (Cd) in a sandy acid soil enriched with 40 μmol Cd kg^–1, because Cd solution concentration was decreased by maize (Zea mays) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and increased by flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ssp. usitatissimum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). It is assumed that the equilibrium with Cd fractions in the soil solid phase and the chemical form of Cd in the soil solution were affected. In the present study, the effect of the four plant species mentioned above on Cd binding in soil was investigated by means of a fractionation of soil Cd with a sequential extraction of seven steps. The seven fractions of Cd are operationally defined by the extraction sequence that follows the order of increasing acidity with extractants of different complexing and redox properties. In the unplanted soil, Cd was predominantly present in the exchangeable Fraction I (F. I) and easily mobilizable Fraction II (F. II) (64%). Significant concentrations of Cd were found in F. III (occluded in Mn oxides; 22%) and F. IV (organically bound; 10%). Fractions V (occluded in poorly crystalline Fe oxides), F. VI (occluded in well crystallized Fe oxides), and F. VII (residual fraction) amounted to less than 5% of the total soil Cd concentration. The plants changed the binding of Cd in soil in a different manner. All plants decreased F. I, but F. II was increased by maize and spinach, decreased by flax or remained unaffected by sunflower. Fraction III was not affected by maize and flax, but decreased by sunflower and spinach, and F. IV was not affected by sunflower and spinach, but was increased by maize and flax. These changes of Cd fractions were not related to the changes the plants had caused in total Cd or Cd²⁺ concentration of the soil solution. These results show that plant species differ in how they affect Cd binding to the soil solid phase, but this effect is not related to how they affect Cd in soil solution. The mechanisms by which plants affect the relationship between the soil solid and liquid phase are still unclear.     

青葙修复镉污染土壤的田间试验研究

为探索氯化铵与柠檬酸和青葙(Celosia argentea L.)联合修复重金属Cd污染土壤的方法,通过田间试验,研究了氯化铵与柠檬酸对青葙生长和吸收富集Cd的影响、根际土与非根际土之间的差异,以及对土壤Cd含量和形态的影响。结果表明,种植青葙并施加氯化铵(C+AC)处理能显著促进青葙地上部干重的提高,比只种植青葙(C)处理增产53.03%;种植青葙并施加柠檬酸(C+CA)处理能提高青葙对Cd的吸收富集能力,地上部Cd含量比C处理提高16.64%;而C+AC处理对青葙地上部Cd积累量的促进效果最佳,比C处理提高69.49%;青葙的种植均显著降低根际土Cd的酸溶态含量,C、C+AC和C+CA处理的降低幅度分别为10.31%,15.00%和12.67%,显著大于非根际土;C+CA处理的土壤Cd含量降率最大,为5.33%,而不种植青葙,不施加药剂(CK)处理为1.43%,只有C+CA处理的26.83%。因此,青葙植物提取对Cd的降低仍起关键作用,且施加柠檬酸对表层土壤Cd的修复性能最好。     

Phytotoxicity of Cadmium in Radish and Its Effects on Growth,Yield, and Cadmium Uptake

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effects of cadmium (Cd) on growth, biomass yield, and Cd uptake in three radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India, during 2008–2009. Plants were subjected to different Cd levels by application of cadmium nitrate [Cd (NO₃)₂] at the rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg Cd kg^?1 soil. Length and fresh and dry biomass yields of shoots and roots decreased because of the phytotoxic effect of Cd. Among three varieties, Japanese White Long showed the greatest sensitivity to Cd toxicity. The accumulation of Cd in shoots and roots was greatest in Japanese White Long, which had greater bioconcentration factor values. Variety Arka Nishanth recorded lower bioconcentration factor values and greater transfer coefficient values, indicating lower Cd accumulation in root tubers in this variety. Hence, variety Arka Nishanth can be preferred in Cd-contaminated soils.     

Cadmium accumulation and distribution in sunflower plant

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and distribution was studied in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., public line HA‐89) plant. From an uncontaminated sandy loam brown forest soil with 162 μg kg^‐1 HNO₃/H₂O₂ extractable Cd the HA‐89 sunflower public line accumulated 114 ug kg^‐1 Cd in its kernels under open field conditions. This value is rather low as compared to data found by others. Sandy loam brown forest soil was treated with 0, 1 or 10 mg kg^‐1 of Cd to study the interaction of this heavy metal with young sunflower plants in a greenhouse pot experiment. The fresh weight and dry matter accumulation of sunflower plant organs (roots, shoots, leaves or heads) was unaffected by cadmium treatment of soil. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), or zinc (Zn) uptake of sunflower plant organs was not influenced by lower or higher Cd‐doses, except sunflower heads where 10 mg kg^‐1 of Cd treatment of soil significantly reduced the uptake of Ca, Fe, and Mn. Although Cd reduced the Zn uptake of roots, its rate was statistically not significant. Cadmium was accumulated prevalently in roots (1.21 mg kg^‐1,4.97 mg kg^‐1, or 13.69 mg kg^‐1 depending on Cd‐dose), and its concentration increased also in shoots or leaves. In spite of the short interaction time, elevated concentrations of cadmium (0.78 mg kg^‐1, 1.34 mg kg^‐1, or 3.02 mg kg^‐1 depending on Cd‐dose) were detected in just emerged generative organs (heads) of young sunflower plants.     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

Heavy Metal Uptake by Rape

Abstract

In pot experiments, the effect of single and combined pollution of soil by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) and uptake of heavy metals in Brassica napus L. were investigated. There were two main factors that affected the assimilation of Pb, Cd, and Zn by rape: (i) level of soil pollution by the particular element and (ii) the combined influence of Pb, Cd, and Zn. In general, with the increase of the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in the soil, there were increases in the concentrations of those elements in the roots, stems, and seeds. The main part of the Pb and Zn amounts taken up by the roots from the soil are fixed and accumulated in the roots, and small amounts of them move through the conductive system to the seeds. Cadmium moves relatively easily from root to stem and is accumulated in higher concentrations in the top of the plant.

There is a well‐expressed synergistic interaction between Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, as well as of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Zinc has a highly depressing effect on the assimilation of Cd²⁺, as does Pb²⁺ on the assimilation of Zn²⁺. The combined pollution by Pb, Cd, and Zn stimulated the assimilation of these elements by the roots and foliage and eliminated the effect of Zn²⁺ on Cd²⁺ and of Pb²⁺ on Zn²⁺.