黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素

为了解不同土地利用方式和地形条件下土壤含水率的数量特征及其变异规律,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区纸坊沟小流域为研究对象,利用经典统计学方法系统分析了小流域尺度土壤含水率的空间变异性。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤平均含水率之间呈极显著差异,其顺序为:农田>草地>林地>灌木地;土壤含水率在土壤剖面上呈先减小后增大的趋势。地形条件显著影响土壤含水率,其中梯田>沟底>坡地>峁顶;不同坡位土壤含水率的顺序为坡下>坡上>坡中,不同坡向间为阴坡>阳坡。上述土壤含水量的变异程度均为中等。在小流域尺度,土地利用和地形对土壤水分具有显著的交互作用。相关结果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区的土壤水分管理、土地利用结构优化、不同地形条件下的植被布局提供参考。     

东北黑土区农林混合利用坡面土壤水分空间异质性及主控因素

针对黑土区坡面尺度上土壤水分在土地利用结构(从坡顶到坡脚,即沿着坡长方向,不同土地利用类型的排列方式)、土地利用类型(农地和林地)及地形要素的协同作用下的空间分异规律及影响机制尚不清楚的现状,以黑龙江省黑土区的农林混合利用典型坡面(克山县)为研究对象,应用植被数量生态学中的冗余分析方法(RDA)分析0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土壤水分剖面变异特征、不同土地利用结构下(农地-农地-农地-农地-农地,农地-农地-林地-林地-农地,农地-农地-林地-林地-林地,林地-林地-农地-林地-农地)坡面土壤水分异质性及其与环境因子的定量关系。结果表明:研究区坡面土壤含水率介于5.77%~45.57%,农地土壤含水率显著高于林地(P0.05),纵向上不同土地利用类型层间土壤含水率差异均不显著;土壤水分呈中等变异,纵向上农地各土层的变异系数(35.9%~39.6%)均高于林地(30.0%~36.5%),农林混合利用加强了土壤水分的空间变异程度;4种土地利用结构下,坡面土壤水分沿坡长方向呈不同的变化趋势,与土地利用镶嵌分布规律有关;冗余分析结果显示土地利用类型是影响黑土区坡面土壤水分异质性的主控因素,坡度次之,坡位和海拔高度对坡面土壤水分异质性也有影响。对于黑龙江黑土区坡面,需要结合土地利用结构配置等土地管理措施与不同的农业措施来防止坡面土壤侵蚀、提高东北区土壤肥力,实现经济效益、生态效益的协调统一。     

喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤水分空间变异研究

以线形取样方式测定了喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面表层(0～5、5～10、10～15 cm)的土壤水分，采用经典统计结合地统计学方法分析了其空间分布特征及变异结构。结果表明：在坡面特定土地利用结构下(上坡到下坡分布有自然坡地、退耕地和耕地)，表层土壤水分沿上坡向下具有不断减小的变化趋势，坡面纵向和横向土壤水分均呈中等变异，横向上由于特殊的土壤分布和地形地貌特征使得变异程度较纵向强烈，土地利用和坡度因子是造成坡面土壤水分分布和变异的重要因素；半方差分析显示，坡面表层土壤水分具有明显的块金效应和较大的基台值，呈中等或较强的空间相关性，土壤水分总体上具有较好的变异结构和空间连续性，因此可以应用地统计学方法在该地区开展土壤水分空间变异研究。     

三峡库区茶园坡面土壤水分空间分布特征及对降雨补给的响应

利用高频率(5 min)的土壤水分探针和自动气象站监测三峡库区典型茶园坡面与林地坡面的土壤水分变化过程及其对降雨的响应，明确了林地和茶园土壤水分变化的规律，揭示了土地利用方式和微地形对土壤水分和降雨储蓄的影响机制。结果表明：(1)在时间上，茶园和林地土壤含水率随降雨量的变化而改变，土壤含水率随土层深度呈现“W”型和“S”型变化。土壤含水率年内变异系数随着土层深度的增加而降低，表层土壤(10 cm)含水率为中等变异水平(10%相似文献   

桂西北岩溶山区峰丛洼地土壤水分动态变化初探

土壤水分是岩溶山区植被恢复和生态环境建设的关键性限制因素。在桂西北岩溶山区峰从洼地，分析了不同利用方式坡面、洼地土壤水分的动态变化规律，结果表明：坡面土壤水分（0～20cm）为中等变异，不同利用方式间具有一定的差异，自然灌丛、撂荒地土壤含水量较高，但板栗、木豆林地土壤含水量较低，且易受外界条件的干扰，其栽种早期应注意采取一定的蓄水保墒措施；与坡地相比，洼地受外界条件的干扰相对较小，土壤剖面含水量为增长型，其变化主要发生在表层，为中等变异；土壤水分沿坡面的分布规律较为复杂，在植被类型相对一致的条件下，坡位的影响相对较小。     

陕北黄土极陡坡土壤水分对微地形的响应

土壤水分是陕北半干旱黄土区植被生长最主要的限制因子,然而受坡面微地形的影响,黄土坡面土壤水分存在异质性,从而影响林草植被精准配置。为此,本研究通过对黄土高原5类陡坡微地形土壤含水量(0~180 cm土层)的定位监测数据,分析研究不同降水年型条件下土壤水分的变化特征及其对微地形的响应。结果表明:1)降水年型对微地形土壤水分时空变化均有影响,枯水年切沟底土壤含水率季节变化平缓,雨季前下降趋势缓慢,雨季后增长趋势滞后;而丰水年切沟底土壤水分的变化呈V型变化;缓台、浅沟、塌陷和陡坎4种微地形枯水年土壤水分季节变化一致,呈M型变化;而丰水年土壤水分季节变化呈W型,2个最低值出现在5月和11月。2)垂直方向上塌陷、原状坡、陡坎土壤水分自上而下呈先减小后增大的趋势,缓台、浅沟、缓坡呈先增大后减小的趋势,黄土陡坡中的切沟底土壤水分含量最高。3)缓台、陡坎、原状坡的土壤水分速变层和活跃层在丰水年消失,在枯水年深度下移;塌陷、切沟、浅沟、和缓坡土壤水分速变层和活跃层在枯水年均下移。     

桂西北环境移民迁入区不同利用方式坡地土壤水分动态变化

土壤水分是土地开发利用和生态环境建设的关键性限制因子。利用2006年4—9月土壤水分定位观测数据，研究了桂西北环境移民迁入区坡地开发后不同利用方式土壤水分的时空动态变化规律。结果表明，不同土地利用方式间土壤储水量变化与降雨量变化基本一致；在时间尺度上，不同月份各利用方式土壤储水量差异显著，0-1m平均储水量依次是坡耕地〉园地〉荒草地〉灌丛〉林地；在空间尺度上，不同利用方式土壤储水量为中等变异，在表层（0-20cm）荒草地和灌丛的土壤储水量较大，在深层（60-100cm）坡耕地和园地土壤储水量较大；不同土地利用结构土壤水分从坡顶到坡脚呈增加趋势，但修筑梯田的坡地较自然坡地土壤水分沿坡面变化幅度小。     

黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究

通过对黄土半干旱丘陵区陡坡坡地土壤水分变异规律研究，阐明陡坡坡面土壤水分变化特征，0～200 cm土层内土壤含水量垂直变化呈高—低—高趋势；陡坡土壤水分沿坡顶向下变化总趋势是先增加后持平或减小；在坡面有浅沟微地形存在的情况下，虽然纵向和横向坡位对坡面土壤水分分布均存在影响，但纵向坡位的影响要较横向显著；地统计学对有浅沟微地形存在的陡坡坡面土壤水分变异特征不能进行很好地描述。     

黄土高原土壤水分与水土保持措施相互作用

土壤水是重要的生态水源和水文要素之一,黄土高原位于干旱半干旱地区,降水量的年际变化大和季节分配极不均匀,土壤水资源对植物生长发育的影响尤为重要。同时,土壤水的数量及其分布也受人类活动影响。水土保持措施是黄土高原人类改造下垫面过程之一,这种改造会影响土壤水分的静态分布和动态过程。水土保持坡面工程措施能有效地提高土壤含水率。深根系人工林草植被使土壤含水率降低,甚至造成利用性土壤干层,影响人工植被的永续发展。尽管天然植被也有较高的生产力水平,但并未引起土壤水分状况的恶化,这是黄土高原植被营造及规划中值得注意和进一步研究的问题     

红壤坡地不同土地利用方式土壤蒸发和植被蒸腾规律研究

为明确红壤坡地土壤水分耗散特征，通过田间定位观测，分析了农作区、茶园和桠柑园土壤水分蒸发和蒸腾过程。结果表明：蒸发、蒸腾与土壤表层含水率和植被叶面积指数关系密切，不同利用方式日蒸发量大小顺序为遮荫茶园〈对照茶园〈桠柑园〈农作区。茶树和桠柑蒸腾速率日变化曲线均呈现单峰型，桠柑日蒸腾速率比对照茶树弱，这两种土地利用方式下6—10月均以蒸腾耗水为主。遮荫可有效削弱茶园土壤蒸发及植被蒸腾。茶园蒸发受微地形条件影响较大，梯地蒸发比梯坎蒸发弱，而农作区和桠柑园土壤蒸发更多受水分条件的影响。合理的土地利用方式和适度遮荫可以有效降低红壤坡地土壤水分散失，提高水分利用效率和防治季节性干旱。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI