非均匀流动示踪试验及活动性流场模型的应用

采用显色和离子示踪方法,研究水流运动和溶质迁移非均匀特性,并分析活动性流场模型(ARM)描述水流运动和溶质迁移的有效性。运用碘-淀粉显色方法观测水流非均匀流动模式,用溴、氯和硝酸根三种离子示踪水流的非均匀运动特性。ARM耦合非均匀流动所具有的分形特性,该模型本构关系参数反映活动性流场面积比例和土壤水有效饱和度之间的分形关系。与连续性模型相比,ARM模拟土壤水流和溶质迁移结果与测定值更符合。在水平剖面三种离子浓度均表现出正态或对数正态分布规律,且总体上分布离散程度表现出随深度增加而减小的趋势,ARM有效地描述了非均匀流动下水流运动和溶质迁移所表现出的宏观特性。     

土壤水非均匀流动的碘-淀粉染色示踪研究

在壤土和粉质黏土条件下采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法分别开展了6个和4个不同土壤初始含水率和入渗水量的示踪试验,通过分析入渗深度和染色面积分布模式来研究入渗条件(土壤初始含水率、入渗水量和土壤质地)对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响。研究表明:①土壤初始含水率升高时,土壤水入渗深度增大,但土壤初始含水率对染色面积分布模式无明显影响;②土壤水入渗深度随入渗水量的增大而增大,但入渗水量的增大对土壤水入渗深度增大的影响有限;③当入渗水量较小时,土壤水流运动以优先流为主;随着入渗水量的增大,土壤水流运动逐渐转变成以基质流为主的流动形态;④土壤水在细质地土壤(粉质黏土)中运动具有更高的非均匀程度,非均匀流通道总宽度较窄。     

土壤非均匀水流运动和溶质迁移显色示踪方法研究

根据碘-淀粉显色原理示踪土壤非均匀流动,探讨非均匀水流运动和溶质迁移描述方法。在1.0m×1.0m尺度上开展试验,60mm碘离子溶液入渗后,在70cm深度内逐层开挖剖面,剖面中水流经过的区域喷洒淀粉溶液后显色,采用图像分析和率定的方法建立了土壤显色和碘离子浓度之间的关系。采用环状直方图,从浓度空间分布和信息量两个方面对流动非均匀性进行了描述。碘-淀粉显色示踪方法较好地显现了非均匀流动模式,环状直方图分析表明,浓度分布的离散程度随浓度值的减小而增加,描述流动的非均匀性需要考虑水平和垂直方向上流动非均匀特征,非均匀流动的相似性随着距离的增加而明显下降。     

入渗水量和试验尺度对土壤水非均匀流动的影响

[目的]研究入渗水量和试验尺度对土壤水非均匀流动(最大入渗深度和平均入渗深度、土壤水流运动非均匀程度和土壤优先流尺寸的影响)的影响,为农业灌溉施肥的高效利用、地下水环境保护以及流域水文过程预测等方面提供理论支撑。[方法]采用亮蓝染色示踪方法在砂土条件下开展了9组18个(每组2个重复)不同入渗水量(分别为1.25,2.5和5.0cm)和试验尺度(分别为0.25m×0.25m,0.5m×0.5m和1.0m×1.0m)的入渗试验。[结果](1)相同试验尺度条件下,土壤水最大入渗深度和平均入渗深度均随着入渗水量的增大而增大;土壤水流运动非均匀程度随入渗水量的增大而先增大后减小。(2)相同入渗水量条件下,当入渗水量较小时,土壤水最大入渗深度和土壤水流运动非均匀程度随着试验尺度的增大而增大;当入渗水量很大时,试验尺度的变化对最大入渗深度和土壤水流运动非均匀程度的影响不明显。(3)入渗水量的增加和试验尺度的增大都将使得优先流通道尺寸增大。[结论]入渗水量和试验尺度对土壤优先流运动有重要影响。     

灌水效率碘—淀粉显色示踪试验

该文旨在研究不同土质、灌水量和灌水方法情况下入渗模式、灌水效率,并探讨不同灌水条件下溶质分布和水流运动模式之间的关系。根据碘－淀粉显色原理示踪水流运动和溶质迁移,分别在壤土和黏土条件下、开展了重力灌溉和微灌方式下的12组入渗试验,采用适用效率、深层渗漏损失率、有效储水率和均匀度对灌水效率进行综合评价。结果表明,入渗水再分布主要受到湿润模式的影响,有效储水率和均匀度随着灌水量的增加而提高,然而深层渗漏损失率也明显增大。溶质分布的均匀程度和深层渗漏损失率均小于水量分布的均匀程度和损失率,根据入渗后水分和溶质的再分布情况对灌水效率进行评价更为直接和全面。     

土壤优先流运动的活动流场模型模拟和敏感性分析

在壤土和砂土条件下分别采用碘-淀粉染色示踪方法和亮蓝染色示踪方法各开展了2个染色示踪试验,分别采用活动流场模型和二域模型模拟计算了各试验入渗后染色区内的土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布,通过相对均方根误差分析评价了两个模型模拟预测优先流发展的有效性;此外,通过敏感性分析研究了不同入渗条件（土壤质地、入渗水量和土壤初始含水率）下活动流场模型模拟预测结果（入渗深度）对活动流场模型分形特征参数变化的敏感度。模型检验分析结果显示活动流场模型对土壤水入渗深度、入渗后染色区内土壤含水率和溶质浓度分布的预测精度要明显高于二域模型的模拟预测精度;活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了优先流运动整体的非均匀特征。敏感性分析结果显示,当降雨入渗水量和土壤初始含水率相同时,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着γ的增大而增大;相同活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）值条件下（即流动非均匀程度相同）,入渗深度对活动流场模型分形特征参数（γ）的敏感度随着入渗水量的增大和土壤初始含水率的升高而减小。     

基于分形理论的土壤优先流运动控制方程

为表征土壤优先流的快速非平衡运动、更准确地预测非饱和带土壤中的水流运动和溶质运移过程,该文在活动流场模型基本理论和土壤优先流表现出的分形特征的基础上,将分形理论引入到连续性模型,根据质量守恒原理建立了描述土壤优先流形式下水流运动和溶质运移过程的控制方程,发展和完善了活动流场模型理论;对比分析了活动流场模型理论与二域模型理论和活动裂隙模型理论之间的联系和区别。研究成果为运用活动流场模型解决优先流条件下土壤水流运动和溶质运移等相关问题提供了参考。     

运用染色示踪方法研究土壤质地对土壤水非均匀流动特征的影响

为研究土壤质地对土壤水流运动非均匀特征的影响,在砂土、壤土和粉质粘土中采用亮蓝(砂土)和碘离子(壤土和粉质粘土)作为示踪剂分别开展了2个、5个和4个不同入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)的染色示踪试验,通过计算活动流场模型(Active Region Model,ARM)分形特征参数(γ)来定量描述和比较不同入渗条件下土壤水流运动的非均匀特征。研究结果表明,(1)活动流场模型较好的捕捉到了土壤水流运动整体的非均匀信息;(2)当其它入渗条件(土壤初始含水率和入渗水量)相同时,土壤水在细质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度要高于其在粗质地土壤中运动的非均匀程度。     

入渗水量对重庆四面山草地优先流影响的定量评价

以重庆四面山草地为研究对象,通过野外染色示踪试验,借助图像处理技术、方差分析、相关性分析及变异性分析等方法,分析3种不同入渗水量(20,40,60mm,对应的样地编号分别为G20,G40,G60)对土壤优先流的影响并进行定量评价。结果表明:(1)染色面积比基本上随着土层深度的增加而减小,其中G20和G40的染色面积比分别从3cm和12cm处开始显著下降;(2)总染色面积比和优先流长度指数与入渗水量呈显著正相关(P0.01);(3)入渗水量的增加可以促进水分向更深层运动,最高可达60cm;(4)优先流区染色面积比和最大入渗深度的非均匀性随着入渗水量的增加而减小,其变异性系数的变化分别为1.88~0.47和0.52~0.07,但入渗水量对实际入渗深度的影响则更为复杂。     

二维虚拟土壤中溶质迁移行为的数值模拟研究

利用Voronoi图逐级碎裂方法,在二维正方网格上构造出不同等级的虚拟土壤来仿真具有丰富孔隙结构的真实土壤,并借助于随机行走模型,数值模拟了溶质粒子在该虚拟土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明,溶质粒子表现出反常扩散行为。对有偏倚的随机行走模型,其均方位移与时间呈正比关系∝tK,即扩散系数D=K-1,长时间的K值更大,溶质粒子扩散更快;首次穿越时间满足正态对数分布,说明溶质粒子迁移是一阶随机过程;由连续时间随机行走理论,发现溶质粒子扩散非费克现象明显。同时发现不同的土壤孔隙结构及随机行走类型所对应的拟合参数不同,即它们也影响溶质粒子的迁移行为。该研究有利于人们从理论上定性理解和预测水及溶质在有大孔隙土壤中的迁移,保护地下水环境。     

Simultaneous transport of surface salts and water through unsaturated soils during infiltration and redistribution

Abstract

Certain concepts regarding the simultaneous transport of surface ‐salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions vere verified for three soils using laboratory soil columns. Treatments included different water application rates (i.e., continuous ponding and controlled rates) and different initial soil water contents. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface to simulate a salt‐affected soil or broadcasting of a fertilizer (or other additive), was leached with chloride free water (0.01 N CaSO₄). Salt and water profiles were determined by destructive sampling at 2 cm depth intervals at two stages: (i) immediately following infiltration and (ii) after Batching infiltration plus redistribution time.

Immediately following infiltration as well as after matching infiltration and redistribution time, chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with slower than with faster rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. The results, thus, show that slower rates of water application nay not increase leaching efficiency over faster rates in heavy‐textured and sodic soils with very poor permeability. Regardless of water application rate, initial soil water content, redistribution time and soil type, salt front (i.e., salt peak) did not coincide with the water front but lagged behind it by a few to several centimetres. That is to say that salt peak did not occur at a depth above which total soil water storage in the profile equalled cumulative infiltration. The higher the initial soil water content, the deeper and more complete was the displacement of chloride during infiltration for a given quantity of water applied at different rates. This trend was not modified during post‐irrigation period in sandy soil, but it was entirely reversed in sandy loam soil.     

鹤大高速（G11）低路基边坡土壤优先流特征研究

为了探明盐分在低路基公路边坡土壤中的运移方式,以鹤大高速公路(G11)低路基段边坡土壤为研究对象,引入优先流,来探讨盐分随土壤水分运动的过程。采用亮蓝染色示踪和图像解析方法,分析土壤剖面优先路径水平和垂直分布特征。结果显示:染色区和非染色区的土壤性质存在显著差异,染色区土壤存在较多的大孔隙。在水平剖面上,相同影响半径优先路径数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层中1.0~10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量要远远多于10.0mm影响半径的优先路径数量。在垂直剖面上,优先流特征指标染色覆盖率(DC)、均匀入渗深度(UF)、优先流分数(PF-fr)、长度指数(LI)和峰值(PI)分别为40.10%,4.10cm,801.96cm2,74.44%,543.6cm和5。低路基边坡土壤这种重塑的土体中存在较为明显的优先流现象,且优先流对氯盐在土壤中的运移起着重要的作用。优先流指标的提出,为今后量化土壤优先流发生程度提供了一个很好的研究方法。     

垄沟灌溉对土壤水分布与湿润体特征的影响

The ridge-furrow tillage combined with furrow irrigation is being more widely applied and has been shown to be effective in the Loess Plateau of China. Accurate characterization of water infiltration behavior under ridge-furrow irrigation could provide guidelines and criteria for future irrigation system design and operation. Our objective was to investigate soil water behavior during ponding infiltration in a cross-sectional ridge-furrow configuration. Soil water movement within three different soil textures was tested by tracking the spatial and temporal soil water content (SWC) variations in a soil chamber. The two-dimensional transient flow initially transferred rapidly, but gradually decreased with elapsed infiltration time, approaching a stable flow after 90 min. A technical parameter equation incorporating the Philip equation was developed using the water balance method to accurately predict total applied water volume (TAWV). The wetting patterns moved outward in an elliptical shape. The wetted lateral and downward distances fitted using equations accounted for capillary and gravitational driving forces in variably wetted soil media. Increasing initial SWC resulted in an increase in wetted soil volume, which can also be caused by decreasing bulk density in a homogeneous soil. Higher water level produced greater wetted lateral distance and more irrigation uniformity. The wetted lateral distance was almost identical to the wetted depth in silty clay loam soil; hence ridge-furrow irrigation should be implemented in such finer-textured soils. The wetted soil volume differed markedly among different soil textures (hydraulic properties), demonstrating that these properties can largely determine soil water spreading patterns and distribution.     

积水条件下连续和间歇供水对土壤入渗特性的影响

土壤入渗与地表径流、土壤侵蚀、土壤养分流失和面源污染等密切相关。通过对紫色土中的黏壤土进行不同积水深度下连续供水和相同积水深度下间歇供水的土柱模拟实验,对紫色土一维垂向入渗特性进行了研究。结果表明,当积水深度为1～10cm时,积水深度对累积入渗量及入渗率基本上没有影响;积水深度一定时,连续供水下土壤容重和初始含水率对紫色土入渗特性有较大影响,累积入渗量和入渗率随土壤容重和初始含水率的增加而减少;积水深度一定时,间歇供水下紫色土入渗曲线为间断的非连续曲线,第1周期与连续供水的入渗过程一致。从第2周期开始,间歇供水的累积入渗量及入渗率均小于同条件下的连续供水,间歇供水的紫色土入渗特性与供水周期及循环率等密切相关。     

基于O-ring统计的公路边坡土壤优先流路径分布分析

引入优先流理论分析氯盐污染物在边坡土壤中的迁移机制,对揭示公路工业盐污染物迁移规律和保护路域环境具有重要意义。以鹤大高速低路基公路边坡土壤为例,采用染色示踪试验对土壤优先流路径的位置进行确定,并应用景观生态学中的空间点格局分析方法O-ring统计,对不同影响半径土壤优先流路径水平分布特征及其空间关联性进行分析。结果表明:边坡土壤优先流路径发育深度可达40 cm;相同影响半径优先流路径的数量随着土层深度的增加而减少,同一土层优先流路径的数量随影响半径的增大逐渐减少;随着影响半径的增加,聚集分布趋于显著;不同影响半径的优先流路径之间的关联性相对独立。O-ring统计,能从统计学角度量化分析土壤优先流路径的分布特征,丰富了优先流的研究方法。     

利用染色示踪法研究四面山两种林地优先路径分布特征

[目的]研究不同林种土壤的优先路径分布特征,为土壤水的高效利用以及植物生长环境改善等方面的研究提供理论参考。[方法]以重庆四面山张家山的针阔混交林和楠竹林为研究对象,在林地土壤存在优先路径的情况下,运用染色示踪法研究了水分及溶质的运移,并对采集的垂直剖面染色图像进行处理分析。[结果]两种林地对水分入渗的响应不同,染色路径宽度和染色路径数量在同一剖面不同深度处及不同剖面同一深度处均呈现明显的异质性:(1)针阔混交林染色路径宽度曲线呈"倒阶梯型";(2)楠竹林染色路径宽度曲线呈S形。两种林地的土壤优先流宽度和数量在一定范围内均随着深度增加而逐渐下降。[结论]两种林地均存在优先流现象,随着深度增加优先流路径不均匀递减,在0—20cm深度内,植物根系对土壤优先流影响较大。     

Fate of heavy metals in a strongly acidic shooting‐range soil: small‐scale metal distribution and its relation to preferential water flow

To assess the mobility of Pb and associated metals in a highly contaminated shooting range soil (Losone, Ticino, Switzerland), we investigated the spatial distribution of the metals and their relation to preferential water flow paths. A 2.2 m² plot located 40 m behind the stop butt was irrigated with a solution containing bromide and Brilliant Blue, a slightly sorbing dye. A soil profile 50 cm in width was sampled down to 80 cm with a spatial resolution of 2.5 cm, resulting in 626 samples. Concentrations of elements (12 ≤ Z ≤ 92) were determined by energy‐dispersive Xray fluorescence spectrometry, and Brilliant Blue concentrations were determined with a chromameter. In the acidic (pH 3), organic matter‐rich, well drained Dystric Cambisol, maximum concentrations of 80.9 g kg^‐1 Pb, 4.0 g kg^‐1 Sb, and 0.55 g kg^‐1 Cu were measured in the topsoil. Within 40 cm soil depth, however, Pb, Sb, and Cu approached background concentrations of 23 mg kg^‐1, 0.4 mg kg^‐1, and 9.4 mg kg^‐1, respectively. The even horizontal distribution and the steep gradient along soil depth indicate tight metal binding in the topsoil, and a fairly homogeneous transport front. In contrast, water flow through the profile was highly heterogeneous. In the uppermost 20 cm, preferential flow was initiated by heterogeneous infiltration at the soil surface, but had no influence on metal distribution. Below 20 cm, however, preferential flow originated from larger tree roots, and metal concentrations were significantly elevated along these macropores. Spatial distributions of Pb, Sb, and Cu were similar, suggesting that all three metals are strongly retained in the topsoil and transported along preferential water flow paths in the subsoil.