细沟侵蚀阶段玉米季坡耕地氮素流失特征

研究紫色土区坡耕地玉米全生育期细沟侵蚀阶段水土及氮素流失规律,以期为研究区氮素流失有效防控提供科学依据。采用人工模拟降雨与野外径流小区相结合的方法,开展降雨强度为1.5mm/min条件下玉米全生育期细沟侵蚀阶段地表径流、壤中流和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失特征的研究。结果表明:细沟侵蚀阶段,玉米各生育期地表径流量、壤中流量和侵蚀产沙量总体表现为随降雨时间延长呈先增加后平稳的变化趋势。地表径流中总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮和侵蚀泥沙中总氮流失量总体呈现先增加后平稳的趋势,而地表径流中铵态氮流失量变化趋势在降雨前期呈现波动性变化,降雨后期逐渐平稳。壤中流中总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮流失量则随着降雨时间延长呈现平稳的变化趋势。细沟侵蚀阶段地表径流中氮素流失总量在玉米苗期最大,为628.77mg/m2;壤中流中氮素流失总量在拔节期和抽雄期最大;侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失总量在苗期最大,为144.95mg/m2。壤中流为氮素流失主要途径,硝态氮为氮素流失主要形态。     

三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究

采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区王家沟小流域旱坡地不同坡度土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明:①旱坡地不同坡度小区土壤氮素流失量总体不大,单场降雨侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量最大值为189.06 mg/m2,而在地表径流中仅为28.12 mg/m2,侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量明显高于地表径流氮素流失量,最大差异达到16.8倍,差值随着坡度的增大有减少的趋势;坡度越大,地表径流氮素和侵蚀泥沙氮素的流失量也越大,呈现出小区17°>9°>4°的趋势;铵态氮流失量明显低于硝态氮流失量,4°、9°、17°小区地表径流硝态氮流失量较铵态氮流失量分别高出3.2、3.6、4.0倍,说明硝态氮较铵态氮更易于流失,且随着坡度的增大差异增大。②不同坡度小区地表径流量、侵蚀泥沙流失量与降雨量均存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),且随着坡度的增大地表径流量与降雨量的相关系数在增大,侵蚀泥沙流失量表现则相反,这可能与土壤母质、作物生长等情况有关。     

放水冲刷条件下工程边坡产流产沙及氮磷输出特征

为揭示工程堆积体平台汇流造成的水沙及氮磷养分流失特征,以矿区堆土场为研究对象,采用室内放水冲刷试验,研究不同上方来水流量(1.7,2.3,2.9 L/min)和坡度(25°,30°,35°)下地表径流、壤中流及侵蚀泥沙产生过程,分别测定氮磷养分浓度并计算流失量及贡献占比。结果表明:蒙东地区覆土排土场边坡产流方式主要为地表径流,随坡度和冲刷流量的增大,地表径流量增大,壤中流量减小。产沙量随坡度的增大先增大后减小,侵蚀产沙的临界坡度在30°附近。地表径流中铵态氮及磷酸盐流失浓度均大于壤中流,硝态氮浓度在冲刷流量较大(2.9 L/min)时低于壤中流。径流中磷酸盐及侵蚀泥沙中氮磷损失均随坡度的增大先增大后减小。冲刷流量越大,地表径流及侵蚀泥沙中的氮、磷流失量越多。径流中养分流失量表现为硝态氮＞铵态氮＞磷酸盐。侵蚀泥沙是磷酸盐的主要输出途径,占流失总量的59.69%以上;氮素流失量仅在坡度30°时表现为侵蚀泥沙中最大,在25°,35°坡面,地表径流为氮素的主要流失途径,小流量(1.7,2.3 L/min)时壤中流输出的氮素次之。     

不同肥料类型及用量对坡面氮素流失的影响

为研究施用不同肥料类型（尿素、鸡粪）及用量（349.6,174.8 kg/hm²）下坡面氮素流失规律,采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,探究二者氮素流失差异的原因,并阐述肥料用量对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明：施肥后坡面氮素流失以泥沙全氮流失为主,占比可达78.16%~93.46%;径流硝态氮浓度高于铵态氮浓度,且径流总氮流失以硝态氮流失为主要形式,流失量占径流总氮流失量的38.53%~48.62%。肥料类型对坡面泥沙全氮浓度影响不明显,施用鸡粪处理泥沙硝态氮浓度和铵态氮浓度较高。等氮施用鸡粪可以减少坡面径流总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失浓度,分别减少68.64%~74.23%,70.09%~72.54%,27.90%~39.45%。等氮鸡粪替代尿素可以减少坡面氮素流失总量的11.07%~15.81%,减少径流总氮形式流失量70.55%~73.36%。坡面施氮量增加,氮素流失浓度增加,氮素流失总量也随之增加,可增加6.00%~11.00%。全量鸡粪替代半量尿素可减少坡面氮素流失总量,其效果较半量鸡粪处理下降10.40%。农业施用氮肥时,应合理选择施用量,并少量多次施用。尽量选择有机肥替代传统氮肥,以减少地表径流氮素浓度。做好水土保持工作,以降低水土流失携带大量的氮素对环境所造成的威胁。     

紫色土区坡耕地玉米季地表径流及其氮素流失特征

研究川中丘陵紫色土区坡耕地玉米全生育期地表径流及其氮素流失特征,以期为坡耕地氮素流失预测和有效防控提供理论依据。采用人工模拟降雨与微小区(1 m×2 m)相结合的方法,降雨强度设置为1.0,1.5,2.0mm/min,分别在玉米苗期、拔节期、抽雄期和成熟期进行人工模拟降雨。结果表明:玉米全生育期地表径流量及其氮素流失量随降雨强度的增加而增加。不同降雨条件下,玉米全生育期地表径流总量表现为苗期显著高于其它生育期。玉米拔节期地表径流中氮素平均流失浓度高达16.36mg/L;地表径流中氮素平均流失量在玉米苗期最高,为10.24mg/m~2,而抽雄期仅为2.97mg/m~2。玉米苗期地表径流中铵态氮流失量最大,成熟期地表径流中硝态氮流失量最大,抽雄期硝态氮和铵态氮流失量均最小;玉米全生育期地表径流中硝态氮为氮素流失的主要形态,占总氮的77.98%~97.85%。玉米拔节期氮素流失浓度最高,而苗期为氮素输出负荷量最大,苗期和拔节期地表径流中氮素流失易造成地表水体富营养化,可通过控制基肥、追肥的施入量和增加地表覆盖度减少氮素流失。     

甘蔗种植方式对蔗地土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征的影响

[目的] 探讨自然降雨条件下甘蔗种植方式(宿根和新植)对坡地的土壤侵蚀及氮素流失特征的影响，为区域水土流失防治和甘蔗合理种植提供理论依据。 [方法] 基于径流小区原位观测试验，以10°赤红壤植蔗坡地为研究对象，设置甘蔗宿根和新植两种种植方式，测定自然降雨条件下坡面径流、侵蚀量及硝态氮和铵态氮流失量，获得自然降雨条件下宿根蔗和新植蔗坡地土壤侵蚀特征和氮素流失的特征。 [结果] ①2021年5-10月宿根蔗和新植蔗地分别发生侵蚀性降雨40场和43场，累计侵蚀性降雨981.8 mm和1 013.0 mm。蔗地径流、侵蚀量及氮素流失量均集中在6月，径流和侵蚀泥沙中硝态氮和铵态氮主要随地表径流流失，占径流侵蚀氮素流失总量的96.0%以上；径流中的氮流失以硝态氮为主(＞70.0%)，而侵蚀泥沙中则以铵态氮流失为主(＞80.0%)。宿根蔗坡面径流、侵蚀量较新植蔗减少了31.8%和83.5%，径流中硝态氮和铵态氮流失量减少了56.7%和51.9%，侵蚀泥沙中则减少了85.4%和60.2%。 ②次降雨条件下，蔗地坡面径流、侵蚀和氮素流失随降雨量波动变化，宿根蔗和新植蔗地的径流、侵蚀量及氮素流失量主要发生在2021年6月3-24日降雨中，且整体上均表现为宿根蔗小于新植蔗。随着甘蔗的生长，蔗地坡面径流、侵蚀及其携带氮素流失量均逐渐减小。 ③最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)和降雨量是影响蔗地径流中和侵蚀泥沙中氮素流失的主要因子；最大60 min降雨强度(I₆₀)和I₃₀分别是影响宿根蔗和新植蔗坡面径流侵蚀的最主要降雨因子。 [结论] 蔗地坡面土壤径流、侵蚀泥沙中的硝态氮和铵态氮流失以地表径流中的硝态氮流失为主；与新植蔗相比，宿根蔗在甘蔗苗期和分蘖期可以有效降低坡面径流侵蚀及氮素流失，伸长后期二者差异逐渐变小。     

土地利用方式对红壤坡地地表径流氮素流失的影响

为探明长期(1995年开始)不同土地利用方式对红壤坡地径流氮素流失的影响,通过2011年10月-2012年9月连续12个月23次径流水质动态分析,研究自然林、草地、农作、油茶林和湿地松5种坡地利用类型下径流水中氮素迁移特性及其泥沙和植物残体氮的年流失总量。结果表明:(1)径流水中氮素流失量随土地利用方式的不同表现出明显差异,径流水中氮素流失负荷为85.1~655.5g/hm2,大小顺序为农作油茶林湿地松草地自然林。(2)径流中氮素以无机态氮(DIN)为主,其中硝态氮是DIN的主要形态,占全氮的31.5%~54.8%,是铵态氮(NH+4-N)的1.8~5.8倍,可溶性有机氮(DON)含量较低,仅占径流TN的10.1%~17.1%,远小于颗粒态氮(PN)所占全氮比值(21.4%~37.2%)。(3)泥沙和植物残体氮素年流失量分别为37.0~154.2g/hm2和28.1~249.6g/hm2,占各利用方式下氮流失总量的17.0%~77.1%,其中自然恢复林地所占比例最高(77.1%),而其他利用方式泥沙和植物残体氮素年流失量(17.0%~30.3%)远低于通过径流水流失的氮量(69.7%~83.0%)。总体来看,径流量是导致土地利用方式间氮迁移通量产生差异的主要驱动因素。     

三峡库区退耕还林土壤侵蚀及养分流失控制——以兰陵溪小流域为例

以秭归县兰陵溪小流域为研究对象,基于2016年5—9月自然降雨条件下,对三峡库区内典型退耕还林模式(茶园、板栗林、柑橘园)及原有农耕地(对照)径流小区的土壤侵蚀及养分流失情况进行了监测和分析,评估退耕还林工程实施后对小流域土壤侵蚀及氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明:(1)退耕还林后土壤侵蚀量和总氮、总磷流失量明显减少,与农耕地相比,板栗林、柑橘园和茶园地表径流流失减少幅度分别为41.95%,22.78%,6.11%,土壤侵蚀减少幅度分别为87.91%,75.26%,58.94%,总氮流失量减少幅度分别为52.42%,44.08%,31.26%,总磷流失量减少幅度为72.87%,70.45%,43.24%。(2)相较农耕地,退耕还林模式速效氮流失量明显减少,硝态氮流失量顺序为农耕地332.09g/hm~2茶园243.42g/hm~2板栗林124.76g/hm~2柑橘园123.18g/hm~2,铵态氮流失量顺序为农耕地184.22g/hm~2茶园132.18g/hm~2柑橘园117.62g/hm~2板栗林91.42g/hm~2,且硝态氮流失量占总氮流失量比率高于铵态氮。(3)总氮、总磷主要通过侵蚀泥沙途径流失,速效氮流失的主要途径是地表径流。流域内主要污染物为随侵蚀泥沙流失的总氮。     

自然降雨条件下农田地表径流氮素流失特征研究

为探讨自然降雨条件下,农田地表径流及氮素的流失特征,以澄江尖山河流域典型坡地为研究对象,采用标准径流小区和微型试验小区的研究方法,对农田地表径流及径流中氮素流失进行了分析研究.结果表明:降雨量和降雨强度是产生地表径流的主要原因,雨季应做好坡地的保护工作;地表径流中氮素流失的最高浓度可达到30.72mg/L;农田地表径流中可溶态氮素的流失形态主要为硝态氮和铵态氮,硝态氮流失浓度约占全氮的4%～28%,而氨态氮流失浓度约占全氮的1%～8%;地表径流中氮素累积流失负荷在0.45～1.18 kg/hm2,而流失系数仅为0.10%～0.12%.     

片麻岩坡面花生不同生长时期水土及养分流失规律

通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面水土流失和养分流失特征。结果表明:花生不同生长时期产流产沙量不同,总体流失量均呈现出0d20d40d60d,与对照(0d)相比,花生60d坡面产流量减少了38%,产沙量减少了47%;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量随生长天数的增加而减少,与对照(0d)相比,60d坡面氮磷钾养分流失量分别减少了75%,45%,70%,降雨过程中硝态氮流失量始终高于铵态氮流失量;不同生长时期坡面养分流失量表现为钾流失总量氮流失总量磷流失总量,养分流失总量与产沙量之间方程拟合系数均达0.98以上,有着显著的正相关性;花生不同生长时期片麻岩坡面磷钾的流失主要以泥沙结合态为主,氮素流失为溶解态氮与泥沙态氮共存。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.