Correction to: Impact of leaf infestation by herbivorous insects on the elemental uptake of citrus trees

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In the original publication, the article title was incorrectly published as ‘Impact of leave infestation by herbivorous insects on the elemental...     

Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung von Nonnenfaltern durch Markierung mit Seltenen Erden

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Laborversuche zur Markierung von Nonnenraupen und Nonnenfaltern mit den Seltenen Erden Europium und Dysprosium behandelt, sowie Freilanduntersuchungen zum Studium der Ausbreitung mit Europium gekennzeichneter Nonnenfalter. Imagines, die mit Mengen von 1/Exemplar im Raupenstadium besprüht worden waren, erwiesen sich, ebenso wie im Vorjahr in derselben Weise behandelte Kiefernspinner, als deutlich markiert. Zur Kennzeichnung der Falter gelangten im Labor und im Freiland 10 Europium, im Labor auch 10 Dysprosium/Exemplar mittels Besprühung erfolgreich zur Anwendung. Die Ausbreitungsuntersuchungen ergaben einen Überflug markierter Falter auf eine Entfernung von 2 km.

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Summary The present paper describes laboratory experiments in marking nun-caterpillars and nun-moths with the rare earths Europium and Dysprosium, as well as field studies on the spread of nun-moths marked with Europium. Nun-moths, sprayed with quantities of 1/individual in the caterpillar stage, proved distinctly marked, and so did pine spinners(Dendrolimus pini) treated the same way past year. Marking of moths succeeded in both laboratory and field by spraying with 10 Europium, in the laboratory also with 10 Dysprosium per individual. Spreading studies revealed marked moths overflying distances of 2 kilometres.

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Résumé L'ouvrage présent traite d'essais en laboratoire sur le marquage de chenilles et de papillons de la Nonne(L. monacha) au moyen des terres rares Europium et Dysprosium, ainsi que de recherches au terrain sur l'expansion de papillons de cette espèce marqués d'Europium. Les images de la Nonne, ayant été aspérgées au stade larvaire d'une dose de 1 par individu, se sont avérées distinctement marquées, de même que les Bombyx du Pin traités de la même manière l'année passée. — Le marquage de papillons a été effectué avec succès au laboratoire et au terrain au moyen de 10 d'Europium — au laboratoire aussi de 10 de Dysprosium — par individu, appliqués par aspersion. Les recherches sur l'expansion ont révélé un survol de papillons marqués à une distance de 2 km.

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Für weitgehende Unterstützung der entomologischen Untersuchungen sei den Herren Dr. W. Schedl, Förster C. Holzschuh und Förster F. Stradner der forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt, der physikalischen Auswertung Herrn Ing. D. Koch, Reaktorzentrum Seibersdorf, herzlich gedankt. Besonderer Dank sei auch der Landesforstinspektion Niederösterreich, der Bezirksforstinspektion Waidhofen/Thaya und der Forstverwaltung von Fischen-Ankern für großzügige Hilfe bei der Durchführung der Freilanduntersuchungen ausgesprochen.     

Beobachtungen zum Verhalten des Bisam bei temporärer Trockenlegung eines Fließgewässer

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Über die Anwendung des Begriffs „Hege“ beim Bisam

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Structural observations during androgenic microspore culture of the 4c1 genotype of Zea mays L.

Summary The capacity of the maize genotype 4c1 to regenerate microcalli and embryos from cultured microspores has been examined by comparing various cold pretreatments and culture media, using microspores and pollen at different stages of development. Viability of cultured cells was tested with FDA and their development was traced with light and fluorescence microscopy using DAPI as a nuclear dye.It was found that a pre-incubation of dissected flowers floating in a liquid nutrient medium at 8°C during 10–14 days was most successful for the induction of cell division. Among the developmental stages tested only the microspores appeared to regenerate. Subculture at 25°C in the same liquid medium, supplemented with 0.1 mg/l TIBA, gave highest rates of microspore division, i.e. up to 70% at 4 to 6 days of culture.All pathways described earlier for maize androgenic embryogenesis were observed within the 4c1 genotype. Symmetric divisions occurred in cultured microspores but most frequently asymmetric divisions lead to the formation of microcalli within 12 days of culture. In at least 60% of all dividing microspores cells were derived from the generative nucleus. Microcalli further developed either into loose or compact calli. Compact calli formed embryo-like structures.Abbreviations DAPI 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole - Dicamba 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid - 2,4D 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - FDA fluorescein diacetate - PAA phenylacetic acid - TIBA 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid - YP medium Yu-Pei basal salt medium     

Erfassung der Mineralstoffverteilung im wurzelnahen Boden durch Autoradiographie

Determination of the nutrient distribution in the soil-root interface by autoradiography A method is described to determine the nutrient concentration profile in soil in the vicinity of living plant roots. For this purpose plants are grown in flat boxes filled with radioactive labelled soil of 5 mm thickness and then autoradiographs of roots and surrounding soil are taken. The density of the x-ray film is scanned by use of a microdensitometer. The profile of the film density produced by ³³P, which is a β-emitter of relatively low energy, represents the P concentration profile rather accurately. In case of ³²P and ⁸⁶Rb, nuclides of higher β-energy, profiles of the film density deviate markedly from concentration profiles because of cross fire. To account for the cross fire a corrective calculation is applied. The result of the corrective calculation is shown with autoradiographs of maize roots grown in either sand or loess soil labelled with ⁸⁶Rb. Phosphate depletion zones around plant roots growing in soil usually do not exceed the distance of cross fire of ³²P. Therefore, this nuclide is not or at least less appropriate than ³³P.     

Mechanistic insights into furan formation in Maillard model systems

Furan has recently received considerable attention as a possibly carcinogenic compound occurring in thermally processed foods. Although several food constituents have been identified as furan precursors, multiple formation pathways remain unclear. Therefore, the mechanisms of furan formation in Maillard model systems were studied by means of the carbon module labeling (CAMOLA) technique. Under both roasting and pressure-cooking conditions, furan was formed from glucose via the intact skeleton, and its formation pathways from glucose alone were not amino acid-dependent. However, some amino acids, especially alanine and serine, did influence the furan production by providing an additional formation pathway. Furthermore, most amino acids enhanced the furan production from glucose. Roasting conditions produced 25-100 times higher amounts of furan as compared to pressure-cooking conditions. Surprisingly, in the alanine/glucose model systems, the relative importance of furan production from glucose alone and from the combination of a glucose-derived and an alanine-derived fragment changed completely over a limited time course of 60 min.     

Accumulation of metals in macrophytes from water reservoirs of a power supply plant, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Aquatic macrophytes are well known accumulators for heavy metals, the reason why they are used as bioindicators for water quality and in phytoremediaton strategies. This study reports on the elemental concentrations in four free-floating aquatic macrophytes (S. auriculata; P. stratiotes; E. crassipes and E. azurea) growing in two water reservoirs (Santana e Vigário, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) of an electric power plant that receive input from the polluted Paraíba do Sul River. Filtered water samples and water suspended solids from these environments were also analysed. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used as the principal method, allowing the determination of up to 41 elements, including the rare-earth elements (REEs) and other trace metals not assayed before in these macrophytes. The results show that all elements studied are accumulated by the macrophytes with concentration ratios (CR = [plant]: [water]) varying from about 1,000 to 200,000, based on the dry weight of the plant species. With a few exceptions, highest accumulations were observed in E. crassipes in which CRs increase in the sequence: Cu < Mo < Cr < Pb < Tl < Fe < La < Zn < Ce< Mn. Surprisingly high CRs (e.g. Ce: 74,000) and corresponding mass concentrations were observed for the rare-earth elements (e.g. ∑REE: 112 mg kg^?1), also measured in the water suspended particle fraction. The results show that this fraction acts as an effective sink for trace metals in the aquatic system studied and seems to play also an important role in the transfer of metals from water to the plant species.     

Characterization of model melanoidins by the thermal degradation profile

Different types of model melanoidins were thermally degraded, with subsequent identification of the volatiles produced, to obtain and compare the thermal degradation profile of various melanoidins. At first, the volatiles produced from heated glucose/glycine standard melanoidins were compared with glucose/glutamic acid and L-(+)-ascorbic acid/glycine standard melanoidins. In the headspace of heated glucose/glycine melanoidins, mainly furans, were detected, accompanied by carbonyl compounds, pyrroles, pyrazines, pyridines, and some oxazoles. Heating of L-(+)-ascorbic acid/glycine melanoidins resulted in relatively more N-heterocycles, while from glucose/glutamic acid melanoidins no N-heterocycles were formed. In a second part, a chemical treatment was applied to glucose/glycine melanoidins prior to the thermal degradation. Acid hydrolysis was performed to cleave glycosidically linked sugar moieties from the melanoidin skeleton. Nonsoluble glucose/glycine melanoidins were also subjected to an oxidation. The results indicate that the thermal degradation profile is a useful tool in the characterization of different types of melanoidins.