水稻联合固氮菌质粒的鉴定及固氮(nif)基因定位

应用改进的Casse法提取质粒,鉴定了供试菌株的质粒存在情况:高NH_4~+和N_2培养的Alcaligenes faecalis A_15,Enterobacter cloacae E26,E.cloacaeEnSs和klebsiella planticola DWUL2分别携有1—2个大质粒,分子量在30—200Md之间;K.planficola和Pseudomonas saccharophila含有小质粒;K.oxytocaNG13不携质粒。供试菌株中DNA与nif探针R1 nif DH和Ec nif B-Y均具有同源性。A.faecalis A15,E.cloacae E26和K.oxytoca NG13的nif基因位于染色体上,而E.cloacae EnSs的nif基因则位于一个较大质粒上。     

广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌致病力和遗传多样性分析

从广西9个县市采集具有典型枯萎症状桑树样品和发病田块土壤样品,经分离纯化获得致病性菌株105株。依据在桑树品种桂桑优12的致病性强弱,将广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌株分为强致病力（57株）、中等致病力（17株）和弱致病力（31株）三种致病型。对48个代表性致病菌株进行16S rDNA和rpoB基因序列测定,同源性分析和系统进化树分析结果显示,这48个菌株分别为阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae（16株）、阿氏肠杆菌（E.asburise）（13株）、桑肠杆菌（E.mori）（7株）、产酸克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella oxytoca）（3株）以及未确定种的肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）3株、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella sp.）6株。阿氏肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌出现的频率最高,是广西的优势菌株。研究结果表明,广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

辐射处理对水稻酯酶同工酶E_(St3)位点的影响初探

经测定分析,水稻阳极标志酶带E_3~S和E_3~F分别受E_(st3)位点上两个共显性基因控制,未经辐照处理的水稻品种"马坝糯"均表现出稳定的12A(慢带类型)酶带,而经26krad及44krad ~(89)Co γ射线辐照处理的M_2代则表现三种酶谱类型,即12A(慢带类型)、13A(快带类型)和12A/13A(互补类型)。辐照后由E_(st3)~S突变为其等位基因E_(st3)~F的频率分别为3.5%和5.06%。     

转酿酒酵母海藻糖合成酶基因(TPS1)玉米植株的获得

PCR克隆测序发现,酿酒酵母AS.1416菌株的海藻糖合成酶基因TPS1与原报道序列发生了11处单碱基突变,其中10个突变发生在编码区域,但9个是同义突变,不影响编码蛋白的氨基酸序列。只有1135位的G变为A,使编码蛋白的第355个甘氨酸变成了天冬酰胺。用单子叶植物逆境诱导启动子mwcs120启动TPS1基因构建表达载体,基因枪法转化玉米胚性愈伤组织,PCR检测获得阳性植株,平均达到0.56%的转化率。     

由质粒介导的豌豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium Leguminosarum)Nif D::Tn5向棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)的转移

通过助移质粒P~(PK2013)的推动,实现了携带豌豆根瘤菌(Rhizobium Legumi-nosarum)nif D::Tn5的质粒pRK2009由大肠杆菌(E.coli)向棕色固氮菌Az-otobacter vinelandii的转移,转移频率为每受体7×10~(-5),进一步将与pRK2509不相容的质粒pPHLJI转入这个转移接合子,筛选得到了两株相同的棕色固氮菌的突变菌株。由表型特征分析和活性互补实验证明该突变菌株在染色体中含有豌豆根瘤茵nif D::Tn5,是两不同种固氮微生物的固氮基因即豌豆根瘤菌nif D与棕色固氮菌nif D之间发生同源性重组的结果     

产过敏素的耐氨固氮工程菌的构建

阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae)E26(pMC73A）是带有耐氨质粒的固氮工程菌。本研究通过三亲杂交的方法将带有梨火疫病菌hrp基因簇的重组粘粒pCPP430导入E26(pMC73A)。接合子在番茄叶片上出现也对照DH5（pCPP430）一样典型的过敏反应症状，而出发菌E26(pMC73A)测 没有过敏反应；从接合子抽提到2条质粒DNA带，一条与pCPP430位置相同，大小约50kb，另一条与pMC73A位置相同，大小约7kb；接合子质粒DNA的酶切图谱正好是pCPP430和pMC73A酶切图谱的叠加；用地高辛标亡的hrpN DNA上进行Southerm hybridization分析，在接合子的质粒酶切产物中得到预期的杂交带，而出发菌E26（pMC73A）无任何杂交信号。通过质粒抽提、酶切验证、Southern hybridization分析以及在番茄叶片上的过敏反应测定、均表明生产植物抗性诱导蛋白的耐氨固氮工程菌构建成功。     

高羊茅DREB类转录因子基因的分离及鉴定分析

DREB转录因子是植物中特有的与低温、高盐和干旱胁迫相关的反式作用因子。为了分离和鉴定高羊茅(Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.)DREB转录因子基因,我们构建了冷诱导(4℃)的高羊茅cDNA文库,用拟南芥DREB1A基因作探针筛选该文库得到一个DREB类基因FaDREB1。序列分析表明,FaDREB1具有一个651bp的开放阅读框和229bp的3’非编码区,推测的氨基酸序列中含有一个高度保守的EREBP/AP2结构域。酵母单杂交结果表明FaDREB1蛋白能在体外特异结合DRE元件,并具有转录激活功能。Northern杂交结果发现FaDREB1基因受低温的诱导表达,对高盐、干旱和ABA没有反应,说明FaDREB1基因在高羊茅植株对低温的应答反应中起重要作用。     

HPT-ELISA方法的建立及其在转基因水稻监测中的应用

本文改进了HPT-ELISA检测法,利用一种简便并且高效的微生物表达体系,将hpt基因的全编码序列克隆到原核表达质粒pGEX-KG上,在E.Coli菌株BL21(DE3)-pLys中进行诱导表达,获得了融合蛋白GST-HPT,经Thrombin凝血酶酶切过夜,再经过柱纯化后获得不含GST且具有生物活性的HPT纯蛋白,所得蛋白纯度>90%。MALDI-TOF-MS分析表明,HPT蛋白分子量为39.4KD。用HPT纯蛋白免疫家兔,制备了高效价的多克隆抗体,进而构建了双抗夹心酶联免疫检测方法,其灵敏度为0.31ng/ml。应用该HPT-ELISA方法,测定了不同生育期转Bt基因水稻植株中HPT蛋白的表达水平以及成熟期稻米中的HPT蛋白含量。结果表明,不同生育期转Bt基因水稻植株中HPT蛋白的表达量约为15.67~60.12ng/g.FW,转Bt基因稻米中HPT蛋白的含量为5.28ng HPT/g.FW,而在非转基因亲本的植株和稻米中均未检测到HPT蛋白。     

油菜新雄性不育系Xin1的不育性与恢复性

本文比较了新不育系Xin1 CMS(cytoplsmic male sterility)与我国主要的细胞质雄性不育类型Pol(Polima)CMS、Shan2A CMS、Ogu CMS的花器形态,F1代育性情况及其恢保关系,研究分析了orf224基因Xin1 CMS与Pol CMS等在线粒体基因组上的差异。结果表明新不育系Xin1 CMS花器形态与Pol CMS、Shan2A CMS和Ogu CMS的花器有显著差别。与RF01杂交,得到有正常结构的花器,花粉生活力为90.8%。所试26个测交材料中,有13对(50%)测交F1表现出育性反应不同,在14个Pol CMS和Shan2A CMS的保持系测交Xin1 CMS的F1中,6个Pol CMS和Shan2A CMS的恢复系测交Xin1 CMS的F1中,有5个材料能保持Xin1 CMS,有1个表现为半不育,1个材料能半恢复Xin1 mtRNA CMS。测交结果表明Xin1 CMS与Pol和Shan2A的恢保关系不同。对新不育系Xin1、Polima和Ogu的orf224基因的扩增结果表明Xin1有1条与Pol相同的谱带,缺失Pol的另一条谱带;说明Xin1 CMS是不同于Pol CMS的新不育系。     

玉米组蛋白H_3和H_4基因的克隆

本文以λEMBL3为克隆栽体,构建了玉米(Zea mays)基因组文库,通过人工合成的探针进行原位杂交和斑点杂交,从文库中筛选到4个含有组蛋白H_3基因的阳性克隆。另外,通过多聚酶链式反应(PCR),从玉米核DNA中扩增了组蛋白H_4基因。这些基因可以在转基因植物研究中作为辅助序列提高外源基因的整合频率。     

土壤微生物DNA木聚糖酶基因多样性的研究

采用国产硅胶Gk254（60型）代替进口Glass bead的改良方法抽提土壤微生物DNA，然后设计了一对扩增木聚糖酶基因片段的新简并引物，对抽提的土壤微生物DNA进行PCR扩增。扩增片段连接pMD18T载体，转化大肠杆菌，重组片段通过酶切进行RFLP分析后，测序分析得到10个木聚糖酶基因片段。对所得片段翻译的氨基酸序列进行BLAST分析表明有8个片段与来自放线菌的木聚糖酶具有较高的同源性，2个与假单胞菌的木聚糖酶具有较高的同源性。所得10个木聚糖酶片段的氨基酸序列同源性比较显示，第27个氨基酸均为天冬酰胺（N），暗示这些来自土壤微生物DNA的基因片段编码耐碱的木聚糖酶。通过构建系统进化树，发现扩增的木聚糖酶片段之间的相似性均在70％以上。     

大肠杆菌海藻糖磷酸合酶基因的克隆

根据报道的大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli)海藻糖－6－磷酸合酶基因（otsA)，设计引物，通过PCR技术从大肠杆菌XLI菌株的总DNA中扩增到一个1．4kb片段。经克隆、测序分析，该片段长1425bp并含一完整的开放读框（ORF）。在核苷酸水平上，该ORF与已报道的otsA基因具有99．86％的同源性。在氨基酸水平上，其推断性的编码产物蛋白与OtsA具有100％一致性。     

Nature and mechanisms of aluminium toxicity,tolerance and amelioration in symbiotic legumes and rhizobia

Recent findings on the effect of aluminium (Al) on the functioning of legumes and their associated microsymbionts are reviewed here. Al represents 7% of solid matter in the Earth’s crust and is an important abiotic factor that alters microbial and plant functioning at very early stages. The trivalent Al (Al³⁺) dominates at pH <?5 in soils and becomes a constraint to legume productivity through its lethal effect on rhizobia, the host plant and their interaction. Al³⁺ has lethal effects on many aspects of the rhizobia/legume symbiosis, which include a decrease in root elongation and root hair formation, lowered soil rhizobial population, and suppression of nitrogen metabolism involving nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction, nitrogenase activity and the functioning of uptake of hydrogenases (Hup), ultimately impairing the N₂ fixation process. At the molecular level, Al is known to suppress the expression of nodulation genes in symbiotic rhizobia, as well as the induction of genes for the formation of hexokinase, phosphodiesterase, phosphooxidase and acid/alkaline phosphatase. Al toxicity can also induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and callose, in addition to lipoperoxidation in the legume root elongation zone. Al tolerance in plants can be achieved through over-expression of citrate synthase gene in roots and/or the synthesis and release of organic acids that reverse Al-induced changes in proteins, as well as metabolic regulation by plant-secreted microRNAs. In contrast, Al tolerance in symbiotic rhizobia is attained via the production of exopolysaccharides, the synthesis of siderophores that reduce Al uptake, induction of efflux pumps resistant to heavy metals and the expression of metal-inducible (dmeRF) gene clusters in symbiotic Rhizobiaceae. In soils, Al toxicity is usually ameliorated through liming, organic matter supply and use of Al-tolerant species. Our current understanding of crop productivity in high Al soils suggests that a much greater future accumulation of Al is likely to occur in agricultural soils globally if crop irrigation is increased under a changing climate.     

Identification of monoclonal antibodies against 2,4-D herbicide by ELISA and DNA sequencing

Seven hybridoma clones, E2/G2, E2/B5, E4/C2, G5/E10, F6/C10, B5/C3, and B7, produced within one fusion experiment in 1991 and the clone E4/C2 originated from 1995 were characterized by sequencing of genes coding for variable domains of the antibodies against 2,4-D herbicide. Amino acid sequences of selected antibodies, deduced from DNA analysis, were confirmed by mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, nucleotide sequence analysis of the clones E2/G2 and E2/B5, producing the most sensitive antibodies, proved to have sequence homology of their variable domains, although the IC(50) values determined for these antibodies 9 years prior to the DNA analysis were 2.0 and 8.2 ng/mL, respectively. The same findings arose from the comparison of the immunochemical to DNA data established for G5/E10, F6/C10, and B5/C3 clones producing antibodies with IC(50) values in the range of 26.3-43.1 ng /mL. The clone E4/C2, originating from the later fusion experiment, did not share nucleotide homology with any of the examined clones. Data obtained by ELISA, immunosensor, and DNA analysis within a 9 year period are discussed with respect to hybridoma stability, methodic artifacts, measurement reliability, and other possible factors influencing the result interpretation.     

慢生型大豆根瘤菌nfe基因的分子克隆

ｎｆｅＣ基因是从慢生型大豆根瘤菌中克隆到的,与竞争结瘤有关的基因。本研究从慢生型大豆根瘤菌菌株ＧＸ２０１的ｐＬＡＦＲ３为载体的基因文库中,筛选出与ｎｆｅ同源基因克隆。以转座子Ｔｎ５ｇｕｓＡ５诱变获得了ｇｕｓ基因表达的Ｔｎ５ｇｕｓＡ５插入突变质粒。     

阴沟肠杆菌UW4菌株ACC脱氨酶基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

从阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobactercloacae)UW4菌株提取细菌总DNA,根据已报道的阴沟肠杆菌ACC脱氨酶(1-aminocy-clopropane-1-carboxylicaciddeaminase)基因序列设计简并引物,通过PCR扩增获得1条约1.02kb特异片段,把该片段连接到pGEM-Tvector上进行测序。序列分析结果表明,该基因编码区全长为1017bp,共编码338个氨基酸残基,与报道的序列相比仅存在8个核苷酸的差异,同源性达99.1%;将其翻译成氨基酸序列后发现,仅引起了4个氨基酸残基的变化,氨基酸同源性为98.2%。利用DNASIS软件对蛋白质二级结构进行分析比较,发现其蛋白质二级结构及其单元与报道的序列完全一致。将其插入原核表达载体pET-28b进行诱导表达,发现其表达蛋白在分子量约39kD处比对照多出一明显条带;经Westernblot分析检测,发现此带即为His-ACDS融合蛋白。     

In vitro analytical system for determining the ability of antibiotics at residue levels to select for resistance in bacteria

An analytical procedure, based on the concept that exposure of bacteria to antibiotics will result in the selection of a resistant population, was developed. Two strains of enteric bacteria, Escherichia coli CS-1 and Enterobacter cloacae B520, which are sensitive to a wide variety of antibiotics, were used as the test organisms. E. coli CS-1 were exposed to 1.00 micrograms antibiotic or antimicrobial/mL; E. cloacae B520 were exposed to 0.01, 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, and 5.00 micrograms/mL. Both organisms developed increased resistance to other antibiotics after exposure to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, as measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). E. cloacae B520 showed increased resistance to ampicillin, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol after exposure to levels as low as 0.10 microgram/mL. Exposure to streptomycin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, bacitracin, flavomycin, virginiamycin, and monensin at levels of 1.00 microgram/mL did not increase the MIC. Exposure to 5.00 micrograms streptomycin, sulfamethazine, tylosin, and monensin/mL increased the MIC of E. cloacae to one of the antibiotic markers. These increased MICs exceeded the 95% confidence limits of the MIC values of the unexposed organisms.