减量施氮及秸秆深埋对春玉米地土壤电导率和硝态氮淋溶的影响

通过在中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态试验站半覆膜种植春玉米大田试验,研究了减氮及秸秆深埋对土壤电导率、土壤硝态氮淋溶和玉米产量的影响,旨在为提高氮肥利用效率和保护环境提供理论依据。试验设5个处理3个重复,处理包括不施氮(CK)、常规施氮(CON1,N 250kg/hm2)、常规施氮加秸秆(CON2,N 250kg/hm2+秸秆)、减量施氮(CR1,N 200kg/hm2)和减量施氮加秸秆(CR2,N 200kg/hm2+秸秆)。测量了春玉米各生育期土层剖面土壤电导率、收获期土壤硝态氮含量和春玉米产量。结果表明:土壤电导率在分蘖期、拔节期40—150cm土层出现峰值,在抽穗期、成熟期40—200cm土层出现峰值,峰值范围下移。在0—150cm土层范围内,土壤电导率整体呈现CON2CON1,CR2CR1。在0—150cm土层范围内,常规施氮土壤电导率高于减量施氮。与常规施氮相比,减量施氮减少了土壤剖面硝态氮含量,同时,采取秸秆深埋措施也能减少土壤剖面硝态氮含量,并延缓硝态氮的淋溶下移。与常规施氮相比,减量20%施氮增产9.59%。施氮条件下,秸秆深埋时,有利于提高作物产量,提高氮肥增产潜力。秸秆深埋有利于提高土壤电导率,减少土壤硝态氮含量,阻控土壤硝态氮向下淋溶,提高玉米产量。     

氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤呼吸的影响

依托设施番茄栽培连续3年田间施肥定位试验,利用田间原位土壤呼吸测定法,研究了施氮量0、187.5、375.0、562.5 kg hm~(-2)(N0、N1、N2、N3)及氮肥与有机肥(M:75000 kg hm~(-2))配施(MN0、MN1、MN2、MN3)对土壤日呼吸速率的动态变化和累积呼吸量的影响,并分析了影响土壤呼吸的因素。结果表明:在番茄生长期内,各处理土壤日呼吸速率的动态变化趋势基本一致,番茄生长前期,各施肥处理土壤日呼吸速率较小且变动较小,生长64 d后,各施肥处理土壤日呼吸速率随生长天数的延长呈快速增加趋势,82 d时达最大峰值,之后则呈现下降趋势,但仍维持较高的数值;与单施氮肥处理相比,氮肥与有机肥配施可提高土壤日呼吸速率,并极显著提高土壤呼吸累积量(P<0.01),在施氮处理中,N1处理土壤呼吸累积量显著高于其它4个处理,而氮肥与有机肥配施处理中,施氮量对土壤呼吸累积量影响不显著。各处理5 cm、10 cm、15 cm处土壤温度与土壤日呼吸速率之间均呈显著指数相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01),敏感系数Q10值均随土层深度的增加呈增大趋势,其中,N1(187.5 kg hm~(-2))和MN1处理土壤日呼吸速率对温度的敏感性较强;表层(0~10 cm)土壤容重、pH值和有机碳含量与土壤呼吸累积量之间均有显著线性关系(P<0.05)。本试验条件下,连续有机肥与氮肥配施,可显著提高土壤呼吸,促进CO2排放。     

典型菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2分布特征研究

为探究菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2时空分布特征,利用地下气体原位采集系统与气相色谱法,周年动态监测3种典型菜地,即休闲裸地、轮作地Ⅰ(芹菜?空心菜?小白菜?苋菜)以及轮作地Ⅱ(菜心?芹菜?空心菜?大青菜)7 cm、15 cm、30 cm与50 cm土层N2O、CH4与CO2浓度变化。结果表明,0~50 cm土层范围内,N2O、CH4与CO2 3种气体浓度周年变异性较大,变幅分别为0.63~1 657.0μL(N2O)?L?1、0.8~72.5μL(CH4)?L?1和0.41~36.6 m L(CO2)?L?1。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ的N2O平均浓度随土壤深度增加而增加,休闲裸地则呈现先增加(0~30 cm)后降低(30~50 cm)的变化趋势。两种轮作菜地4个土层N2O平均浓度均显著高于休闲裸地,二者氮肥施用量不同并未造成相同土层间N2O平均浓度的显著差异。3种菜地CH4与CO2平均浓度均呈现50 cm30 cm15 cm7 cm的梯度特征。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ0~15 cm土层CH4平均浓度均大于休闲裸地,而在15~50 cm土层则分别大于和小于休闲裸地。CO2浓度呈现明显的季节性变化,除轮作地Ⅰ50 cm土层外,两种轮作菜地其他土层CO2平均浓度均小于休闲裸地对应土层。可见,蔬菜地高氮肥施用、多频次耕作等复杂管理使得N2O、CH4与CO2表现出较大的时空变异特征,其中氮肥施用对N2O的影响大于CH4与CO2,CH4受施肥与耕作的影响均较小,CO2显著受土壤温度与耕作措施的影响,在此基础上需进一步探究N2O、CH4与CO2的其他影响因素。     

秸秆还田对滴灌春小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

为提高秸秆还田的利用效率,采用大田试验研究了秸秆还田及配肥对小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响,为干旱区土壤培肥提供科学依据。在常规施肥的基础上设置半量秸秆(S1)、全量秸秆(S2)、有机肥(M)、复混肥(CF)、全量秸秆与有机肥(S2+M)、全量秸秆与复混肥(S2+CF)配施6个处理。结果表明,秸秆配施肥(S2+M)、(S2+CF)对提高小麦的株高、单穗重、穗长和单株穗粒数效果优于单施秸秆处理(S1、S2);秸秆配施肥产量显著高于CK。秸秆配施肥显著降低了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重,提高了0~20 cm土层阳离子交换量,而对20~40 cm影响不显著。秸秆配施肥0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于单施秸秆处理,而单施秸秆处理显著高于单施有机肥和复混肥处理。因此,在施氮、磷肥的基础上全量秸秆还田与有机肥或复混肥配合施用,能更有利于滴灌农田土壤肥力的提升。     

长期秸秆还田对设施菜田土壤反硝化特征和N2O排放的影响

基于2004年2月-2010年9月温室菜田长期定位试验,通过室内培养和田间同步,利用静态箱法和硅胶管法分别检测土壤表层N2O通量和剖面N2O浓度的变化,以研究高碳氮比的小麦秸秆施用对设施菜田土壤反硝化过程及N2O排放的影响.结果表明,（1）与对照处理（CK）相比,添加秸秆处理（ST）显著提高0-20cm土层土壤反硝化量,促进N2O还原,增加N2产生量,显著降低追肥灌溉后表层土壤N2O的排放峰值和土壤底层50cm处N2O浓度峰值,但对20-80cm土层土壤的反硝化特征影响较少.（2）秸秆还田有利于降低设施菜田NO;淋洗风险,秸秆的深施是进一步降低菜田NO3-淋洗的有效途径,有利于土壤底层N2O的再次还原.因此,设施菜田中添加小麦秸秆并深施有利于降低N2O排放和减少NO3-的淋洗.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对宁夏扬黄灌区滴灌玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤质地黏重、土壤水分匮乏等导致作物产量低下等问题,研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤物理性状的改良效应。本试验设计在玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(12 000 kg/hm~2)的同时配施4种纯氮施用水平(0、150、300、450kg/hm~2),以秸秆不还田常规施氮225kg/hm~2为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥对玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明:与处理前相比,施用纯氮300 kg/hm~2和450 kg/hm~2可分别降低0~20 cm土层土壤容重1.25%和3.20%,土壤孔隙度2.69%和1.89%。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥300 kg/hm~2和450 kg/hm~2可使0～20 cm土层2～5 mm、5 mm机械稳定性团粒结构显著增加。秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著增加土壤含水量,尤其在作物生长前期,秸秆还田配施氮肥300kg/hm~2较对照可显著增加土壤含水量13.64%。秸秆还田配施氮肥条件下玉米产量及产量构成因素较秸秆不还田均有增加趋势,秸秆还田配施纯氮300kg/hm~2可提高玉米产量20.21%,增加玉米百粒重9.37%,以及增加穗粒数37.91%。可见,秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg/hm~2具有较好的蓄水保墒效果,其增产效果显著,可为该区土壤培肥提供参考。     

设施菜田土壤剖面中的反硝化特征

利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系（Robot 系统）,分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理（CN）土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15～50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57～14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理（CK）剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43～2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬春季稻虾田水质、土壤养分及酶活性的影响

为探究稻虾种养模式冬春季节合理的秸秆还田方式,本研究以秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N为切入点,在2017年12月—2018年5月通过田间试验,设秸秆不还田不施氮肥(对照, CK)、秸秆还田C/N为35(S)、秸秆还田配施氮肥C/N为25(SN1)、秸秆还田配施氮肥C/N为15(SN2)以及单施氮肥处理(N1)。探讨秸秆还田不同C/N对冬春季稻虾田养殖水体、土壤养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)CK处理后期的水体总磷含量最低,各处理水体总氮含量在还田前期变化幅度不大;不同处理水体铵态氮含量低于克氏原螯虾安全耐受限度。2)秸秆还田后,SN2处理显著增加了土壤有机质含量,同时土壤硝态氮含量较还田前增加240%;秸秆还田降低了土壤容重,SN2处理组容重最低。3)N1和SN2处理提高了土壤多酚氧化酶活性,其中SN2处理组酶活性最高。在3种秸秆还田处理中, SN2处理土壤脲酶活性高于其他处理, N1处理前期表现出较高酶活性,后期开始降低。综上,秸秆还田配施氮肥调节C/N为15在稻虾田土壤养分含量、酶活性等方面优于其他处理。     

长期不施化学钾肥对陇东旱塬作物产量及土壤速效钾含量的影响

依托1978年开始的定位试验,研究了陇东旱塬长期不施化学钾肥条件下不同施肥制度对作物产量的影响以及麦田不同时期土壤速效钾在剖面的分布特征。试验包括6个处理:不施肥、单施氮肥、氮磷肥配施、秸秆与氮磷肥配施、单施有机肥、氮磷与有机肥配施。结果表明,与习惯氮磷配施比较,氮磷与有机肥配施大幅提高了作物总产22.57%,秸秆与氮磷配施也有增产效果,单施有机肥产量接近。施用有机肥提高了0~40 cm土层速效钾含量,秸秆还田可以缓解土壤钾素消耗,但不能抵消作物携出的钾素,单施氮肥、氮磷肥配施导致土壤速效钾严重耗竭。无有机肥投入各处理在孕穗期表层土壤速效钾含量较低,在夏闲期则中层土壤相对较低。与试验前初始值相比,施用有机肥处理0~20 cm土层速效钾有较大提高,秸秆还田以及其他各处理则明显降低。仅施氮肥或仅氮磷配施处理36年后土壤速效钾含量接近黄土高原大田作物钾素临界值,应及时考虑对土壤的钾素补充。     

基于长期定位试验的水稻土氮素剖面分布及养分供应特性研究

基于已持续26年的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,不同施肥方式下土壤氮素矿化曲线和硝化强度变化,以及累积矿化量与有效积温的关系,结果表明:(1)长期施肥使土壤表层氮素累积量明显增加,土壤剖面含氮量分布曲线呈"S"形。0-20 cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理,20-30 cm土层,化肥氮 磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮 磷 钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆 化肥氮处理(CRN)和不施肥对照C0的含氮量高于有机肥 氮 磷处理(MNP)、有机肥 氮 磷 钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆 有机肥 氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40-50 cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)土壤矿化曲线在前期差异明显,7 d后的矿化量普遍达最大,28 d后趋于稳定,施有机肥处理7 d后的矿化量明显高于施化肥处理。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式,矿化常数K和n值反映了施有机肥土壤氮素的矿化潜力较大,而施化肥土壤的矿化过程达稳定状态需更长时间;(3)长期施肥使土壤的硝化强度明显提高,施有机肥处理普遍高于施化肥处理。MNPK最高,比C0提高了6.44倍,秸秆还田处理CRN高于CNP和CNPK;(4)施有机肥或秸秆使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0-10 cm表层土壤的C/N值,CNPK>MNPK,C0>M0,而秸秆还田处理MRN的C/N值最低。20-50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。     

培肥措施培肥土壤的效果与机理研究进展

土壤肥力是农业可持续发展的基础资源,培肥是维持农业土壤肥力水平最主要的措施之一,藉以补偿由于养分随农产品收获及农作物废弃物(如秸秆)带出农田对土壤养分库亏损造成的影响。如何对农田土壤进行有效培肥,达到既提高作物产量和品质,又使农田土壤保持较高肥力,同时有效控制农业面源污染,维护农田良好生态环境,已成为目前农业现代化面临的重要课题之一。本文综述了国内外有关培肥措施与土壤肥力水平关系的研究进展,重点阐述了培肥措施与土壤基本理化性状、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物肥力指标、土壤动物肥力指标之间关系的规律,并指出培肥措施与土壤肥力关系方面今后的研究重点,主要包括:有机肥的精细化高效化投入与土壤肥力关系研究、土壤动物学肥力指标的深入研究、土壤长期培肥的土壤生物学过程研究、土壤培肥与农业面源污染问题研究。本文旨在为通过合理培肥措施来提高农田土壤肥力及维护农田良好生态环境方面的深入研究提供科学依据。     

Soil indicator systems ‐ the basis for soil conservation decisions to control soil erosion and soil compaction

The efficiency and acceptance for erosion and compaction control management is not high and therefore not a guarantee for sustainable land use and soil functionality. The best method for increasing acceptance is a regional soil indicator system combined with an environmental indicator system (McRae et al. 2000). Like the concept of “critical load inputs”; for chemical pollutants, this system would make it possible to quantify the soil state and soil condition for decisions concerning the soil carrying or load capacity. The next step is the assessment of the land use pressure on soil in terms of the soil load capacity and the driving forces for land use. These results may determine the response level required: In a balanced situation, Best Management Practices may help ensure sustainability is maintained, slightly disproportional results suggest additional special agricultural management techniques may be needed, while significant differences may indicate the need for additional land use adjustments or changes in technical management. The indicator system is ideal for application in north‐eastern Germany for all moraine areas and the areas at risk to water and wind erosion and soil compaction.     

美国土壤信息系统的发展及其启示

考察了美国土壤信息系统的发展过程 ,总结了其发展的经验教训 ,在此基础上对我国土壤信息系统发展面临的问题进行了深入剖析 ,并提出了相应的发展建议     

土壤信息管理系统的数据模型与数据结构

研究建立了土壤信息管理系统数据模型(SIMS),因土壤各类数据从结构上表现了时空上的无序性和不均匀性,故选择关系模型为系统的数据模型。SIMS采用合成模块结构,由数据库子系统、管理子系统、智能子系统等模块构成。根据UNION运算,SIMS集合表示:SIMS=A∪B∪C。为实现数据共享,采用广义链表结构为SIMS系统的数据结构。     

有机栽培和常规栽培水稻体系土壤酶及微生物量的比较研究

本研究探讨了有机栽培与常规栽培体系下水稻土微生物量及脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的动态变化过程,以及有机栽培体系不同肥料调控措施对上述指标的影响.结果表明:与常规栽培水稻体系相比,有机栽培水稻有利于土壤微生物的生长和繁衍;水稻生长不同时期有机栽培方式的土壤微生物生物量碳、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于常规栽培体系.就水稻全生育期而言,土壤微生物生物量碳高于常规栽培7.3%～9.1%;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别高于常规栽培7.3%～14.5%、5.2%～6.5%和12.5%～29.2%;有机水稻栽培体系下配施生态肥,在有机肥施用量减半时,土壤微生物生物量碳含量及土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较单施有机肥平均分别提高1.6%、6.8%、1.3%和14.8%,在水稻生长前期和中期该增加作用尤为显著.     

数字土壤及其应用研究进展

数字土壤是近年来国内外土壤学研究的热点和前沿领域之一。文章阐述了数字土壤的概念和发展过程;总结数字土壤在各专业领域的应用,并对研究中出现的问题进行了深入的分析;最后展望了数字土壤的发展前景,提出了相关的建议。     

Changes in some physical properties of a clay soil in Central Italy following the passage of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power

The aim of this study was to evaluate the compacting effect of rubber tracked tractors in comparison to that of the traditional wheeled tractors. Macroporosity, pore shape and size distribution, bulk density, penetration resistance and saturated hydraulic conductivity were analysed in a clay soil (Vertic Cambisol) near Rome (Italy) following one and four passes on the same track of rubber tracked and wheeled tractors of medium power. The soil structure attributes were evaluated by characterising porosity by means of image analysis of soil thin sections prepared from undisturbed samples. Macroporosity decreased in the 0–10 cm layer of compacted soil, particularly after four tractor passes, due to a large reduction in the proportion of elongated pores and in their vertical continuity. The rubber tracked tractor had a more pronounced compaction effect in the surface layer (0–10 cm) than the wheeled tractor both after one and four passes; the latter treatment producing the lowest soil porosity. The same trend was observed for hydraulic conductivity, which showed a highly significant correlation with elongated pores. In the 10–20 cm layer the porosity was significantly decreased following traffic, apart from in the soil under one pass of the rubber tracked tractor. Again in this layer, the lowest values of porosity were found in soil after four passes of the rubber tracked tractor. Single and multiple passes made by the two tractors induced different effects regarding soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Increment ratio of penetration resistance after tractor passes with respect to the control was: 12.5 and 49.9% with the wheeled and 34.4 and 39.8% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. Increment ratio of dry bulk density values after tractor passes with respect to the control was 7.9 and 11.7% with the wheeled and 7.5 and 8.3% with the tracked after one and four passes, respectively. The tractor passes transformed the initial subangular blocky structure into a massive structure with sometimes a platy structure in the upper few centimetres. The results indicated that soil compaction following traffic with the rubber tracked tractor was generally the more pronounced. However the compacting effect of this tractor after one pass seemed to be limited to the surface layer only.     

Vulnerability of Bavarian silty loam soil to compaction under heavy wheel traffic: impacts of tillage method and soil water content

Soil compaction caused by traffic of heavy vehicles and machinery has become a problem of world-wide concern. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the changes in bulk density, soil strength, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and air permeability during sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) harvesting on a typical Bavarian soil (Regosol) as well as to assess the most appropriate variable factors that fit with the effective controlling of subsequent compaction. The field experiments, measurements and laboratory testing were carried out in Freising, Germany. Two tillage systems (conventional plough tillage and reduced chisel tillage) were used in the experiments. The soil water contents were adjusted to 0.17 g g⁻¹ (w₁), 0.27 g g⁻¹ (w₂) and 0.35 g g⁻¹ (w₃).Taking the increase in bulk density, the decrease in air permeability and reduction of wide coarse pore size porosity (−6 kPa) into account, it seems that CT (ploughing to a depth of 0.25 m followed by two passes of rotary harrow to a depth 0.05 m) of plots were compacted to a depth of at least 0.25 m and at most 0.40 m in high soil water (w₃) conditions. The trends were similar for “CT w₁” (low soil water content) plots. However, it seems that “CT w₁” plots were less affected than “CT w₃” plots with regard to bulk density increases under partial load. In contrast, diminishments of wide coarse pores (−6 kPa) and narrow (tight) coarse pores (−30 kPa) were significantly higher in “CT w₁” plots down to 0.4 m. Among CT plots, the best physical properties were obtained at medium soil water (w₂) content. No significant increase in bulk density and no significant decrease in coarse pore size porosity and total porosity below 0.2 m were observed at medium soil water content. The soil water content seemed to be the most decisive factor.It is likely that, CS (chiselling to a depth of 0.13 m followed by two passes of rotary harrow to a depth 0.05 m) plots were less affected by traffic treatments than CT plots. Considering the proportion of coarse pore size porosity (structural porosity) and total porosity, no compaction effects below 0.3 m were found. Medium soil water content (w₂) provides better soil conditions after traffic with regard to wide coarse pore size porosity (−6 kPa), air permeability (at 6 and 30 kPa water suction), total porosity and bulk density. Proportion of wide coarse pores, air permeability and bulk density seems to be suitable parameters to detect soil compaction under the conditions tested.     

土壤质地分类及其在我国应用探讨

土壤质地是土壤重要的物理特性之一,严重影响土壤的持水、通气等特性,研究统一土壤质地分类制意义重大。针对我国土壤质地分类制混用的现象,文章在介绍国内外主要的土粒分级标准,比较四种土壤质地分类制的特点,回顾第二次土壤普查初期采用前苏联的卡庆斯基制,后期采用国际制的基础上,重点对比了我国的国标、各部门行标或规范等所运用的土壤质地分类标准。研究发现我国目前还没有普遍采用统一的土壤质地分类系统。土壤质地分类推荐采用美国制。