超声波活化风化煤腐植酸对小白菜吸收Pb、Cd和土壤酶活性影响

采用土培盆栽试验研究不同超声波活化风化煤腐植酸添加量0,10,20,40,60g/kg(以风化煤计)对小白菜吸收重金属铅、镉和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:在加风化煤量40g/kg条件下,有效降低了土壤中铅、镉的可移动性,使小白菜中铅、镉含量明显降低;在加风化煤量20～40g/kg条件下,明显降低了土壤中铅、镉的生物毒性,提高了土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶)活性。故施适量的超声波活化风化煤(20～40g/kg)可有效减轻土壤中重金属铅、镉单一污染对小白菜的毒害,从而为铅、镉单一污染的小白菜区域增施腐植酸肥提供理论依据。     

超声波活化风化煤对土壤砷形态及土壤酶活性的影响

通过土培盆栽试验研究了不同超声波活化风化煤添加量0g/kg,10g/kg,20g/kg,40g/kg,60g/kg对不同浓度砷污染土壤中砷形态及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明:活化风化煤添加量40~60g/kg,能够最有效地降低土壤中As的可移动性,增加土壤中的残渣态砷,从而降低了土壤中As的生物毒性;添加活化风化煤60g/kg条件下,污染土壤中土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,风化煤添加量40g/kg时,缓解砷抑制土壤脲酶活性的效果最好。所以活化风化煤能够有效改善砷污染土壤质量,降低生物毒性,减轻对植物的毒害作用。     

土壤重金属复合污染的化学固定修复研究

本文研究糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂对重金属复合污染土壤的化学固定修复效果.结果表明:糠醛渣、磷矿粉、风化煤3 种修复剂都可一定程度地降低复合污染土壤中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量,其中以风化煤降低土壤有效态Zn、Cu的效果较好,在风化煤添加量为80 g/kg时土壤有效态Zn的含量降低了37.22%,土壤有效态Cu的含量降低了31.22%;磷矿粉处理修复Pb的效果比糠醛渣、风化煤好,在磷矿粉添加量为80 g/kg时,土壤有效态Pb的含量降低了23.79%;3 种修复剂都能显著降低土壤有效态Cd,在磷矿粉添加量为40 g/kg时,土壤有效态Cd的含量降低最显著,较对照降低了83.09%.在本试验条件下,3 种修复剂对4 种重金属复合污染土壤的修复效果,以Cd 较好,其次是Zn,对Pb的修复效果较差.     

2种含铁材料对水稻土中砷和重金属生物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究添加2种含铁材料(Fe(OH)3、FeCl3)对污染水稻土壤中As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn生物有效性的影响。结果表明,添加Fe(OH)3对土壤As交换态含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了土壤As交换态含量,添加量为0.50g/kg时,土壤As交换态含量比对照下降46%。添加Fe(OH)3使土壤Pb、Cu交换态含量显著降低,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cu交换态含量分别下降63%,74%。添加FeCl3使土壤Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量显著升高,2.00g/kg的添加量使Pb、Cd、Zn交换态含量分别升高3 834%,247%,1 744%。添加Fe(OH)3对糙米中无机As和重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量没有显著的影响,添加FeCl3显著降低了糙米中无机As含量,但显著提高了糙米中Pb、Cu含量,1.00g/kg的添加量使糙米中无机As含量降低33%,Pb、Cu含量分别升高147%,50%。表明添加FeCl3能有效降低土壤As的生物有效性,但提高了土壤重金属的生物有效性。添加Fe(OH)3对土壤pH无显著影响,而添加FeCl3能显著降低土壤pH值,这是FeCl3能有效固定土壤As,提高土壤重金属交换态含量的重要原因之一。     

生物炭复配矿物质钝化修复重金属复合污染土壤的研究

选取稻壳生物炭、木屑生物炭、羟基磷灰石及蒙脱石作为钝化材料,按钝化剂5:土壤100的重量比添加到重金属复合污染土壤中,通过测定土壤重金属形态变化,研究了钝化材料修复重金属复合污染土壤的效果及其机理。结果表明:生物炭和矿物质均能有效固定土壤中重金属,其中羟基磷灰石的钝化效果最好,对土壤镉、铜和铅的固定化率分别为76.24%、74.26%和98.13%。蒙脱石的钝化效果最差。添加钝化剂后土壤重金属中的酸可提取态和可还原态向着更加稳定的可氧化态和残渣态转化,土壤重金属活性态比例下降。生物炭复配矿物质处理对土壤重金属的钝化效果介于单一生物炭处理和单一矿物质处理之间。此外,生物炭及矿物质均能有效地提高土壤pH,pH可能是影响土壤修复效果的关键因素。     

生物炭/石灰混施对重金属复合污染土壤的稳定化效应

采用室内模拟实验,以南方砷镉铅复合污染的酸性红壤为对象,利用化学钝化原理,探讨钝化材料对重金属稳定化的技术效果及应用配方,以期为砷镉铅复合污染红壤修复与安全利用提供依据。具体做法为：选择生物炭（BC）和石灰（SH）为钝化材料,以土壤重量的1%、4%为材料添加量,单一或混合施用于砷镉铅复合污染土壤,并于恒温（25℃）条件下培养60d,在实验进行至第1天、第30天、第60天时取样,测定红壤酸碱度（pH）和水溶态（Water soluble）有效砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）即WSAs、WSCd、WSPb含量,以及土壤重金属As、Cd、Pb结合态含量与占比的变化,明确生物炭石灰单/混施对重金属的稳定化效应。结果表明：生物炭/石灰无论单施或混施均能不同程度地降低土壤中水溶态WSCd和WSPb含量,钝化效率分别为33.51%～78.89%和9.05%～96.24%。而材料单施（1BC、4SH）和两者混施高用量（4BC4SH）处理,均能大幅降低土壤中有效As含量,钝化效率为10.25%～55.27%,其中以两者混施高用量（4BC4SH）处理对土壤重金属As、Cd、Pb协同钝化的效果最佳,当培养实验进行至第60天时,钝化效率依次达55.27%、76.39%和96.24%。培养后土壤中As形态由易被植物吸收的非专性吸附态、专性吸附态转化为稳定的残渣态,土壤中Cd和Pb则由活性最强的酸可提取态转化为残渣态,土壤中As、Cd、Pb的稳定化效应明显,迁移系数下降;此外,生物炭/石灰的单施及混合施用,均可导致土壤酸碱度（pH）显著提升（P<0.05）,有利于南方酸化土壤的改良。总体而言,本研究中生物炭/石灰两者混施高用量水平下（4BC4SH）土壤重金属的钝化效果最优,可实现对As、Cd和Pb复合污染红壤的稳定化修复。     

不同用量腐植酸对苹果幼苗生长及生长环境的影响

风化煤腐植酸含有多种活性官能团,对农作物生长发育具有重要意义。将风化煤腐植酸施用于基质,并研究不同用量风化煤腐植酸对苹果幼苗生长发育及生长环境的影响机制,可为风化煤腐植酸资源在苹果栽培种植中高效利用和促进苹果幼树生长提供理论依据。温室条件下,以6叶的M9T337苹果幼苗为试材,外源添加不同添加量(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 g/kg)的腐植酸到基质中,平衡一周后,将长势一致的6叶苹果幼苗移栽至盆中,研究腐植酸对苹果幼苗生物量、叶片抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素、基质酶活性、基质养分及微生物等的影响。结果发现:(1)不同用量的腐植酸均可增加苹果幼苗的株高、干重和鲜重,其中1.5 g/kg处理的效果最明显,较对照组分别提高了68.5%、70.6%和53.3%;(2)腐植酸可提高叶片中抗氧化酶的含量并且降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量,1.5 g/kg处理苹果幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、超氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量分别比对照提高219.9%、63.0%、361.4%,MDA的含量下降了54.4%;(3)添加腐植酸可增加基质土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的含量,1.5 g/kg腐植酸处理分别比对照提高37.0%、94.8%、46.5%和17.0%;(4)随腐植酸添加量的增加,对苹果幼苗生长的促进作用呈先升高后降低的变化,以添加量为1.5 g/kg腐植酸对苹果幼苗的作用效果最明显。添加腐植酸可明显增加苹果幼苗的鲜重、干重和株高,促进根系的生长,并且有效提高幼苗的叶片酶活以及叶绿素含量,基质土壤中的酶活性也有一定的提高。本试验条件下,添加1.5 g/kg的腐植酸对苹果幼苗的生长促进作用最好。     

不同惰性有机碳物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究镉污染土壤和模拟镉污染土壤中加入草炭、活性碳和风化煤3种物料对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响,探讨其作为重金属镉污染土壤修复剂的可行性。研究结果表明：3种有机碳物料均降低了土壤pH值,镉污染土壤加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后,土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量变化不明显。在模拟Cd污染土壤上则不同,加入不同惰性有机碳修复剂后土壤中醋酸铵提取态Cd含量和DTPA提取态Cd含量均明显降低,降低幅度以风化煤最高,且随加入时间延长降低幅度增加。土壤中加入风化煤和草炭可显著增加土壤中轻组有机质含量,风化煤对土壤中镉有较强富集作用。两种土壤镉赋存形态均为酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态,镉污染土壤加入有机物料后酸提取态镉含量无显著性变化,可还原态镉草炭和活性碳处理显著降低,草炭处理可氧化态镉也显著降低,模拟镉污染土壤加入有机物料后,酸提取态镉风化煤处理显著性降低,可还原态镉活性碳处理显著提高,可氧化态镉无显著性变化。在镉污染土壤上,3种有机碳物料对玉米生长没有显著影响,但增加了玉米体内镉含量;风化煤处理显著降低了白菜生物量,增加了白菜体内镉含量。模拟镉污染土壤上3种有机碳物料对白菜和玉米的生长和体内镉含量均没有显著影响。     

粉煤灰改良重金属污染农田的修复效果植物甄别

为了评判粉煤灰作为重金属钝化剂在实际重金属污染土壤改良修复中的应用潜力,该试验以潼关县某村庄因散户冶炼黄金导致的重金属污染农田为研究对象,运用粉煤灰化学改良工程手段对污染土壤进行了原位修复,并通过种植植物甄别对修复效果进行了进一步分析评价。结果表明,试验区农田土壤中重金属Cd污染最为严重,其次为Hg和Pb,3种重金属的质量分数分别介于1.29~6.13,0.53~4.14和63.19~448.97 mg/kg之间,平均含量分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准值的6.17、1.64、0.33倍,其中Cd全部超出国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准,Cd、Hg、Pb污染超标率分别为100%、64.28%、7.14%。土壤Pb和Cd的生物有效性与总量呈显著正相关关系。经粉煤灰改良后,土壤Hg、Cd和Pb有效态质量分数平均值分别降低28.57%、24.36%、31.83%,粉煤灰对重金属Hg和Pb有一定的钝化作用。但植物甄别试验中,所有植物均吸收了一定的Cd,但植株中Cd含量没有达到Cd超富集植物的标准,其中曼陀罗对Cd的单株吸收量最高,为0.1498 mg/株。单位面积中繁穗苋对Cd的吸收量最高,为68.04 g/hm2,说明经粉煤灰化学改良的重金属污染农田土壤中重金属仍具有较高的生物可利用性。研究表明,采用粉煤灰进行重金属污染农田改良的手段仍需进一步研究,使修复后的土壤种植模式改变或种植低累积植物物种以阻隔Cd向作物可食部位的迁移。     

喀斯特边远农区正安县植烟土壤重金属含量及其特征

在喀斯特边远农区典型植烟县采取代表性植烟土壤样品66个,研究县级尺度下植烟土壤重金属含量及其特征。结果表明,Pb,Hg,Cr 3种重金属含量全部符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准,As含量符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准的样点数高达98.5%,4种重金属环境状况良好,无污染。Cd含量符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准样点数占69.7%,且有10.1%的样点含量高于国家土壤环境质量三级标准,部分植烟土壤已受到染污。3种不同植烟土壤类型重金属含量差异较大,石灰土Cd,Hg,As平均含量最高（分别为0.51 m g/kg,0.173 m g/kg,15.45m g/kg）,水稻土Pb,Cr平均含量最高（分别为66.13 m g/kg,55.63 m g/kg）,黄壤居于中间水平。土壤重金属含量与土壤质地密切相关,与土壤粒径具有一定的相关性,粘粒与镉、砷极显著正相关（r=0.333^＊＊,r=0.345^＊＊）,与汞显著正相关（r=0.289^＊）,砂粒与汞、砷显著负相关（r=-0.286^＊,r=-0.245^＊）。喀斯特边远农区植烟土壤重金属环境状况总体良好,但应重视Cd的控制管理。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI