层状土壤质地对地下滴灌水氮分布的影响

以均质砂土（S）、均质壤土（L）和上砂下壤层状土壤（SL）为对象,采用室内土箱试验,研究了土壤质地及其层状结构和地下滴灌灌水器流量对水分、硝态氮和铵态氮分布的影响。结果表明,SL层状土壤中,砂-壤界面增加了水分的横向扩散而限制了水分的垂向运动,致使界面下部形成水分和硝态氮积聚区。土壤硝态氮分布还受肥料溶液浓度和土壤初始硝态氮浓度影响,对试验采用的土壤初始硝态氮浓度较低而肥料溶液硝态氮浓度较高的情况而言,灌水器周围的硝态氮浓度与肥料溶液的硝态氮浓度相近,随着离开灌水器距离的增加,土壤硝态氮浓度减小。灌水器周围的土壤含水率和硝态氮浓度随灌水器流量的增大而增大。施肥灌溉使灌水器周围5～10 cm范围内的铵态氮浓度出现峰值,而土壤质地和灌水器流量对铵态氮浓度分布没有明显影响。因此地下滴灌水氮管理措施的制定应综合考虑土壤质地及其结构、初始土壤水氮状况、灌水器埋深及流量、灌水量、肥液浓度等因素。     

红壤区肥液浓度对涌泉根灌水氮运移特性的影响

为提高红壤区涌泉根灌水氮利用效率,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同肥液浓度(0,10,20,35,60 g/L)条件下涌泉根灌土壤的入渗能力、湿润锋运移距离、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,并建立了红壤涌泉根灌土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋在竖直向上、竖直向下和水平方向的运移距离与肥液浓度的关系模型。结果表明:土壤累计入渗量、湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布均受到肥液浓度的影响。在同一入渗时刻,土壤累计入渗量及湿润锋运移距离随肥液浓度的增大而增大,且与入渗历时均呈幂函数关系;在灌水结束时,相同土层深度内,肥液浓度越大,土壤含水率就越大,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的浓度也越大,且与铵态氮相比,硝态氮的分布范围更广。随着肥液再分布的进行,土层内最大含水率位置逐渐下移,且土壤含水率的分布也更加均匀;土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮浓度的变化趋势不同,浅层中铵态氮的浓度逐渐降低,而硝态氮的浓度先降低后增加;深层中铵态氮的浓度先增加后降低,而硝态氮的浓度逐渐增加。该研究成果可为进一步研究红壤区涌泉根灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化提供理论参考。     

日光温室番茄灌水量与根层硝态氮淋溶特征及渗漏关系研究

针对蔬菜灌溉水肥渗漏问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合,研究了番茄膜下沟灌灌水量与土壤硝态氮的根层外渗漏关系,分析了灌水量与不同根层土壤硝态氮的淋溶和保蓄特征,结果表明:灌溉不施肥条件下灌水量与土壤硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率、灌溉施肥条件下灌水量与土壤施入硝态氮的保蓄率和渗漏率均呈直线关系;灌溉均会引起浅根层(0—20 cm)硝态氮淋溶,灌溉施肥条件下7.5～15 mm灌水量范围硝态氮积累有一个峰值,而22.5～45 mm范围则有两个峰值;灌水量在7.5～15mm之间,灌溉不施肥条件下根层土壤硝态氮淋溶率为0,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为0～5.19%;灌水量在22.5～45 mm之间,灌溉不施肥土壤硝态氮淋溶率为5.38%～19.08%,灌溉施肥条件下根层土壤硝态氮渗漏率为21.91%～61.96%。日光温室番茄膜下沟灌能减少肥料淋溶与渗漏的节水灌水量为15 mm。     

肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例对微润灌溉湿润体内水肥分布的影响

微润灌溉作为一种新型地下连续灌溉节水技术,可为农业水肥一体化提供有效载体。为探明不同生物质掺混比例下竖插式微润灌溉施肥湿润体内水分和养分的分布规律,开展室内入渗试验,设置3个肥液浓度（清水F₀：0 g·L^-1;低浓度F_L：0.2 g·L^-1;高浓度F_H：0.4 g·L^-1）和4个土壤生物质（花生壳粉末）掺混比例（无掺混B₀：0;低掺混B_L：1.5%;中掺混B_M：3.0%;高掺混B_H：4.5%）,研究微润灌溉施肥湿润体内土壤含水率、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾的分布特性。结果表明：掺混生物质后湿润体内水肥分布范围显著增大,而肥液浓度对水肥分布范围的影响不显著。土壤水肥含量随着与微润管水平距离的增加而逐渐减小,水肥含量最大值出现在微润管周围。在与微润管水平距离为0~10 cm范围内,土壤含水率和硝态氮分布较均匀,速效磷和速效钾则形成累积区。肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例对湿润体内水肥含量均值影响显著。与F₀相比,增加肥液浓度提高土壤含水率和养分（硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾）含量均值3.94%~14.09%和124.92%~458.05%;与B₀相比,增大生物质掺混比例提高土壤含水率和养分含量均值12.89%~33.32%和28.37%~115.44%。微润灌溉施肥湿润体内土壤含水率和硝态氮的分布均匀性较高,而速效磷和速效钾分布均匀性较低。增大肥液浓度和生物质掺混比例可提高湿润体内土壤含水率和硝态氮的分布均匀系数,而降低速效磷和速效钾的分布均匀系数。微润灌溉施肥湿润体内水肥含量均值与至微润管水平距离的关系符合四参数Log-logistic模型。总之,在土壤中掺混生物质有利于微润灌溉施肥下水分和养分的运移,增加肥液浓度和土壤生物质掺混比例可显著提高湿润体内的水肥含量,增大水分和硝态氮的分布均匀性,促使速效磷和速效钾在微润管周围的累积量增多。研究结果可为微润灌溉水肥一体化技术提供理论依据和实践参考。     

不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中迁移转化特性的研究

采用室内土柱模拟试验方法 ,研究了不同灌溉施肥方式下尿素态氮在土壤中的迁移、淋溶和转化特征。结果表明 ,灌水量及水肥供应方式是决定尿素态氮在土壤中迁移、转化和淋失的关键因素。氮素淋溶量随灌水量的增加而增加 ;与浇灌施肥相比 ,滴灌施肥显著地降低了氮素的淋溶损失。在淋失的氮素形态中 ,以尿素态氮为主 ,其次为硝态氮 ,铵态氮的淋失量最低。灌水量低时 ,滴灌施肥铵态氮在土壤上层明显累积 ;灌水量增加后 ,这种累积作用减弱。灌水量低时 ,灌溉施肥的土壤硝态氮变化呈上低下高 ,增加灌水量降低了土壤中硝态氮含量 ;滴灌施肥显著地减少了尿素态氮的淋溶损失 ,增加了土壤中有效态氮的含量。     

灌溉对大麦/玉米带田土壤硝态氮累积和淋失的影响

以甘肃省河西走廊灌区为试验地点，分别在0、150、300 kg/hm²氮水平和816、1632 m³/hm²灌水量下，对3次灌水前、后大麦/玉米带田0～200 cm土壤NO^-₃-N含量变化和灌水后135 cm处渗漏液NO^-₃-N浓度进行了测定。结果表明：灌水明显影响土壤硝态氮累积量，随灌水次数增加，土壤硝态氮累积量降低，而且在高灌水条件下土壤硝态氮累积量变化比低灌水量时大。从渗漏液硝态氮浓度来看，大麦带和玉米带都是以第1次灌水最高，浓度分别为8.04～17.21和3.30～14.57 mg/L。3次灌水土壤硝态氮淋失量，玉米带以N 150 kg/hm²和灌水量1632 m³/hm²最高，平均为4.31 kg/hm²；大麦带以N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量1632 m³/hm²和N 150 kg/hm²及灌水量816 m³/hm²比较高，平均为6.82 kg/hm²。     

水氮量对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥和水分利用效率,该文在甘肃河西灌区试验地点,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同氮水平（0、225、450 kg/hm²）和灌水量（750、1125、1500 m ³/hm²）对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥和灌水量对小麦带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量影响较小,对玉米带影响显著。随氮肥用量增加,玉米带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量增加,随灌水量和氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,60～140 cm土层降低。氮肥当季利用率、氮肥生产率、氮肥产投比都是以225 kg/hm²氮水平较高,但不同灌水量差别不大。WUE（水分利用效率）以W₇₅₀N₂₂₅最高,W₁₅₀₀N₀最低,随灌水量增加WUE降低。     

休闲与施肥对夏玉米生长季节土壤矿质氮的影响

采用田间试验方法研究了休闲、施肥与夏玉米生长季土壤矿质氮动态的关系.结果表明:种植玉米可明显降低0～200cm土层硝态氮残留量,且主要减少100cm土层以下的硝态氮残留量,但对铵态氮残留量及其剖面分布无明显影响.夏玉米吐丝期,种植玉米0～200cm土层的硝态氮残留量是198.1kg·hm-2,休闲小区的残留量是562.2kg·hm2,前者比后者降低364.1kg·hm-2.施肥可明显增加土壤中硝态氮残留,并影响其剖面分布,但对铵态氮的影响较小.夏玉米出苗期施用氮肥处理的0～200cm土层的硝态氮残留量是857.3kg·hm-2,而不施氮肥处理仅为165.7kg·hm-2,前者比后者增加4.2倍;与不施肥相比,出苗期施肥不仅增加表层土壤硝态氮含量,且表层硝态氮随降水和灌水淋失到200cm土层;施肥处理收获期60cm以下土层硝态氮含量明显增加,特别是在180～200cm存在硝态氮的累积峰.     

肥液浓度对涌泉根灌土壤水氮运移特性的影响

为了提高涌泉根灌水肥的利用效率,采用室内土箱入渗试验,探究了不同肥液浓度(0,15,30,60g/L)条件下湿润锋运移、土壤水分及氮素分布的规律。结果表明:入渗相同时间时,随着肥液浓度的增大,湿润锋运移距离、湿润体内相同节点处的土壤含水率、铵态氮及硝态氮质量分数均增大;湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间具有显著的幂函数关系,其决定系数均达到0.99;随着肥液入渗再分布的进行,湿润体内含水率分布更加均匀,最大含水率位置下移,铵态氮量逐渐减小,再分布5d湿润体内硝态氮量达到最大值;硝态氮运移规律和水分相似,易随水分流失。该研究成果为进一步研究涌泉根灌水氮高效利用技术奠定了基础。     

土壤初始含水率对浑水膜孔灌肥液自由入渗水氮运移特性影响

为了探究浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗在不同土壤初始含水率下水氮运移特性,通过室内肥液入渗试验,研究了不同土壤初始含水率(6.02%,7.40%,8.23%,10.08%和13.20%)条件下入渗特性、湿润锋运移、土壤水分分布以及铵态氮和硝态氮的运移特性,建立了浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离与土壤初始含水率之间的关系,提出了不同土壤初始含水率的累积入渗量以及各向湿润锋运移距离的经验模型。结果表明:累积入渗量、各向湿润锋运移距离以及湿润体内水分和氮素的分布规律均受到土壤初始含水率的影响;同一入渗时刻,累积入渗量随土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,而湿润锋运移距离却呈现出随时间增大的趋势;土壤初始含水率越大,湿润体体积越大,湿润体内水分、铵态氮以及硝态氮分布范围越广;土壤初始含水率越大,入渗系数K值越小,入渗指数α越大。灌水结束时,湿润体内铵态氮绝大部分分布在湿润体半径r≤5cm范围内,而湿润体半径10cmr5cm范围的土壤铵态氮含量随土层深度的增加而降低,当湿润体半径r≥10cm时,铵态氮含量明显降低;硝态氮主要集中分布在由膜孔中心至半径为10cm范围内,水平方向和垂直方向硝态氮含量均随着膜孔中心距离的增加而降低,距离膜孔中心越近硝态氮含量越高;在同一位置处,铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数均随土壤初始含水率的增大而增大;随土壤水分再分布,湿润锋逐渐下移,湿润体内铵态氮逐渐向下运移且其含量呈现降低趋势;随时间继续运移,上层土壤硝态氮含量逐渐减小,下层新湿润体中硝态氮含量逐渐增加,整个湿润体内硝态氮含量分布趋于均匀。研究成果为进一步研究浑水膜孔灌肥液入渗氮素运移及转化奠定了基础。     

Nitratgehalte tieferer Bodenschichten bei unterschiedlichen Fruchtfolgen auf intensiv genutzten Ackerbaustandorten

Influence of rotation upon nitrate content of deep soil layers in intensiv cropping systems Soil samples were taken down to a depth of 10 m during winter 1985/86 in some fields in Lower Bavaria with and without vegetable production. Each core was cut into 50 cm increments and soil nitrate-N and exchangeable ammonium-N determined. The results can be summarised as follows:

• 1 The content of exchangeable ammonium in 0–10 m soil depth was much less than the amount of nitrate nitrogen. Effects of different supply of inorganic fertilizer upon the NH₄-content have not been observed.
• 2 In rotations without vegetables with high supply of mineral nitrogen much nitrate-N was concentrated in the root zone. However in a depth of 4–6 m the nitrate concentration was less than 50 mg/l.
• 3 In one field only the nitrate concentration in 2,8–3,8 m was 2 to 3 times higher than in comparable cases. This seems to be the result of much nitrogen mineralized but not used, because of fallow effects (winter killing without fertilization) in 1982.
• 4 The nitrate concentration in soil cores of arable land decreased generally with sampling depth. In fields with vegetable production soil layers of high nitrate content alterated with soil layers of low nitrate content.
• 5 Because of the strong correlation between the number of soil layers with high nitrate content and the frequency of vegetables in the rotation, it can be assumed that the soil layers with much nitrate are caused by unused inorganic fertilizer applied to vegetables. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact of high nitrogen efficiency (> 70%) of agricultural plants and low nitrogen efficiency (48–13%) of vegetables, caused by high amounts of fertilizer and only low nutrient requirement of vegetables.
• 6 The total amount of nitrate-N found in 0–10 m soil depth was in vegetable rotations 2 to 4 times higher than in fields without vegetable production. The nitrate concentration of the nitrate peaks found in fields with vegetable production decreased with sampling depth, but strongly differing gradients of nitrate decrease with soil depth were observed between the fields.

     

Re-Evaluation of Soil Nitrogen Sampling Strategy Effects on Statistical Power

Soil sampling may be used as a decision-making tool for late-vegetative stage nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications in corn (Zea mays L.). Recommended sampling strategies following banded fertilizer applications commonly suggest taking cores from both on the fertilizer band (B) and off the band (O-B), however we hypothesized that soil nitrate concentrations (NO₃^?ppm) in the O-B were not influenced by N application rate. Analyzing samples from six experiments, we found there was a strong relationship between NO₃^?ppm and applied N rate in the B, but not the O-B position. Power analysis revealed that finding significant differences in applied N rates was only likely when sampling on the B and the difference in N rate was greater than 110 kg N ha^?1. This demonstrates that soil N sampling is not sensitive to small differences in applied N, and that O-B soil cores may only dilute the ability to detect these differences.

Abbreviations: B, on N fertilizer band; O-B, halfway between the corn row and the N fertilizer band; NO₃^?ppm, log-transformed nitrate-N concentration (ppm); NH₄⁺ppm; ammonium-N concentration (ppm); D1, 0–30 cm depth; D2, 30–60 cm depth; C-220, contrast of N rates differing by 220 kg N ha^?1; C-110, contrast of N rates differing by 110 kg N ha^?1; C-55H, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha^?1 at high N rates; C-55L, contrast of N rates differing by 55 kg N ha^?1 at low N rates; A:N, ratio of non-transformed ammonium-N to nitrate-N concentrations; 0N, unfertilized treatment; CV, coefficient of variation; SE, standard error.     

不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同氮源与镁配施对甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.)产量、品质和养分吸收的影响。试验在等氮条件下设4个氮源,分别为不施氮肥、100%铵态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮、100%硝态氮;设4个硫酸镁施用量,分别为0、75 kg·hm-2、150 kg·hm-2、300 kg·hm-2。结果表明,100%硝态氮与中量(150 kg·hm-2)镁配施处理的甘蓝产量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与中量镁配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与中量镁配施处理分别增产56.9%、14.7%和5.2%。施用100%硝态氮处理的甘蓝产量略高于50%硝态氮+50%铵态氮处理,比施用100%铵态氮处理和不施肥处理分别增产13.0%和44.2%。施用低量(75kg·hm-2)镁肥的甘蓝产量比不施镁肥增产9.3%,而增加镁肥用量对甘蓝产量没有显著影响。施用100%硝态氮、50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮和100%铵态氮处理的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施氮肥处理分别增加84.4%、63.4%和6.9%。100%硝态氮与高量(300 kg·hm-2)镁肥配合施用的甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理、100%铵态氮与高量镁肥配施处理和50%铵态氮+50%硝态氮与高镁肥配施处理分别增加101.4%、82.3%和14.1%。施用高量镁肥处理甘蓝硝酸盐含量比不施肥处理增加11.2%。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量相应增加,镁肥施用量对甘蓝维生素C、还原糖、总氨基酸含量影响明显。随着硝态氮比例增加,甘蓝对磷、钾和钙吸收量显著增加;随着镁施用量增加,磷、钾和镁吸收量相应增加。不同氮源与镁肥相互作用对甘蓝维生素C含量,氮、磷、钾、钙和镁养分吸收均有明显的影响。本研究表明,50%硝态氮和50%铵态氮混合与适量镁肥配合施用,既能增加甘蓝产量,提高维生素C、还原糖和总氨基酸含量,又能减少硝酸盐含量,提高甘蓝品质。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Replacement Value of Concentrated Liquid Fraction of Separated Pig Slurry Applied to Grassland

Seven grassland experiments on sandy and clay soils were performed during a period of 4 years to estimate the nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) of concentrated liquid fractions of separated pig slurry (mineral concentrate: MC). The risk of nitrate leaching when applying MC was compared to when applying mineral fertilizers. Grassland yields in 2009–2012 fertilized with MC were compared with grassland fertilized with two mineral fertilizers: granulated calcium ammonium nitrate and liquid ammonium nitrate (LAN). The mineral fertilizers comprised 50% nitrate-N and 50% ammonium-N, and MC comprised 95–100% ammonium-N. Treatment application rates included zero N and three incremental rates of N fertilization. The liquid fertilizers were shallow injected (0–5 cm). The NFRV of MCs was 75% on sandy and 58% on clay soil with granulated ammonium nitrate as reference, and 89% on sandy and 92% on clay soil with LAN as reference. Risk of nitrate leaching after application of MC, measured in residual soil mineral N post-growing season and N in the upper groundwater in the following spring, was equal to that for mineral fertilizers.     

滴灌均匀系数对土壤水分和氮素分布的影响

为了确定滴灌均匀系数的设计与评价标准,在日光温室内研究了滴灌施肥灌溉均匀性和施氮量对土壤水氮分布特性的影响。试验中滴灌均匀系数（Cu）设置0.62、0.80和0.96 3个水平,施氮量设置150和300 kg/hm2 2个水平。土壤含水率和电导率采用沿毛管均匀布置的TDR探头（Hydra Probe）连续监测,并定期取土样测试土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量。结果表明,在作物生育期内3种滴灌均匀系数处理的土壤含水率一直保持很高的均匀系数,滴灌均匀系数和施氮量对土壤含水率均值及其均匀系数的影响均不显著（α=0.05）。土壤电导率及硝态氮含量的均匀性在很大程度上取决于土壤初始氮素含量的均匀性,其均匀系数低于土壤含水率的均匀系数,滴灌均匀系数的影响也不显著。从获得均匀的土壤水氮分布的角度出发,现行滴灌均匀系数标准尚有降低的空间。     

Long-term straw management and N fertilizer rate effects on quantity and quality of organic C and N and some chemical properties in two contrasting soils in Western Canada

Crop residue and fertilizer management practices alter some soil properties, but the magnitude of change depends on soil type and climatic conditions. Field experiments with mainly barley (and canola, wheat, triticale, or pea in a few years) under conventional tillage were conducted from 1983 to 2009 at Breton (Gray Luvisol (Typic Haplocryalf) loam) and Ellerslie (Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) clay loam), Alberta, Canada, to determine the effects of straw management (straw removed (S _Rem) and straw retained (S _Ret)) and N fertilizer rate (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N ha⁻¹) on total organic C (TOC) and N (TON), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and N (LFON) in the 0–7.5 and 7.5–15 cm, pH in the 0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–20 cm and extractable P, ammonium-N, and nitrate-N in the 0–15, 15–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm soil layers. The S _Ret and N fertilizer treatments usually had higher mass of TOC, TON, LFOC, and LFON in soil at Breton, but only of LFOC and LFON in soil at Ellerslie compared with the corresponding S _Rem and zero-N control treatments. The responses of soil organic C and N to management practices were more pronounced for N fertilization than straw management. There were significant correlations among most soil organic C or N fractions, especially at Breton. Linear regressions between crop residue C or N input, or rate of fertilizer N applied and soil organic C or N were significant in most cases at Breton, but only for LFOC and LFON at Ellerslie. At Breton, compared with zero-N rate, the C sequestration efficiency of additional crop residue C input was 5.8%, 20.1%, and 20.4% in S _Ret and 17.2%, 28.0%, and 30.1% in S _Rem treatments at the 25, 50, and 75 kg N ha⁻¹ rates, respectively. The effects of crop residue management and N fertilization on chemical properties were generally similar for both contrasting soil types. There was no effect of crop residue management on soil pH, extractable P and residual nitrate-N. Extractable P and pH in the top 0–15 cm soil decreased significantly with N application in both soil types. Residual nitrate-N (though quite low in Breton soil) increased with application of N and also indicated some downward movement in the soil profile up to 90 cm depth in Ellerslie soil. There was generally no effect of any treatment on ammonium-N in soil. In conclusion, straw retention and N application improved organic C and N in soil, and generally differences were more pronounced for light fraction than total organic C and N, and between the most extreme treatments (S _Rem0 vs. S _Ret75). Application of N fertilizer reduced extractable P and pH in the surface soil, and showed accumulation and downward leaching of nitrate-N in the soil profile.     

WHEAT RESPONSE TO NITROGEN SOURCE UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS

ABSTRACT

The influence of nitrogen (N) sources on biomass yield and nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline conditions was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Six different forms of N {nitrate-N as Ca(NO₃)₂, urea-N [CO(NH₂)₂], ammonium-N as (NH₄)₂SO₄, nitrate-N+urea-N, nitrate-N+ammonium-N and a control (no N fertilizer)} were factorially combined with three levels of salinity to give a total of 18 treatments that were replicated three times. Each of the five levels of applied N was at the rate of 100?kg?ha^?1. The salinity levels (ECe) were 6.2 and 12.1?dSm^?1, denoted as S ₁ and S ₂ and untreated soil (S ₀), respectively. A basal dose of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) was also applied. Five wheat plants were grown in each pot for six weeks. Data were collected for shoot and root biomass and shoot samples were analyzed for N, P, K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), and micronutrients contents. Plant growth and nutrient uptake were influenced by both salinity and source of N. As expected, increasing salinity decreased dry matter production of shoot and root, whereas N application increased plant growth across all levels of salinity. The total dry biomass (shoot and root) of wheat was significantly higher in combined N treatments than in single sources. Irrespective of N forms most of the nutrient concentrations in the shoot was increased with increasing level of salinity. Among the fertilizers the concentration of cation was higher in nitrate-treated plants than in other forms of N. Ammonium-N and urea-N tended to inhibit the uptake of cations compared to nitrate-N under saline conditions. The trend for P and Cl concentration was almost opposite to that of cations concentration in the shoot. The uptake of nutrients seemed to be influenced by cation–anion balance in soil-plant system. Nitrogen concentration of shoot was greatly enhanced by all forms of N in the following order: Ni>NiAm>Am>NiUr>Ur>control. The interactive effect of salinity and fertilizer on iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) contents was not consistent. Among the fertilizers the concentration of trace elements in the shoot was also not significantly different. It was concluded that the plant growth and nutrient concentration of shoot could depend upon N source and level of salinity. The mixed application of both ammoniacal and nitrate forms of N could possibly be conducive to plant growth in salt affected soils.     

应用拉曼和中红外衰减全反射光谱测定溶液和土壤中的硝酸盐

为比较拉曼光谱和红外光谱在溶液和土壤中硝酸盐含量定量分析的适用性,采用两种光谱对溶液和土壤中的NO3–-N含量(0~200 mg/L)进行快速测定。结果表明,溶液中硝酸盐的拉曼特征峰在1 047 cm–1处,该特征峰强度与NO3–-N浓度成正比,对1 035~1 060 cm-1波段拉曼光谱峰面积和NO3–-N含量进行线性回归,决定系数R2为0.995 4;溶液中硝酸盐的中红外衰减全反射光谱特征吸收峰在1 350 cm–1,吸收峰与NO3–-N含量成正比,特征吸收区1 200~1 500 cm–1峰面积与NO3–-N含量的决定系数R2为0.991 1,表明两种光谱都可用于溶液中硝酸盐的测定。对于土壤样品,红外光谱在1 250~1 500 cm–1处有硝酸盐吸收峰,且吸收峰与NO3–-N含量成正比,峰面积与NO3–-N含量之间的决定系数R2为0.968 4;而对于拉曼光谱,硝酸盐的拉曼峰因受较强干扰导致吸收峰不明显,峰面积与NO3–-N含量之间的决定系数R2仅为0.000 9,表明中红外衰减全反射光谱可用于土壤中硝酸盐的测定,而拉曼光谱则很困难。因此,拉曼光谱和中红外衰减全反射光谱都可用于溶液中硝酸盐的测定,且前者灵敏度要高于后者;中红外衰减全反射光谱可用于土壤中硝酸盐的测定,而拉曼光谱难以用于土壤中硝酸盐定量分析,这为硝酸盐的快速测定提供理论依据和技术支持。