Mann-Kendall检验及其在河流悬沙浓度时间序列分析中的运用

探计了Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验在时间序列分析方面的应用,并以云南省文山州盘龙河为例,把它运用到河流悬沙浓度时间序列的趋势分析和突变分析研究中.结果表明:①M-K检验同样适用于河流悬沙浓度的趋势与突变分析;②盘龙河自20世纪60年代初至90年代末河流悬沙浓度一直表现为波动上升趋势,1999年后有下降的迹象;③盘龙河的河流悬沙浓度自20世纪60年代以来存在着两个明显的突变点,其一在1973年,其二在1999年.     

云南省盘龙河流域河流输沙率变化的多时间尺度分析

对云南省盘龙河流域55年来的河流输沙率进行复值Morlet小波变换,通过分析输沙率变化的小波变换结果研究其多时间尺度特征。结果表明：盘龙河流域悬沙输移率从1951年以来总体呈波动上升趋势,且存在多时间尺度特征,有4、7、22年的振荡周期,其中22年的振荡周期最为明显,贯穿整个研究时段,而4、7年时间尺度却局部性特征很强。以小波系数实部图上的零点作为判据,且以主要周期附近的小波系数实部值进行突变分析得知,对应于4年尺度的突变有27年,7年尺度的突变有16年,22年尺度的突变有5年。     

岚河流域产沙模型研究

利用岚河流域的降雨径流资料，分析了该流域的降雨特性及产沙规律，确定了影响流域产沙的主要因子。建立了以lh平均雨强IA(mm／h)、次降雨量P(mm)、流域出口断面洪峰流量Qm(m^3／s)为因子的产沙模型。     

大理河流域淤地坝拦沙贡献率分析

为提高淤地坝拦沙贡献率的计算精度,揭示淤地坝拦沙量对流域输沙量减少的作用。以大理河流域为研究对象,提出一种基于GIS和土壤侵蚀模数的淤地坝逐年拦沙量计算方法,分析大理河流域淤地坝拦沙量对流域出口输沙量减少的贡献率。结果表明:(1)1954—2011年,大理河流域淤地坝逐年拦沙量呈波动式增加,多年平均拦沙量为0.12亿t,累积拦沙量为7.17亿t,其中1980—1989年年均拦沙量最高,为0.19亿t。(2)1960—2015年,大理河流域输沙量呈显著减少趋势,且在1971年和2002年均发生显著突变(P<0.05)。(3)人类活动是大理河流域输沙量减少的主要原因,1971—2001年淤地坝拦沙量占人类活动减少输沙量的贡献率为47.42%;随着流域植被恢复,2002—2011年淤地坝拦沙量占人类活动减少输沙量的贡献率降至31.04%。该方法对评价大理河流域淤地坝拦沙贡献率有一定的指导意义。2000年以后,由于植被恢复,大理河流域淤地坝拦沙贡献率下降。     

黄河中游秃尾河流域治理对河道冲淤演变影响

依据实测资料,分析了黄河中游秃尾河流域治理对河道中淤演变影响的机理,初步探讨了流域治理后河道中淤演变与减沙系数及减水系数的关系,研究表明,流域治理对河道冲淤演变的影响程度和效应与减沙减水比有关,从秃尾河流域在分析时段的平均值看,当减沙减水比在２．５左右时,可保持河道冲淤相对平衡,就增大河流水力强度,减少河道淤积而言,秃尾河流域治理对减少坡面产沙作用不大。     

秃尾河流域暴雨洪水产沙特性的研究

用秃尾河流域实测降雨洪水泥沙资料 ,对流域的暴雨洪水泥沙特性做了较为全面系统的分析 ,阐明了秃尾河流域泥沙来源 ,揭示了冻融侵蚀、风蚀和水蚀的共同作用是导致高含沙水流发生的机理 ,以及次暴雨洪水泥沙输移比小于 1的特性 ,为多沙粗沙区流域治理提供了科学依据     

水土保持措施蓄水拦沙指标在三川河流域的应用

应用三川河流域所对应的不同降水条件、不同措施质量等级的水土保持蓄水拦沙指标，计算分析了流域的水土保持蓄水拦沙效益。结果表明，70年代以来三川河流域水土保持措施蓄水拦沙效益较为显著。尤其是80、90年代，其拦沙效益平均较70年代提高20％以上，而80、90年代的蓄水效益分别较70年代增大1倍和3倍左右。并且与以往研究成果相比，本次计算的水土保持蓄水拦沙效益结果还是相对比较合理的。     

大理河流域水土保持措施减沙效益与影响因素关系分析

 利用大理河流域1960—2002年的系列水文资料和水土保持成因分析法计算结果,分析大理河流域减沙效益与措施保存面积、配置比例和汛期降雨量等影响因素的关系,以及大理河流域淤地坝措施减沙量与坡面措施减沙量的关系。结果表明:现状水土流失治理条件下,大理河流域仅靠坡面治理措施取得的减沙效益只有9%,取得最大减沙效益的水土保持措施梯田、林地、草地、坝地最优配置比例为18.6∶73.2∶4.6∶3.6,保持流域水土保持措施较高减沙效益的坝地配置比例为4%;大理河流域水土保持措施减沙量与汛期降雨量关系最为密切,二者呈正相关关系;流域水土保持措施减沙能力表现最充分的汛期降雨量值区间约为300～500mm;大理河流域治理期有21年坡面措施减沙量小于600万t/a,淤地坝措施减沙量均在3000万t/a以内变化。20世纪90年代以来,流域坡面措施减沙量与淤地坝措施减沙量关系比较密切,淤地坝措施减沙量的增幅小于坡面措施减沙量的增幅。     

仕望河流域水土保持措施的减水减沙效益研究

黄河河口镇至龙门区间是黄河流域的主要产沙区,该区间河道全长725.1 km,落差607.3 m,比降0.084%,流域面积11.2万km²。而仕望河流域地处黄土丘陵沟壑区与高原沟壑区的过渡地带,是黄河中游吴堡—龙门段西岸的1条1级支流。本文旨在通过对仕望河流域的水沙变化的综合分析探讨而为黄河的综合治理提供一个切实可靠的依据。本文根据1970—1989年水文站的实测资料,分析了该流域的水沙来源和降雨产流产沙关系,并结合2006—2010年的实测资料,对比分析了不同时期该流域降雨、产流、产沙的变化情况。采用水文法分析计算了该流域水土保持、水利措施的减水减沙效益。通过实测资料分析计算,认为仕望河流域水量变化采用双累计曲线法分析结果比较合理,基本反映了降雨和产流产沙的内在联系。对比影响流域产流产沙的自然因素（降雨）和人为因素（水土保持措施）,仕望河流域水土保持措施减水减沙量在总减水减沙量的占比呈逐年增加的趋势,而降雨因素的的影响在逐步递减。近30 a来国家越来越重视水土保持工作,黄土高原地区的水土保持治理工程陆续的实施对流域产流产沙的减少有显著的影响。     

滇东南喀斯特典型地区石漠化的空间变化

[目的]分析石漠化变化趋势及发展规律,为决策部门合理规划和综合防治石漠化提供科学依据。[方法]选取位于滇东南文山州境内的盘龙河流域作为研究区,利用RS,GIS等相关软件,解译出1990,2002和2009年盘龙河流域石漠化强度图,利用叠加分析法对海拔、坡度、坡向一系列地形因子的石漠化空间分布变化进行了分析。[结果]从1990—2002—2009年盘龙河流域石漠化现象总体呈现出加重趋势,石漠化分布在空间格局上存在明显差异。[结论]研究区景观格局变化和空间分布明显受地形因子的影响,不同的地形因子对石漠化空间分布有不同的影响。     

Boundary conditions of morphodynamic processes in the Mura River in Slovenia

Many alpine gravel-bed rivers have been altered in the past due to human interventions. A typical transboundary alpine river in Central Europe flowing over Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary is the Mura River (length: 465 km, catchment area: 14,304 km²). The main problem of the river before leaving Austria is bed degradation (average 0.5 m from 1970 to 2000) as a combined consequence of river regulation works and the reduced sediment supply from the upstream reaches due to the construction of hydro power plants. River restoration measures for the river reach on the border between Austria and Slovenia (SLO–A Mura reach) were proposed in 2000 to support both ecological and flood protection purposes that apply the concept “of self-restoration”. In order to apply similar process-oriented restoration strategies in the Mura River downstream in Slovenia, we consider the potentials for self-forming river processes. We have analysed the sediment granulometry and morphology of the Mura River in Slovenia, and discussed morphodynamic processes to detect potential for the Mura River recovery into a more diverse morphological structure. The cross section area increased by 8% between 1979 and 2005 on average, mainly due to riverbed degradation. On average, the thalweg of the Mura riverbed in Slovenia had degraded by 0.28 m in the 1979–2007 period, with the highest degradation of 2.28 m in one cross section and some cross sections being stable. The high river degradation trend from the SLO–A Mura reach is slowly shifting to the downstream direction into the Mura River in Slovenia. Nevertheless, the clear downstream coarsening of river sediments turns into the normal trend of sediment fining in the Mura River reach in Slovenia. The “self-restoration” potential in the Mura River reach in Slovenia is larger than on the SLO–A Mura reach due to still active morphological fluvial processes. These processes can be enhanced by the inflow of fresh coarse sediments from the SLO–A Mura reach, where active measures for re-establishing sediment transport are under way. In the long term, this will not work as proposed, if no sediment inflow is re-established from the Mura headwaters in Austria.     

江河源区生物多样性问题研究

江河源区西部、南部、东南部和东北部都毗邻生物多样性中心,生态系统多样,物种较丰富。这种生物多样性是随着青藏高原的隆起而产生和发展起来的并以其环境为生存条件,因而比较独特,不乏特有种、珍禽异兽、名贵药材和受到国家保护的物种。全面了解江河源区特殊的生物多样性将有利于该区的生态环境保护和区内自然保护区的建设。     

Effects of anthropogenic activities on the Lower Sakarya River

We investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the Lower Sakarya River. The impacts of dam, levee, and bridge constructions, sand-gravel mining activities and water withdrawals during the industrialization period of the Sakarya River Basin have been explored by analyzing flow, sediment and channel cross section data from different periods in time by comparing pre- and post-1975 periods. The year 1975 is roughly determined to be commencement of heavy human activities. Assessment of data shows that average annual flow is reduced by almost 20% after 1975. Due to increased regulations after 1975 flow became less variable, i.e. low-flows are increased and high-flows are reduced. Flow showed less variation with seasons during the post-1975 period compared to the pre-1975 period. Close inspection of precipitation and temperature patterns over the course of this period indicates that these changes in the flow regime cannot be attributed to natural causes and must be instigated by anthropogenic activities. Analyses of sediment data point toward a consistent reduction in sediment concentration and loadings with years in the Lower Sakarya River. Sediment rating curves developed for pre- and post-1975 exhibit a similar pattern. The impact of the anthropogenic activities on the river cross section is also examined by employing data from 1965, 2003 and 2006 at various points along the river profile. We found as much as 1 m aggradation at the thalweg elevation along the river profile starting from the river mouth up to the 12th km. Degradation in thalweg elevation is observed upstream of the 12th km, as much as 7 m at some locations. This research clearly undermines how human activities can alter the river hydrology and morphology. The adverse impacts of these modifications on the stream ecology in the Lower Sakarya River unfortunately remain unresolved.     

Characterisation of river reaches: The influence of rock type

The characterisation of geomorphological, hydrological and ecological properties of river systems represents a popular and important research direction in fluvial studies, particularly with regards to contemporary international environmental legislation. Recent research has also drawn attention to the unique ecological value and high level of environmental threat associated with groundwater-fed catchments, emphasising the importance of underlying rock type in the development of river typologies. A standardised field method for assessing physical river habitat quality known as River Habitat Survey (RHS) has been developed in the UK and provides an extensive data set of surveyed river reaches. This paper uses information from the RHS database to explore the influence of rock type on reach-scale sedimentological and vegetation characteristics. A range of reach-scale indices are derived from the RHS database for analysis, supported by landscape variables which provide detail on the catchment context. River reaches were then classified into broad lithological groups which reveal statistically significant differences along two key gradients in environmental conditions: an energy gradient associated with stream power and sediment calibre which is inversely related to in-channel vegetation roughness, and a riparian vegetation gradient that also reflects the inverse relationship between instream and riparian vegetation cover. The results emphasise the differences in reach-scale geomorphological and ecological structure between groundwater-fed and surface water-fed catchments, supporting the inclusion of underlying reach lithology in the development of river typologies.     

新安江、富春江区域水质变化的风险分析

通过收集整理10年的地表水环境监测资料，综合分析了钱塘江下游干流新安江和富春江区域的水质变化规律。应用斯毕曼秩次相关性检验、相关分析和方差分析，研究了两江流域内水质变化的趋势与联系，结果表明．两江流域内水质总体仍处于低风险水平，仅在部分区段和时段内出现个别项目超标。两江流域水质的主要胁迫因子均与社会经济活动有关，但尚未超出流域内环境容量容许范围，总体水质仍能满足功能区要求。说明通过合理控制污染排放，完全可能实现两江流域社会经济与环境保护协调发展。     

引江济汉工程对汉江中下游生态环境影响

引江济汉工程作为南水北调的配套工程,将在改善汉江中下游生态环境方面发挥不可忽视的作用.基于河流水质模型及河流综合水质生态模型,从水文、水质、鱼类、藻类及血吸虫病传播等方面,论述了引江济汉工程的实施对汉江中下游生态环境的影响.研究结果表明:引江济汉工程在一定程度上提高了汉江中下游的水位和流量,降低了汉江中下游水体的污染物(COD)浓度,能够在一定程度上控制“水华”现象,改善鱼类的生存空间,但同时也存在造成血吸虫病传播的潜在风险.     

基于Morlet小波的呼伦湖流域降水多时间尺度分析

利用Morlet小波分析方法对呼伦湖流域,海拉尔市、满洲里市、克鲁伦河水文站与乌尔逊河水文站的1961—2014年降水序列进行小波特征分析,根据降水序列多时间尺度分析结果,揭示呼伦湖流域多年降水变化特征。结果表明:（1）研究区年降水量的周期变化特征主要为,海拉尔市年平均降水存在6 a,11 a与27 a的主周期;满洲里市存在10 a,16 a与27 a的主周期;克鲁伦河存在7 a,13 a与28 a的主周期;乌尔逊河存在5 a,13 a,20 a与29 a的主周期。（2）通过对各序列枯水期的计算,预测海拉尔市与满洲里市将于2017年进入枯水期,克鲁伦河与乌尔逊河将于2019年进入枯水期;（3）预测显示呼伦湖流域在2018—2026年,呼伦湖流域降水减少,进入枯水期;在2027—2035年,呼伦湖流域的降水量充沛,进入丰水期。     

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河 近期入黄泥沙及未来变化趋势分析

窟野河、孤山川、秃尾河三流域,是黄河中游多沙粗沙区的核心部分。三条河自1953年有观测资料以来,平均每年输入黄河的泥沙量为1.65亿t,其中粗沙量为0.89亿t。三条河各站1970年以来输沙量均为减少,其主要原因并非水土保持发挥了作用,而是由于降雨总量和降雨强度减少所致。神府煤田开发,至公元2000年平均每年将增加入黄泥沙量450万t。随着全球的增温,流域内的降雨量将会增加,植被的生境条件将得到改善,侵蚀产沙强度会随之减弱。但是,由于人口的增加,土地利用结构与垦殖指数都不会有明显的变化,所以流域的产沙不可能有大幅度的减少。     

黄河流域与长江流域生态环境建设的差异与重点

在分析说明黄河流域和长江流域生态环境建设现代成就的基础上,比较了两流域生态环境建设的差异,对两流域生态环境建设的重点提出了一些看法。     

迅速全面恢复植被是根除河害之本

It is known from the close connection among process of soil formation,origin, evolution and development of land living creatures that land living creatures are totally relied on the continuous accumulation and coordinately and timely supply of water and fertilizer in soil of the fertilizer. Damage of natural vegetation causes continuously intensified soil and water loss, flood disaster in the Yangtze River and dry river in the Yellow River are the inevitable results of plundering natural resources by human beings in a long period. The main point of river harness is laying on the causes of problems, therefore, rapid and overall recovery of plant vegetation is the basis to root out disasters in a river. It is suitable for the Yangtze River to safely drainage water and storage flood step by step; while for the Yellow River the main task to the river control is to realistically implement the policy of “28 Chinese characters" to infiltrate all rainfall in to soil, plant grain in plains and on plateau, forest and fruit in gullies, and grass and brush on slopes.