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1.
秸秆还田对滴灌春小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
《土壤通报》2015,(5):1155-1160
为提高秸秆还田的利用效率,采用大田试验研究了秸秆还田及配肥对小麦产量及土壤理化性状的影响,为干旱区土壤培肥提供科学依据。在常规施肥的基础上设置半量秸秆(S1)、全量秸秆(S2)、有机肥(M)、复混肥(CF)、全量秸秆与有机肥(S2+M)、全量秸秆与复混肥(S2+CF)配施6个处理。结果表明,秸秆配施肥(S2+M)、(S2+CF)对提高小麦的株高、单穗重、穗长和单株穗粒数效果优于单施秸秆处理(S1、S2);秸秆配施肥产量显著高于CK。秸秆配施肥显著降低了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤容重,提高了0~20 cm土层阳离子交换量,而对20~40 cm影响不显著。秸秆配施肥0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于单施秸秆处理,而单施秸秆处理显著高于单施有机肥和复混肥处理。因此,在施氮、磷肥的基础上全量秸秆还田与有机肥或复混肥配合施用,能更有利于滴灌农田土壤肥力的提升。 相似文献
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利用长期定位试验探讨了施氮磷肥、秸秆还田和不同耕作方式下长期不施钾肥对土壤速效钾变化及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明:长期不施钾肥土壤速效钾处于下降趋势:30年内耕层(0~20 cm)土壤速效钾含量降低了26.46%~54.64%,年均降低0.88%~1.82%;而亚耕层(20~40 cm)降低了10.66%~42.22%,年均降低0.36%~1.41%。在前15年(1985~2000年)土壤速效钾含量减少的速度较缓慢,而中10年(2000~2010年)则较快,2010年以后则较为平缓。长期不施钾肥、但同时施用氮磷肥将促进作物对土壤钾素的消耗;较高作物产量可导致速效钾的大量减少,而单施氮肥或磷肥处理的土壤速效钾含量变化较小。秸秆还田缓解了土壤钾素的减少,但对弥补土壤钾素的亏损作用很小。免耕相对于秸秆覆盖还田和秸秆翻耕还田对土壤钾素亏损的影响较少,但因其作物产量较低,秸秆翻耕还田较有利于作物产量的提高。 相似文献
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长期施肥下潮土速效钾含量与钾素投入水平关系 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
以郑州潮土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为基础,分析了长期施肥条件下土壤速效钾含量演变特征及其与钾素投入量的关系。结果表明,在不施钾肥条件下,土壤速效钾含量先逐年下降,810年后稳定在60 mg/kg左右; 施用钾肥和有机肥均可以显著提高土壤速效钾含量; 土壤速效钾含量与钾素投入量之间具有显著的正相关关系。单施化肥的NPK处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量增加0.007 mg/kg; 而化肥配施有机肥或玉米秸秆处理每投入钾1 kg/hm2,土壤速效钾含量分别增加0.025和0.014 mg/kg。从提升土壤钾素供应能力的角度而言,化肥配合施用有机肥或秸秆还田是值得推广的培肥措施。 相似文献
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长期不同施肥措施对雨养条件下陇东旱塬土壤氮素的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
基于1978年开始的陇东旱塬定位试验,分析雨养条件下麦田0~100 cm剖面土壤氮素状况。设计6种试验处理:不施肥、氮肥、氮磷肥、氮磷配施秸秆、有机肥、氮磷配施有机肥。结果表明:有机肥、氮磷配施有机肥处理改善土壤氮素肥力效果优于其他施肥措施,0~40 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、无机氮含量均显著增加,其中0~20 cm土壤全氮较36年前平均提高了26.2%;氮磷配施秸秆处理土壤全氮及碱解氮显著高于对照,全氮与试验前持平或略有提升;氮肥、氮磷肥处理的耕层土壤全氮较试验前分别降低了13.1%和6.4%。氮肥处理深层土壤硝态氮明显较高,其他各施肥处理均能减少硝态氮下移。不同施肥处理改变了土壤的无机氮构成,有机肥与秸秆的作用有较大差异。结果说明不同施肥显著影响农田土壤氮素状况,施用有机肥是培育土壤氮库、而无机氮磷肥配合及有机无机配施是减少NO3--N下移的有效手段。 相似文献
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黄土高原黑垆土施肥的作物累积产量及土壤肥力贡献 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献是评价施肥是否科学的关键参数,为了给黄土高原黑垆土区施肥及农业可持续发展提供科学的决策依据,通过设置在黄土高原黑垆上的长期定位试验系统研究了不同施肥的作物产量和土壤肥力贡献。试验设不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆与氮磷配施(SNP)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥与氮磷配施(MNP)6个处理。结果表明,所有处理玉米和小麦累积产量与种植年限显著正相关。MNP、SNP、NP、M4处理玉米年均产量分别为8 856、7 089、7 226、7 043 kg·hm~(-2),小麦年均产量分别为4 916、3 747、4 132、3868kg·hm~(-2),均显著高于对照(CK)。SNP、M和MNP处理玉米和小麦产量与NP处理相近或高于NP处理。氮肥、磷肥的作物累积产量贡献量与种植年限分别呈二次凹函数和凸函数关系。氮磷配施(NP)、秸秆还田的作物累积产量贡献量则与种植年限显著正相关,其年均玉米产量贡献量分别为3408、2191kg·hm~(-2),小麦产量贡献量分别为429、206kg·hm~(-2)。长期施用有机肥及秸秆还田可显著增加土壤有机质和全氮含量。长期施磷肥土壤有效磷含量显著增加,而长期施用有机肥土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均显著增加。总体而言,黄土高原黑垆土区长期平衡施用化肥、施用有机肥、秸秆与化肥配合施用及有机肥与化肥配合施用均可增加作物产量,提升土壤肥力质量,适宜化肥施用量为N 90kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2),秸秆还田可隔年施磷。 相似文献
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通过在宁夏灌淤土区长达14年的连续施钾和小麦秸秆还田试验, 研究钾素投入对作物产量、养分和土壤钾素状况的影响。结果表明:小麦秸秆还田和长期施用钾肥均可不同程度提高小麦和玉米的经济产量, 其中施钾年平均增产小麦244 kg·hm^-2, 玉米397 kg·hm^-2, 处理之间产量表现为氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田〉施用氮磷钾肥〉氮磷肥配合秸秆还田〉只施用氮磷肥。定位后8-10年施钾肥开始显著有效, 玉米显效时间早于小麦;秸秆还田和钾肥的投入均可提高籽粒和秸秆的钾素吸收量, 秸秆含钾丰富, 籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的13%-17%;施用钾肥可提高作物籽粒大中微量元素含量而降低秸秆中、微量元素含量, 促进籽粒对大部分元素的吸收;长期不施钾肥处理(NP和NP+St)0-20 cm土层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量较定位开始时下降; 所有处理土壤全钾含量均表现下降, 下降幅度为0.8-1.2 g·kg-1。 相似文献
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灌淤土区长期施钾对作物产量与养分及土壤钾素的长期效应研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
通过在宁夏灌淤土区长达14年的连续施钾和小麦秸秆还田试验, 研究钾素投入对作物产量、养分和土壤钾素状况的影响.结果表明:小麦秸秆还田和长期施用钾肥均可不同程度提高小麦和玉米的经济产量, 其中施钾年平均增产小麦244 kg·hm-2, 玉米397 kg·hm-2, 处理之间产量表现为氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田>施用氮磷钾肥>氮磷肥配合秸秆还田>只施用氮磷肥.定位后8~10年施钾肥开始显著有效, 玉米显效时间早于小麦;秸秆还田和钾肥的投入均可提高籽粒和秸秆的钾素吸收量, 秸秆含钾丰富, 籽粒钾含量仅占植株钾总量的13%~17%;施用钾肥可提高作物籽粒大中微量元素含量而降低秸秆中、微量元素含量, 促进籽粒对大部分元素的吸收;长期不施钾肥处理(NP和NP+St)0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量较定位开始时下降; 所有处理土壤全钾含量均表现下降, 下降幅度为0.8~1.2 g·kg-1. 相似文献
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为探明作物在黑垆土长期不同施肥条件下的产量变化趋势,寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能获得高产的黑垆土科学施肥模式,以1978年在陇东旱塬建立的长期不同施肥制度定位试验数据为基础,对作物产量及肥料增产贡献率进行分析。结果表明,在36 a不同施肥处理下,各平衡施肥处理均使作物增产,氮磷肥与有机肥配施处理尤为显著,与不施肥处理相比,小麦与玉米增产分别达120.57%、193.14%;单施氮肥对产量的贡献率呈下降趋势,单施厩肥呈上升趋势,而氮磷肥配施、氮磷肥与有机肥配施、氮磷肥与秸秆配施的增产贡献率则在波动中保持相对稳定的态势。 相似文献
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长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响* 总被引:36,自引:12,他引:24
在湖南祁阳典型红壤上进行不同施肥长期定位试验18年,观测了土壤pH、作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量的变化。结果表明,长期施用化学氮肥(单施氮肥、氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施)红壤pH明显下降,其中以单施氮肥降幅最大,18年降低了1.5个单位; pH降低主要发生在施肥的前8~10年,当pH下降到4.5时,其下降速度趋于缓慢并相对稳定。施用有机肥(化学肥料配施有机肥和单施有机肥),土壤pH保持稳定或较试验开始有所升高,以单施有机肥处理pH升幅最大,升高1.0个单位。不施肥和施用化学氮肥的作物产量随着施肥年限均显著降低,其中小麦产量平均每年下降11~104 kg/hm2,玉米产量平均每年下降 24~210 kg/hm2; 而施用有机肥的作物产量保持稳定或稳定增加,其中化学肥料配施有机肥的玉米产量平均每年增加 101 kg/hm2。施用化学氮肥处理(除氮磷钾配施处理的玉米外)作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量与土壤pH均存在极显著正相关。可见,pH降低是作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收降低的主要原因之一; 而施用有机肥能改善红壤酸度,尤其是化学肥料配施有机肥能获得持续高产,是红壤区的最佳施肥模式。 相似文献
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《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(1)
Original Papers (pp. 805–810) K2Ca2Si2O7, the major component of fused potassium silicate fertilizer, released potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and silicon (Si) in a slow manner. The 10% of K in K2Ca2Si2O7 was quickly solubilized in water. Further K dissolution was very slow. The amounts of dissolved Ca and Si in water were much smaller than that of K. The decrease of the Ca and Si concentration in water indicated the occurrence of a re-deposit of Ca and Si at a later stage. The surface imaging method was used in order to study the slow-release process of K2Ca2Si2O7 in water. The surface analysis of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles after dissolution in water for 30 min showed that there were Ca- and Si-rich particles stuck on the fertilizer surface. The results of the analysis of the cross section of K2Ca2Si2O7 particles showed that the K content was lower than those of Ca and Si in the surface boundary layer. On the other hand, the mole ratio of K, Ca and Si was same inside the fertilizer particle. In the portion between the inside and the surface of the fertilizer particle, the content of K and Ca was lower than that of Si. These results indicated that the order of dissolution of fertilizer components from K2Ca2Si2O7 particle was first K, then Ca, and Si last. From the results mentioned above, the process of slow-release K was speculated to be as follows: 1) K on the particle surface was released quickly by an ion exchange reaction with hydrogen ions in water. 2) K inside the particle was released slowly because of dissolution through Si-O-Si bonds. 相似文献
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钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用大田试验,在河南驻马店烟区研究了钾肥施用方式对烤烟钾素利用及土壤钾含量的影响。结果表明,在施钾量相同条件下,随着钾肥的追施比例和追施次数增加,不同部位的烟叶含钾量均增加,尤其是上部叶钾含量显著增加,2次或3次追钾比1次追钾处理上部叶钾含量分别提高18.9%~26.9%、35.0%~41.1%,使耕层土壤供钾能力在整个烤烟生育期内持续稳定在较高水平,并减少了土壤钾素下移,增加了烟株总吸收钾量,显著提高了钾素的利用效率,以钾肥基追比3∶7、分3次追钾处理钾素利用效率最高,达45.48%。 相似文献
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为了探讨根区施用钾肥对黄淮烟区石灰土烤烟产量和钾素吸收利用的影响,采用田间试验,研究根区枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施对烟叶产量、钾含量以及钾素吸收利用的影响。试验共设9个处理,分别为CK、CP_1、CP_2、WP_1、WP_2、CW_(1-50%)、CW_(2-50%)、CW_(1-75%)与CW_(2-75%)(CK表示对照,CP表示只施用枸溶性钾肥,WP表示只施用硫酸钾,CW表示枸溶性钾肥与硫酸钾配施;数字1、2表示施用量分别为225、300 kg/hm~2,百分数表示硫酸钾的配施比例)。结果表明,烟叶钾含量随生育期推进呈下降趋势,不同施肥处理各时期烟叶钾含量均高于CK;不同施肥处理下土壤钾素在垂直和水平方向上迁移距离较小,根区钾肥施用可直接有效的增加根区土壤速效钾含量;施钾(K_2O)300 kg/hm~2与225 kg/hm~2相比,可显著提高烟叶钾含量和钾肥利用效率(P0.05);CW_(2-75%)处理下烟叶钾含量、土壤速效钾含量和钾肥利用率最高,而CW_(2-50%)处理下烟叶产量最高。综上所述,根区施用含75%硫酸钾的枸溶性钾肥300 kg/hm~2(CW_(2-75%)处理)可有效改善黄淮烟区石灰土钾素养分,提高该区烤烟产量、钾含量与钾肥利用效率,达到优质高产。 相似文献
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以云烟87为材料,通过小区田间试验,研究了优质烤烟对不同种类钾肥的吸收效应。结果表明,与不施钾对照相比,施钾增加了烟株干物质积累。不同钾肥品种间相比,在移栽60 d以后,以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理干物质积累量最高。施钾提高了土壤速效钾含量和烟株钾含量,在移栽后45 d以前,以碳酸钾处理对土壤速效钾和烟株钾含量的提高效果最好;在移栽60 d以后,土壤中速效钾和烟株各部位钾含量均以生物包膜缓释钾肥处理最高。收获期与常规硫酸钾处理相比,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理钾素利用率分别提高16.81和7.93个百分点。从烤后烟叶钾含量分析,生物包膜缓释钾肥处理和碳酸钾处理均显著提高了烟叶钾含量。综合分析,以生物包膜缓释钾肥和碳酸钾肥代替常规硫酸钾肥能提高钾素利用率和烟叶钾含量,建议在生产上推广应用。 相似文献
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水钾一体化对烤烟钾素吸收及生长的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):371-385
Abstract Although the basic chemistry and behavior of potassium in the soil is well understood, little of this knowledge is used in soil testing and practical soil fertility mangement. In this study the K buffer behavior of three individual soils (Hagerstown silt loam (Typic Hapludalf), Gatesburg sand (Entic Haplorthod) and Gilpin channery silt loam (Typic Hapludult)) was investigated. The buffer relationships determined indicated very different K behavior for these soils even though exchangeable K soil tests indicated similar K levels. It was also determined that for these soils the buffer relationship was apparently independent of previous K management, indicating that the K buffer behavior could be included as part of soil characterization data. The role of nonexchangeable K in determining K buffer behavior was also investigated. It was found that the levels of solution K where the release of nonexchangeable K becomes measurable (0.27 ‐ 0.83 × 10‐4 M) are similar to solution K levels reportedly required for crop growth (0.02 ‐ 0.95 × 10‐4 M). It was also found that these soils were capable of maintaining a relatively high level of exchangeable K even after extraction of significant amounts of nonexchangeable K with sodium tetraphenyl boron. It was concluded that K buffering behavior of individual soils could and should be included in K management decisions involving corrective soil treatments and/or crop removal estimation. Otherwise, based on current soil tests, soils with very different K buffer behavior will be treated similarly. 相似文献
19.
土壤非交换态钾与结构态钾能够区分吗? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nonexchangeable K (NEK) is the major portion of the reserve of available K in soil and a primary factor in determining soil K fertility. The questions of how much NEK is in soils and how to quantify total NEK in soils are so far still unclear due to the complicated effects of various minerals on K fixation. In this study, the NEK in 9 soils was extracted with sodium tetraphenylboron (NaBPh4) for various time periods longer than 1 d. The results showed that the NEK extracted by NaBPh4 gradually increased with time, but showed no more increase after the duration of extraction exceeded 10--20 d. As the temperature increased from 25 to 45 oC, the duration to obtain the maximum extraction of NEK was reduced from 20 to 10 d, and the maximum values of NEK released at both temperatures was almost the same for each soil. The maximum NEK (MNEK) of the 9 soils extracted by NaBPh4 varied from 3 074 to 10 081 mg kg-1, accounting for 21%--56% of the total soil K. There was no significant correlation between MNEK released by NaBPh4 and other forms of K, such as NH4OAc-extracted K, HNO3-extracted K and total K in soils, which indicates that NEK is a special form of K that has no inevitable relationship to the other forms of K in soils. The MNEK extraction by NaBPh4 in this study indicated that the total NEK in the soils could be differentiated from soil structural K and quantified with the modified NaBPh4 method. The high MNEK in soils made NEK much more important in the role of the plant-available K pool. How to fractionate NEK into different fractions and establish the methods to quantify each NEK fraction according to their bioavailability is of great importance for future research. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):913-921
Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the minimal exchangeable potassium (minimal K) status of fifteen smectite dominant soils and its relationship with K uptake and plant mobilization rate of soil reserve K. Exchangeable K reached minimal level decreasing about 35% from initial K status after 350 days of continuous cropping. Soils with high clay content and initial K status showed higher minimal exchangeable K. Cumulative K uptake by six successive crops varied from 160 mg kg‐1 to 823 mg kg‐1 and plant mobilization of soil reserve K varied from 0.151 mg kg‐1 day‐1 to 1.880 mg kg‐1 day‐1 among soils. Minimal K explained well the variation in total K uptake (r=0.85) and plant mobilization rate (r=0.83) as compared to initial exchangeable K status of soils (r=0.67 and 0.59, respectively) suggesting that the former is a better index of K supplying capacity of soils than the later. 相似文献