秸秆还田配施氮肥改善土壤理化性状提高春玉米产量

为了探明秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响,2014-2015年在辽宁铁岭设置了秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(S0F0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 0 kg/hm~2(SN0),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 112.5 kg/hm~2(SN1),秸秆0 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(S0N2)(当地传统种植方式,CK),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 225 kg/hm~2(SN2),秸秆9 000 kg/hm~2+纯N 337.5 kg/hm~2(SN3)6个处理开展了研究。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造对春玉米产量、土壤物理性状、根系形态等指标影响显著(P0.05)。全量还田9 000 kg/hm~2和配施纯氮225 kg/hm~2产量最高,比秸秆不还田2 a增产1.10%~11.56%,但产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加;群体生物产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,收获指数在0.46~0.59之间。秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造可显著提高土壤含水量,降低土壤容重,调节土壤三相比;秸秆还田配施氮肥耕层构造春玉米根数、根长、根体积、根干质量等根系形态指标均优于秸秆不还田,且随着氮肥施入量的增加,各项指标均表现越好。因此,综合分析认为,秸秆还田量9 000 kg/hm~2和配施氮肥225 kg/hm~2是辽北棕壤区比较理想的耕层构造模式和秸秆还田技术,在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。     

秸秆还田施氮调节碳氮比对土壤无机氮、 酶活性及作物产量的影响

秸秆的质量,特别是C/N是影响秸秆分解速率和养分释放的重要因素。在秸秆还田条件下,如何科学合理地施用氮肥是秸秆利用和优化施肥研究的关键问题。本研究以秸秆还田施入碳氮的C/N为切入点,于2012—2013年通过田间试验(设秸秆不还田不施肥、秸秆还田不施氮、秸秆还田施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1、16∶1和25∶1以及秸秆还田施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1处理),研究秸秆还田不同氮输入对小麦-玉米轮作田土壤无机氮、土壤微生物量氮、酶活性以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:1)在C/N为25∶1下,施用有机氮肥和无机氮肥对土壤无机氮含量无显著影响;在施用无机氮肥的情况下,C/N越低土壤无机氮含量越高。2)秸秆还田施氮提高了土壤微生物量氮含量,但是各秸秆还田施氮处理之间差异不显著;秸秆还田不同施氮处理对脲酶活性无显著影响;秸秆还田施氮提高了FDA水解酶活性,并随C/N降低呈升高趋势,施用无机氮肥的效果强于施用有机氮肥的。3)秸秆还田施用无机氮肥显著提高了小麦和玉米地上部生物量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1和16∶1相比于C/N为25∶1提高了小麦和玉米的苗期和成熟期地上部生物量;施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1相比秸秆还田不施氮对地上部生物量无显著影响。秸秆还田施用无机氮肥提高了作物产量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1产量最高,而施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1有降低作物产量的趋势。综合以上结果来看,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1较为合理。     

秸秆还田方式及施氮量对滴灌棉田土壤有机碳氮的影响

通过连续7年田间定位试验,采用2因素试验设计,设置秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆直接还田(ST)和秸秆炭化还田(BC)3种秸秆还田方式和0(N0),300(N300),450(N450) kg/hm²3个施氮(N)量,研究秸秆直接还田和炭化还田配施氮肥对土壤碳氮含量和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:ST和BC处理土壤有机碳含量呈现逐年递增趋势,且BC处理增幅大于ST处理。第7年,在各施氮水平下,ST处理较CK处理土壤有机碳提高33.28%~36.43%,BC处理较CK处理土壤有机碳提高58.56%~63.25%。多年秸秆还田(ST和BC)可以提高土壤全氮含量,N0水平下,ST处理全氮含量最高;N300水平下,BC处理7年后土壤全氮含量较ST处理显著提高;N450水平下,5年后BC处理土壤全氮含量高于ST处理。在N0水平,ST和BC处理提高了土壤碳/氮,N300和N450水平,BC处理提高了土壤碳/氮。秸秆炭化还田配施氮肥显著提高了棉花产量,N300和N450条件下,BC处理较CK增产17.43%~17.89%。因此,多年秸秆炭化还田配施氮肥可增加土壤有机碳含量,氮库容量和土壤碳/氮,提高棉花产量。     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同时期土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响

  【目的】  通过研究秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对夏玉米不同生育期土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构的影响，揭示土壤细菌群落对不同施肥措施的响应规律，为调节土壤养分，提高作物产量，改善土壤生物功能提供科学依据。  【方法】  基于河南农业科学院原阳试验基地5年连续定位试验，选取不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (氮肥基追比1∶1，N)和秸秆全量还田下氮肥基追比1∶1 (SN1)、1∶1.5 (SN2) 和1∶2 (SN3) 共5个处理，于2016年夏玉米抽丝期和收获期采集0—20 cm土壤样品，采用常规方法测定土壤基础理化性质，采用荧光微型板酶检测技术测定土壤酶活性，采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法测定土壤细菌群落结构。  【结果】  秸秆还田下氮肥基追比对玉米产量及氮肥利用率产生明显影响，相比于N处理，SN1处理显著增产9.98%；SN1和SN2处理氮肥利用率分别提高9.83、5.10个百分点。在夏玉米抽丝期和收获期，相比于N处理，秸秆还田下各氮肥运筹处理不同程度地提高了土壤pH、有机碳、全氮和速效钾含量，其中均以SN1处理增幅最为明显。在玉米抽丝期，除土壤磷酸酶外，SN1处理土壤酶活性均为最高；SN1处理对收获期土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖甘酶、β-木糖苷酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和酚氧化酶活性的促进最明显。细菌群落除抽丝期SN1与CK处理Shanno指数显著高于N处理而Simpson指数显著低于N处理外，其余处理间差异不显著。各施肥处理下门水平和纲水平的主要优势种群均为变形菌门、放线菌门和α-变形菌纲和放线菌纲。线性判别效应分析 (LEfSe) 显示，不同生育期比较，抽丝期最大LDA（linear discriminant analysis) 值为酸杆菌纲，收获期为芽单胞菌纲；而同一生育期各处理间比较，抽丝期各处理最大LDA值均为变形菌门的α-变形菌纲，收获期均为γ-变形菌纲。典范对应分析表明，抽丝期土壤pH (P = 0.002)、有机质含量 (P = 0.004) 和收获期土壤pH (P = 0.03)、硝态氮 (P = 0.036)、速效钾 (P = 0.044) 含量对细菌群落结构产生显著影响。  【结论】  土壤pH、有机碳、硝态氮和速效钾含量是影响细菌群落结构变化的主要因素。秸秆还田条件下，氮肥运筹显著影响土壤酶活性和细菌群落结构，氮肥基追比为1∶1时可显著提升土壤养分含量和酶活性，提高δ-变形菌纲、绿弯菌纲和TK10 (未分类) 相对丰度，从而更有效地促进秸秆分解和转化，发挥有机质调节土壤养分释放、减少养分损失的作用，最终提高玉米产量和氮肥利用率。     

麦秸与氮肥配施对水稻根际区土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

土壤微生物生物量碳氮(SMBC、SMBN)是表征土壤肥力高低及变化的关键因子。水稻根际是水稻-土壤-微生物相互作用的场所,根际微生物作为根际生态的重要组成部分,是土壤有机质和养分转化的动力。本试验针对长江中下游典型水稻-小麦轮作区水稻非根际和根际区土壤SMBC和SMBN对麦秸还田与氮肥配施的响应规律开展研究。基于盆栽模拟试验,采用根际袋法研究了不施加秸秆+不施加氮肥(CK)、麦秸直接还田(SN0)、麦秸与低量氮肥配施(SN1)、麦秸与高量氮肥配施(SN2) 4种模式下,两种类型土壤(高砂土和黄泥土)水稻成熟期非根际和根际区SMBC和SMBN含量的变化。结果表明:与CK相比, SN0处理下高砂土根际和非根际SMBC含量分别显著提高40.3%和48.1%,而黄泥土根际和非根际区SMBC分别显著提高95.7%和75.4%。与SMBC不同,与CK相比, SN0处理下高砂土根际SMBN含量变化不显著,非根际显著降低19.9%;而黄泥土根际和非根际土SMBN含量分别显著降低19.5%和49.0%。与SN0相比,低量氮肥施用(SN1)显著提高了高砂土根际区和黄泥土非根际区SMBC含量,提高比例约5.1%和11.1%,同时SN1处理也显著提高了两种类型土壤根际和非根际SMBN含量,其中高砂土提高17.3%和9.8%,黄泥土提高36.1%和68.9%;随着施氮量增加,与SN0相比,高量氮肥施用(SN2)显著提高两种类型土壤根际和非根际区SMBC和SMBN含量,其中高砂土提高8.58%和13.5%,黄泥土提高25.6%和232.9%。综合分析认为,无论氮肥施用量高低,秸秆还田配施氮肥都可以有效提高非根际和根际区SMBC和SMBN含量,从而提升土壤养分有效性。因此,秸秆还田配施氮肥对于提高长江中下游稻麦轮作区土壤肥力和促进作物生长具有重要意义。     

稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响

为明确稻秸还田下减量化施氮对小麦产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响，以小麦品种“宁麦16”为试验材料开展了试验研究，设置了不施氮对照（CK）、施氮量（常量施氮225kg/hm2，N1；减量20%施氮180 kg/hm2，N2）和氮肥运筹（基肥与追肥的比例为5:5，M1；基肥与追肥的比例为7:3，M2）处理，测定并分析了不同施氮量和氮肥运筹下小麦产量与其构成因素、养分吸收与分配、氮肥利用效率及土壤理化性质。结果表明，稻秸还田下，施氮可使小麦产量显著增加，N2处理小麦产量较N1处理仅降低了80.72kg/hm2，提高基施氮肥比例可使小麦单位面积有效穗数增加。施氮显著促进了小麦籽粒、秸秆和地上部的氮素、磷素和钾素吸收，N2处理小麦氮素、磷素和钾素吸收量低于N1处理；N1和N2水平下，M2处理小麦氮素和磷素吸收量均高于M1处理，而钾素吸收量低于后者。N2处理小麦氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用率和氮素生理效率较N1处理提高，而100kg籽粒吸氮量降低。N1处理土壤碱解氮含量显著高于CK；N2处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量低于N1处理，而土壤有效磷含量高于后者；N1和N2水平下，M1处理土壤有机质和碱解氮含量高于M2处理，而土壤有效磷和速效钾含量表现为M2处理高于M1处理。综合来看，稻秸还田下，常规施氮量基础上减量20%，适当提高基施氮肥比例，可增加单位面积有效穗数，实现小麦高产稳产，提高氮肥利用效率。     

稻秸还田提高我国南方典型稻田冬绿肥产量和养分积累

  【目的】  提高冬绿肥的产量和养分积累量有利于轮作系统中主作物的高产稳产和光、温、养分资源的高效循环利用。研究稻秸还田对冬季豆科绿肥生长和养分积累及土壤性状的影响,为稻田豆科绿肥的高产栽培及稻秸资源化利用提供指导。  【方法】  在广西、四川和安徽,分别以盐渍水稻土、紫色土和黄棕壤为供试土壤,进行相同处理的豆科绿肥盆栽试验,供试品种均为当地主栽品种。稻秸添加量设 3个水平:0、3000、6000 kg/hm2 (S0、S1、S2),每个稻秸添加水平下设两个施氮水平:0和45 kg/hm2 (N0、N45),共包括6个处理。于豆科绿肥盛花期采集植株和土壤样品,测定鲜草产量和土壤理化性状。  【结果】  与稻秸不还田且不施氮肥处理(RS0N0)相比,盐渍水稻土、紫色土和黄棕壤上稻秸还田与氮肥配施处理的绿肥鲜草产量分别提高了63.0%～66.0%、35.2%～53.8%和103.6%～117.1%,植株氮累积量分别提高了19.1%～41.5%、43.7%～67.2%和65.1%～70.5%,磷累积量分别提高了12.1%～68.9%、31.4%～57.3%和37.9%～45.3%,钾累积量分别提高了22.0%～58.7%、30.7%～35.0%和89.2%～102.9%。在盐渍水稻土、紫色土,稻秸还田(S1、S2)均可提高绿肥鲜草产量和氮磷钾养分积累量,配合施氮没有进一步提高鲜草产量和氮磷钾养分积累量;而在黄棕壤与秸秆半量还田相比,稻秸全量还田降低了绿肥产量,但在一定程度上增加了绿肥地上部养分积累量,稻秸还田配合施用氮肥则显著增加了绿肥的产量和地上部养分积累量。盐渍水稻土稻秸还田与氮肥配施处理(RS1N45和RS2N45)提高了土壤有效磷含量;黄棕壤土壤有效磷含量、土壤速效钾含量随稻秸添加量增加先下降后上升,与不施肥对照相比,3种土壤上稻秸与氮肥配施处理均显著提高了土壤无机氮含量。偏最小二乘法路径模型分析表明,稻秸还田及土壤类型对豆科绿肥鲜草产量和地上部氮、磷、钾的累积量均有极显著正影响(P < 0.01),氮肥处理仅对豆科绿肥鲜草产量有极显著正影响(P < 0.01)。  【结论】  稻秸还田不同程度地促进了豆科绿肥对土壤速效养分的吸收,提高了豆科绿肥鲜草产量和地上部氮磷钾累积量。在肥力较高的盐渍水稻土和紫色土上,稻秸全量还田可显著增加豆科绿肥的鲜草产量,维持土壤有效养分,无需配合施用氮肥。在肥力较低的黄棕壤上,全量还田(6000 kg/hm2)需配施氮肥才可充分发挥稻秸还田的增产效果,缓解土壤中有效养分含量的下降。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对河套平原砂壤土的物理特性和春玉米氮效率的影响

针对内蒙古河套平原灌区过量氮肥投入导致土壤肥力降低、氮肥利用率偏低的问题,开展以秸秆处理为主区,5个施氮量为副区[常规施氮300 kg/hm²(N300)、减氮15%(N255)、减氮30%(N210)、减氮45% (N165)、不施氮(N0)]的裂区试验,研究春玉米产量、氮肥利用效率、土壤物理性状的变化,旨在为河套平原春玉米氮效率的提高和土壤肥力的增强提供依据。结果表明,秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著降低土壤容重、紧实度,提高土壤含水量,其中以N255处理最优,较秸秆不还田处理含水量增加了22.77%;土壤容重、三相比偏离值分别降低了4.06%～4.33%、32.68%。秸秆还田两年后与秸秆不还田处理相比产量提高了4.87%～7.25%。还田两年后(2020年)秸秆还田条件下N255处理的产量达到了14.16 kg/hm²,与N300处理相比差异不显著;与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田与氮肥配施可提高氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力,其中N255处理的增幅最大,分别提高了12.82%、7.25%,而N300处理的增幅最小。综上所述,在河套平原灌区,秸秆还田配施255 kg/hm²氮最适宜,不但降低了土壤容重、紧实度,提高了土壤含水量,也使土壤三相比逐渐接近理想状态,还提高了玉米的产量及氮效率,随着还田时间的增加,增产效果也逐渐增加。     

秸秆与氮肥不同配比对红壤微生物量碳氮的影响

【目的】 秸秆碳氮比是影响其养分释放和还田利用的主要因素之一。秸秆还田条件下,如何合理施用氮肥是秸秆利用的关键问题。研究玉米秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥后土壤微生物特性的变化,对于指导秸秆还田和培肥土壤有重要意义。 【方法】 在中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站旱地试验田进行尼龙袋大田填埋试验,供试土壤为红壤。尼龙袋装土200 g (以风干土计),共设置6个处理:CK、低量尿素0.157 g (N1)、高量尿素0.939 g (N2)、玉米秸秆9 g (S)、玉米秸秆 + 低量尿素 (SN1)、玉米秸秆 + 高量尿素 (SN2)。S、SN1和SN2处理中混合物的碳氮比分别为53∶1、37∶1、15∶1。填埋后分别于7、14、21、28、49和150 d取样,分析不同碳氮比秸秆还田后土壤有机碳 (SOC)、微生物生物量碳和氮 (SMBC和SMBN)、微生物熵 (SMBC/SOC) 及微生物量碳氮比 (SMBC/SMBN) 等随时间的变化及处理间差异。 【结果】 SMBC和SMBN均随时间先增加后降低,分别在21 d和14 d达到最大值。还田150 d时与CK相比,秸秆还田各处理SMBC增加了4～5倍,SMBN增加了6～8倍。S、SN1和SN2处理的SMBC 6次取样的平均值分别为1425、1379和1462 mg/kg,约为其他处理的10倍;SMBN分别为172、181和193 mg/kg,约为其他处理的8倍;微生物熵分别为3.57、3.41和3.57,约为其他处理的2.8倍,S、SN1和SN2处理间差异不显著。N1、N2的SMBC/SMBN显著低于S处理。在28 d前,S、SN1和SN2处理间SMBC/SMBN值差异不显著,28 d后S处理显著高于SN1和SN2;150 d时S处理SMBC/SMBN值约为10,SN1和SN2处理约为6。 【结论】 玉米秸秆还田显著提高了SMBC、SMBN和微生物熵。秸秆还田和氮肥施用均会降低SMBC/SMBN值,且氮肥用量越大比值越低。当秸秆还田时,将碳氮比调整到37∶1不能满足微生物对氮的需求,因此在南方红壤秸秆还田时要补充氮素。      

适量有机肥与氮肥配施方可提高河西绿洲土壤肥力及作物生产效益

【目的】 河西绿洲灌溉农业区是我国主要的商品粮生产及玉米制种基地,结合当地耕作制度进行土壤有效培肥是提高农业生产效益和可持续发展的基础。本研究以河西灌漠土长期定位试验为依托,探讨了长期施用一种或者多种有机肥以及有机无机肥配合对土壤养分、土壤酶活性及产量的影响,为筛选出适于当地农业可持续发展的施肥模式提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验采用随机区组排列,除对照外,在施磷肥 (P₂O₅) 150 kg/hm2 的基础上,再设 12 个处理:单施用农家肥 120 t/hm2 (M);单施绿肥 45 t/hm2 (G);单施秸秆 10.5 t/hm2 (S);单施氮肥 375 kg/hm2 (N);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 (1/2MG);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 秸秆 5.25 t/hm2 (1/2MS);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2MN);绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2GN);秸秆 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2SN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 绿肥 15 t/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MGN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 秸秆 3495 kg/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MSN);农家肥 30 t/hm2 + 秸秆 2625 kg/hm2 + 绿肥 11.25 t/hm2 + 氮肥 94.5 kg/hm2 (1/4MGSN)。调查了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量变化以及几种主要土壤酶活力,采用主成分分析、聚类分析、经济效益分析综合比较了不同施肥方式对土壤质量与经济收益的影响。 【结果】 长期不施肥、单施氮肥(N)、氮肥配施绿肥或者秸秆均会造成土壤钾素匮缺,较 1988 年初测土土壤速效钾含量分别下降了 16.59%、39.37%、25.04%、23.31%;M、G、S 三种有机肥单施或与氮配施均能提高土壤碱解氮、土壤有效磷、土壤有效钾、土壤有机质(SOM)含量,不同施肥方式下,其含量大小总体表现为高量有机肥 > 减量有机肥 + 减量 N > N > CK;M、G、S、N 单施或 1/2MN、1/2GN、1/2SN 处理均能提高蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,以 G、1/2GN 处理对提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶的活性的效果最显著,M、G、MN、GN 处理对提高碱性磷酸酶活性的效果最显著;主成分得分进行聚类分析,不同处理培肥土壤质量效果由高到低分成四类,分别为一类高量有机肥 M、G、1/2MG > 二种有机肥与氮肥减量配施 1/2MN、1/3MSN、1/3MGN、1/2GN、1/2MS、1/4MSGN > 三类氮肥、秸秆、秸秆与氮肥 N、1/2SN、S > 四类不施肥(CK);各施肥方式均能提高作物产量,与不施肥(CK)相比,增产幅度为 12.21%～235.4%,肥料贡献率在 10.89%～70.18% 之间,单施肥增产总趋势为 N > G > M > S,减量配施肥增产总趋势为 1/2GN > 1/2MN>1/2MS,施肥方式以有机肥配施 N 对产量贡献最大;经济效益分析表明施 N 或有机肥与 N 配施对于提高净收益作用较大。 【结论】 通过主成分分析与聚类分析、经济效益与产量综合比较,农家肥、绿肥和秸秆长期单施成本高,产量和经济效益低,维持土壤养分和产量需要的用量大。因此,提倡适量有机肥与氮肥配施,达到提高作物产量,增加经济效益,保证土壤肥力可持续发展。      

Effect of straw,cellulose and lignin on the turnover and availability of labelled ammonium nitrate

Summary An experiment was carried out to investigate how straw, cellulose and lignin affect the turnover and availability of inorganic labelled N in soil. The experiment comprised an incubation period in which the soil was incubated with ¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ and organic materials followed by drying and by cropping the soil with Lolium perenne. The incubation period lasted 148 days during which soil samples were taken 36 and 148 days after the beginning of incubation. Addition of organic materials to the soil promoted the incorporation of inorganic N into organic matter and decreased apparent N denitrification losses during the first period of incubation (0–36 days after beginning of incubation). In this respect straw and cellulose were more effective than lignin. The organic materials also promoted the fixation of NH₄ ⁺ by clay minerals. In all treatments highest fixation of labelled NH₄ ⁺ by clay minerals was found at the end of the incubation period. During the cropping period high apparent denitrification losses were observed particularly in the straw and cellulose treatment. Hence the recovery of labelled N by Lolium was particularly low in these treatments while in the control treatment the ¹⁵N recovery was about twice as high.     

我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势

氮素在作物产量和品质形成中起着关键作用。本文综述了什么是合理施氮,包括施氮量、施氮方法和时期,也包括与有机肥和秸秆还田措施的配合等。指出我国农田氮肥施用的主要问题是施肥过程和施肥后的严重损失。依据农户调查所获得的田块尺度施氮量,与田间试验合理施氮量对比分析表明,过量施氮田块占总调查田块的大约33%。依据区域尺度单位播种面积平均施氮量,与作物平均推荐施氮量对比分析表明,全国过量施氮面积占播种面积20%、合理面积占70%、不足面积占10%。总体而言,过量施氮现象还相当普遍,特别是在蔬菜和果树等经济作物上。本文提出了一种估算国家尺度氮肥需求量的方法,可估算出全国合理需氮量范围,称之为氮肥需求量估算法。用三种不同方法估算的我国1980~2010年间的氮肥需求量与实际氮肥使用量比较表明,如仍然依照现在的粗放施肥习惯,应该为现在的实际氮肥使用量,5年平均为N 27.9×106t左右,正好处于合理需氮量范围的中线。在改善施肥技术基础上,我国2006~2010年间5年氮肥平均使用量应该在N 19.6×106t左右;用五种方法预测的我国未来氮肥需求量表明,如果改善施肥技术,我国2020、2030、2050年合理氮肥需求量分别为N 21.0×106t、21.7×106t、23.1×106t;如施肥技术得不到实质性改善,依然粗放施氮,则氮肥需求量应处于合理使用量范围的中线,分别为N 30.4×106t、31.4×106t、33.4×106t。进一步分析了我国粮食产量和氮肥施用量与美国和西欧的差异,我国农田有机肥和碳投入对增加土壤有机碳氮库的重要性。     

Response of triticale,wheat, and rye to N in a greenhouse

Abstract

Triticales (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), 6TA 131, 6TA 298 and 6TA 298 and 6TA 385, Arthur wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale L.) were grown in a soil treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppm N. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of N rate on dry matter yields, N uptake, and N utilization efficiency.

The dry matter and N uptake increased while the N utilization efficiency decreased with increasing N fertilizer applied to the soil for all the cultivars. At high N rate, rye had higher dry matter and N uptake than the triticales and wheat; no consistent differences were obtained between triticale and wheat. However, rye and triticale tended to be more efficient in utilizing absorbed N than wheat at the lower N rates.     

Influence of Long-term Tillage,Straw, and N Fertilizer Management on Crop Yield,N Uptake,and N Balance Sheet in Two Contrasting Soil Types

Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [S_Rem] and straw retained [S_Ret]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^?1in S_Ret, and only 0 kg N ha^?1in S_Rem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha^?1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha^?1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha^?1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha^?1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha^?1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha^?1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.     

氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响

田间试验研究了稻-麦轮作体系中减施氮肥对作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,与当地习惯施肥(小麦:N 225 kg/hm2,基肥与分蘖肥各半;水稻:N 210 kg/hm2,基肥和分蘖肥为3∶2)相比,减氮20%～30%处理产量并没有降低,而氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率以及氮素偏因子生产力则有所增加;而且,氮肥分次追施,能增加子粒产量,并减少氮肥成本。虽然减氮20%～30%处理0—40 cm土层无机氮含量较习惯施肥处理降低,但是并没有降低植株地上部对氮素的吸收。在小麦和水稻收获期,减施氮肥处理0—100 cm土壤无机氮残留量低于习惯施肥处理;且稻-麦轮作系统中氮的表观损失主要发生在水稻季。初步认为,在长江中下游平原稻-麦轮作体系氮素过量施用地区,第一个轮作周期减施氮肥20%～30%不仅不影响产量,而且可提高氮素利用率,有利于保护环境。     

Tillage, nitrogen and crop residue effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality, and greenhouse gas emissions

Management practices that simultaneously improve soil properties and yield are crucial to sustain high crop production and minimize detrimental impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage and crop residue management on crop yield, N uptake and C removal in crop, soil organic C and N, inorganic N and aggregation, and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions on a Gray Luvisol (Boralf) soil near Star City, Saskatchewan, Canada. The 4-year (1998–2001) field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems: no tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT); two levels of straw: straw retained (S), and straw removed (NS); and four rates of fertilizer N: 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹, except no N to pea phase of the rotation. The plots were seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 1998, pea (Pisum sativum L.) in 1999, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2000 and canola (Brassica napus L.) in 2001. Tillage and straw treatments generally had no effect on crop yield during the first three years. But in 2001, NT produced 55, 32, and 20% greater canola seed, straw and chaff than CT, respectively, whereas straw retention increased seed and straw yield by 33 and 19% compared to straw removal. Seed, straw and chaff yield of canola increased with N rate up to 40 kg N ha⁻¹, and root mass (0–15 cm depth) with N rate to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Amount of N uptake and C removed in wheat and canola generally increased with N rate, but tillage and straw management had no consistent effect. After four crop seasons, total organic C (TOC) and N (TN), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), C (LFC), and N (LFN) were generally greater with S than NS treatments. Tillage did not affect TOC and TN in soil, but LFOM, LFC, and LFN were greater or tended to be greater under NT than CT. There was no effect of tillage, straw and N fertilization on NH₄-N in soil, but CT and S tended to have higher NO₃-N concentration in 0–15 cm soil than NT and NS, respectively. Concentration of NO₃-N increased substantially with N rate ≥80 kg ha⁻¹. The NT + S treatment had the lowest proportion (34%) of wind-erodible (<0.83 mm diameter) aggregates and greatest proportion (37%) of larger (>12.7 mm) dry aggregates, compared to highest (50%) and lowest (18%) proportion of corresponding aggregates in CT + NS, indicating less potential for soil erosion when tillage was omitted and crop residues were retained. Amount of N lost as N₂O was higher from N-fertilized than from zero-N plots, and it was substantially higher from N-applied CT plots than from N-applied NT plots. Retaining crop residues along with no-tillage improved soil properties and may also be better for the environment.     

Effect of glucose amendment on microbial biomass,spelling fertilizer 15N-recovery and distribution in a barley-soil-system

Summary One way to conserve fertilizer N in the plant-soil system is to immobilize it at the time of application by adding a readily available C source and to rely on the microorganisms to remineralize it to meet crop N demand during the season. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of microbial activity due to glucose amendment at the time of fertilization and planting on the distribution of fertilizer ¹⁵N at harvest among various N pools. Glucose C (150 g m^-2) was added to soil at Ellerslie (Black Chernozem) in central Alberta at the time of seeding and fertilization with urea-¹⁵N (7.5 g m^-2). Barley shoot mass, root mass, and root N at harvest in the non-glucose treatment were 1.8-fold, 1.9-fold, and 2.2-fold greater, respectively, than in the glucose treatment. The recovery of ¹⁵N in the soil-plant system was greater in the glucose (82%) than the non-glucose treatment (50%). Likewise, the recovery of ¹⁵N in soil was greater in the glucose treatment (72%) than the non-glucose treatment (22%). In both treatments most soil ¹⁵N remaining at the time of harvest was present as non-microbial organic ¹⁵N, but recovery of ¹⁵N in this pool was 3.4-fold greater in glucose-treated than in non-glucose-treated soil. The microbial response to the glucose addition effectively conserved fertilizer N in the active N phase; however, significant remineralization did not occur to meet plant N demands. Microbial transformations in the soil resulted in a constant ratio of non-microbial organic N formed per unit of microbial N formed and this ratio was not affected by the C amendments.     

不同水分梯度下小叶章地上构件C,N,P含量动态分析

通过野外调查分析,研究了波动水文情势下,不同水分梯度带小叶章地上构件C,N,P含量动态。结果表明,各构件TC含量随时间波动变化,常年积水带大于无常年积水带;TN和TP含量,总体随水分的增加而减小,且生长季内含量逐渐下降;3种元素含量总体均为叶片含量高于茎和鞘。构件C/N常年积水和无常年积水两种情况下随水分增加呈现不同变化规律;C/P随水分的增加及生长过程的推进而增大;N/P总体随水分的增加而增大,生长季内均呈先增加后减小的波动变化。随水分的增加,小叶章质量下降;生长季初期,各水分梯度带小叶章生长均受N限制,而后期无常年积水区生长受N限制,深度积水区则受P限制。     

不同施氮处理草莓氮素吸收分配及产量差异的研究

利用稳定性同位素15N示踪技术,研究了施肥时期与施肥量对设施盆栽草莓15N尿素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,15N尿素定植时与花前各半量追施,氮肥利用率最高,达52.5%,花前追肥利用率最低,为34.2%。不同时期施肥,植株收获时氮素在草莓各器官中的分配差异较大,定植时追肥,营养器官分配率为85%,生殖器官15%;定植时和花前各半量追肥时,营养器官分配率为72.2%,生殖器官27.8%;而花前追肥则生殖器官分配率提高到31.3%。15N的吸收分配随着生长中心而转移,生长后期生殖器官对15N的竞争力高于营养器官。增加氮肥施用量,氮肥利用率下降。田间试验表明,氮肥运筹对植株成熟叶片硝态氮浓度与SPAD值有显著影响,设施栽培草莓施N225.kg/hm2,于定植时与花前各半量施用,草莓花芽分化早,早期产量与总产量均高。     

Pasture type and fertilization effects on N2 fixation, N budgets and external energy inputs in western Canada

A grazing experiment was conducted in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. The objectives were to examine the effects of including alfalfa and fertilizer management on N₂ fixation by alfalfa and plant N dynamics, and to compare N budgets in the four contrasting pasture systems and external energy inputs between fertilizer-N-based and legume-based pasture systems. Estimates of annual amounts of N₂ fixed, based on shoot herbage production in grazed mixed alfalfa/grass pastures, ranged from 40 to 118 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The amounts would be in the range of 52-153 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, if the amounts of fixed N stored in the roots, were included. Compared to grass-only pastures, total amounts of N₂ fixed in the mixed pastures should be sufficient to improve total external N inputs, replace N fertilizer and sustain plant protein for grazing. The reliance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on N₂ fixation for growth was high (70-95%), and %N derived from the atmosphere by alfalfa (%Ndfa) was not affected by P fertilizer management. Thus, the amounts of N₂ fixed were predominantly regulated by alfalfa dry matter productivity. The data also indicated that alfalfa fixed 27 kg N t⁻¹ dry matter produced. In mixed alfalfa/grass pastures, high soil mineral N uptake by companion grasses, was essential to effectively utilize N that was fixed by alfalfa and returned to soils through the decomposition of alfalfa litter and roots. Compared to grass-only pastures with or without N fertilizer, alfalfa-based pastures could supply sufficient plant protein for grazing animals through N₂ fixation, and at same time, sustain animal productivity with only 28% of the external energy input of the grass-only pasture with N fertilizer.