国内外降雨蚀力简易计算方法的比较

降雨是引起土壤侵蚀的主要动力，用EI30指标度量。计算EI30时，需要降雨过程资料，而且计算繁琐和费时，为此，很多学者采用常规降雨资料计算降雨侵蚀力的简易算法。它们往往利用区域资料经验拟合求得，如要推广使用，需要进行验证。利用我国10个气象站降雨过程和常规降雨资料，通过对国内外9种比较有代表性的多年平均年降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的比较，建议采用年雨量的指数函数形式作为估算我国多年平均年降雨侵分蚀力的简易计算方法。为保证计算结果的区域稳定性，应分不同区域进行拟合。     

贵州省降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征研究

降雨侵蚀力是区域土壤侵蚀状况定量化的首要因子,反映了区域降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在作用.贵州省地处喀斯特强烈发育地区,水土流失极为严重.利用罗甸小区降雨过程资料及相应的土壤流失量资料,得出贵州省降雨侵蚀力指标的最佳组合为EI30;采用回归分析得出降雨侵蚀力的简易算法为:R=2.0354P1.2159+45.5649.利用264个站点1956-2000年的月降雨量、多年平均降雨量资料得出各站点降雨侵蚀力,并采用Kriging方法进行插值,得到降雨侵蚀力的空间分布图.结果表明:贵州省降雨侵蚀力的空间变化表现为由南向北递减的趋势.按照月降雨侵蚀力的分布状况,将贵州省全年划分为干季和湿季两个阶段,其中湿季降雨侵蚀力约占多年平均降雨侵蚀力的57％.总体而言,近年来贵州省的降雨侵蚀力变化不明显,但仍不能排除个别区域有增高的趋势.     

我国南方地区降雨侵蚀力特征及简易算法研究——以江西省鹰潭地区为例

以我国南方亚热带地区的江西省鹰潭市红壤生态试验站自建气象站1997—2003年度观测资料和该站不同类型径流小区的实测数据为例,研究了我国南方地区自然降雨侵蚀力(R)特征及其初步的简易算法。结果表明,研究区1997—2003年每年降雨过程和降雨侵蚀力的产生主要发生在3—8月。根据R值的"EI30"方法计算出1997—2003年的降雨侵蚀力分别为:7 231.8,12 051.9,3 722.3,6 864.2,4 520.5,6 299.1和5 580.9MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a);降雨侵蚀力呈现出年际变化大,且月分布极不均衡的特点。通过分析7a中244次侵蚀性降雨的雨量与侵蚀力的关系以及土壤流失量资料,初步建立了研究区降雨侵蚀力的简易算法。通过检验表明新简易算法在研究区面积分布较广的紫色湿润雏形土上要优于"EI30"经典算法,在黏淀湿润富铁土和铝质湿润淋溶土上与"EI30"经典算法预测精度相差不大,说明该算法可以作为一个通式在研究区推广。     

黄土高原南部降雨侵蚀力试验研究

基于Wischimeier关于降雨侵蚀力R=EI30的经典算法,以黄土高原南部杨凌天然降雨为研究对象,较详细地分析了一次降雨过程雨滴大小分布;拟合了雨滴中数直径、降雨动能与降雨强度的关系;分别以EI10、EI30、EI60为降雨侵蚀力R指标,计算了该地区6-9月降雨侵蚀力大小,研究分析了降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的关系。得出以下结论:雨滴大小分布满足Best提出的分布式;雨滴中数直径反映次降雨过程中雨滴大小的总体趋势,与降雨强度关系密切,其关系式可表示为D50=2.25I0.21;降雨动能由降落雨滴从高空下落而具有的能量,以及与雨滴直径和下落速度有直接关系,得出降雨动能与降雨强度的关系式为E=26.57I0.28;杨凌区降雨量多集中于6-10月,月降雨侵蚀力分布随着月降雨量变化而变化;3种R指标计算的降雨侵蚀力值,EI10>EI30>EI60,且3种指标计算结果与CREAMS月雨量经验模型的相对偏差中,EI10与其相对偏差最小,但波动幅度较大,EI30与其相对偏差居中,但相对较稳定,分析得出EI10更适用于短阵型降雨,EI30适用于普通型降雨。基于上述理论,本研究旨在为今后建立黄土高原南部地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算模型提供理论依据。     

中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布（I）

对中国降雨侵蚀力Ｒ值的计算与分布进行了系统研究。主要内容包括Ｒ指标的确定；次降雨Ｒ失真、Ｒ值以及多年平均Ｒ值的简易计算方法；我国不同地区年Ｒ值的月分布、次分布、频率分布和年际变化特征，以及Ｒ值的雨量、雨强分布特征；对我国１４０多个重点站的Ｒ值进行了计算；在分析我国降雨侵蚀力Ｒ值区域分布特征的基础上，编制了中国降雨侵蚀力等值线图，进行了降雨侵蚀力分区。     

利用日雨量模型进行伏牛山区降雨侵蚀力的初步研究

利用河南省鲁山县水保站4年共49次降雨过程资料,分别采用EI30法、CREAMS模型算式、Richardson算式和我国郭新波的修正日雨量模型计算了伏牛山区降雨侵蚀力。结果发现区域内降雨侵蚀力主要发生在6~8月,可占年R值的78%,峰值出现在7月,R值降峰值较出现雨量峰值不太一致;三个日雨量模型的验证结果以CREAMS模型较好,但仍不宜直接使用,应该根据区域降雨特性选择更加合适的参数。     

赣北红壤坡地侵蚀性降雨的特征分析

通过对赣北红壤坡地上为期6 a(2001-2006年)的定点观测,研究确定了该区域侵蚀性降雨的雨量及雨强标准分别为11.20 mm和0.88 mm/h,并建立了降雨侵蚀力因子"R=∑E·I30"的最佳算式;通过降雨侵蚀力的分析计算,该区多年平均侵蚀力为8695.43 J·mm/(m2·h),年内分布上主要集中在夏季;研究中还拟合了该区降雨侵蚀力预报简易算法,结果表明当年降雨总量产生10%的波动时,会导致年降雨侵蚀力总量27%的变化.     

北京市降雨侵蚀力计算方法与特征研究

利用北京市20个测站1981~2004年的降雨资料,对比分析了几种降雨侵蚀力简易计算方法的适用性,计算了北京市不同地区的降雨侵蚀力R值,并在G IS软件支持下对所得结果进行了系统的分析、研究。结果表明:①逐月雨量的指数函数形式可作为估算北京市多年平均降雨侵蚀力的简易计算方法;②北京市降雨侵蚀力R值的年内动态变化显著,年R值在近几年降低趋势明显;③在空间分布上,北部山区八道河—椴树岭一带、西部房山山前地带R值最高,并沿两处连线向西、东南方向呈递减的趋势。     

河南省降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征

利用河南省59个气象站1961—1990年30年年均降雨量资料,计算了各站点的多年平均年降雨侵蚀力,并对其进行统计分析和空间插值计算。研究结果表明:河南省多年平均年降雨侵蚀力R值在1999.9~7638.9 M J.mm/(hm2.h.a)之间,R值在2000~3000 M J.mm/(hm2.h.a)的分布最广,约占河南省总面积的47%,多年平均年降雨侵蚀力R值具有从南到北递减的特点,并计算了各县(市、区)的多年平均年降雨侵蚀力R值。本研究成果为进行河南省水土流失预报和水土保持措施评价提供了基础资料。     

东北地区降雨-径流侵蚀力研究

降雨-径流侵蚀力反映了降雨和融雪及其径流潜在的侵蚀能力。东北地区融雪侵蚀十分显著,进行土壤侵蚀预报时,需要计算降雨侵蚀力,也要求推算融雪径流侵蚀力。利用21个典型流域水文站径流泥沙资料及相应雨量站点资料,推导融雪径流侵蚀力（Rw）估算方法;利用全区234个气象站降水资料,提出了不同类型降水资料计算年降雨-径流侵蚀力（Rτ）的方法,并分析其空间分布特征。结果表明：在降雪量占年降水量≥10％的地区,融雪径流侵蚀力可利用多年平均11-翌年4月降水量P11-4估算：Rw=33.124P^0.5845 11-4;若有逐日降水量资料,则可在计算出融雪径流侵蚀力基础上,利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力（R）,二者之和为年降雨-径流侵蚀力（Rτ）;若无逐日降水资料,则可采用平均年降雨量P计算年降雨-径流侵蚀力,Rτ=0.0668P^1.626.6;本区Rτ值变化于523.3-8243.4MJ·mm／（hm^2·h·a）之间,大致从西北向东南递增。研究成果有助于提高土壤侵蚀预报精度,为本区水土保持规划提供依据。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.