湿涝胁迫对不同种质花生生长和农艺性状的影响

研究了花生营养生长末期至开花期根部淹没处理对18个不同耐涝性品种的影响.结果表明, 湿涝使多数花生品种株高降低, 单株分枝数、总果数与饱果数减少, 而果、仁生长得以促进且饱满度提高.经过湿涝处理后, 基于性状变化的品种聚类分析结果与基于产量变化的品种耐涝性分类有较高统一性(18个品种可归类为6个性状变化类型), 又有一定差异性, 即多数湿涝敏感品种的果、仁数量或重量性状不同步变化, 而经过湿涝生态压力选择选育的绝大多数耐性品种表现为株型变小, 果、仁数量或重量性状同步增长, 且饱果数率、饱果重率提高.说明耐湿涝生态育种是有成效的.在需水较多的生育期(营养生长末期至开花期), 只要有流水通过且花生植株顶部不被淹没, 湿涝的影响是有限的, 对多数耐涝品种甚至可促进果仁发育.因此, 对花生受洪涝灾害影响的评估, 应因湿涝程度、发育时期、品种耐性而异.     

镉对小麦（Triticum aestivum）干物质积累、转移及籽粒产量的影响

采用大田试验以不同镉耐性的洛麦23（镉耐性弱）和中育10号（镉耐性强）为试验材料,研究了镉（0、10、50、100mg·kg-1）对不同镉耐性小麦品种干物质积累、干物质转移、叶面积指数及产量的影响。结果表明,一定浓度范围的Cd胁迫可以增加小麦的叶面积指数,当超过这一浓度范围则呈现为抑制作用,这一临界值因小麦品种不同而异。结果同时表明,一定浓度范围的Cd处理对小麦各器官的干物质积累及同化物转移同样具有促进作用,这一临界值不仅因小麦品种不同而异,也因器官不同而异。镉胁迫导致小麦籽粒产量下降,3个Cd处理下洛麦23籽粒产量较对照依次下降了8.3%、34.3%、51.6%,中育10号产量下降程度较小,依次下降了3.7%、9.5%、29.3%。整体而言,镉胁迫影响了小麦的正常生长发育,导致小麦减产。同时,这种影响也存在品种差异性,镉耐性较大的中育10号叶面积指数受抑制程度较小,干物质积累量较大,各器官同化物转移途径受Cd损伤较轻,最终在籽粒产量上表现优于镉耐性较弱的洛麦23。     

广西旱地晚花生增产技术研究

不同播期、密度、土壤含水量与旱地晚花生产量的关系试验结果表明：早播能缩短生育期，减轻秋旱对花生生育的影响，提高花生从花针期起的叶面积指数和干物质积累量，增加结荚数和果重，比晚播增产率达７３．８％～１７６．７％，达到显著水平。种植密度从目前广西大面积生产上每ｍ２下种３０粒扩大到３８粒，对花生也有一定的增产作用。其主要原因是扩大了绿叶面积指数，提高了群体的净同化总量和干物质积累量，增加总结果数和总饱果数。选择低地种植，可容纳较多的雨水，保水抗旱，增产作用较明显。     

利用Landsat TM遥感数据监测冬小麦开花期主要长势参数

为精准农业技术体系中的小麦农艺处方管理决策提供详尽的全局性信息,该文以2007－2009年试验实测数据为基础,以Landsat TM影像为遥感数据源,分析了试验样点开花期冬小麦主要长势参数与品质和产量间以及与卫星遥感变量间的相关性,分别建立及评价了TM影像遥感变量监测冬小麦开花期SPAD值、生物量、叶面积指数和叶片氮含量的模型。结果表明：冬小麦开花期,选用作物氮反射指数、近红外波段反射率和归一化植被指数这些遥感变量分别反演冬小麦SPAD值、生物量、叶面积指数和叶片氮含量是可行的;SPAD值、生物量、叶面积指数和叶片氮含量遥感监测模型的精度较高,均方根误差分别为3.12、216.5 kg/hm2、0.269和0.162,以此为基础,制作出具有实际农学意义的冬小麦开花期不同等级SPAD值、生物量、叶面积指数和叶片氮含量遥感监测专题图,实现了主要长势参数空间分布量化表达。基于卫星影像的农田面状信息获取技术克服了点状信息的不足,为农业生产管理决策及时提供信息支持,使该研究技术更利于大面积应用和推广。     

膜下滴灌棉花氮素推荐施肥模型的研究

研究应用叶绿素仪（SPAD-502）在膜下滴灌条件下的棉花氮肥推荐。试验于2006年在石河子乌兰乌苏农业气象实验站进行,以新陆早24为材料。结果表明,不同叶位的叶片含氮量、SPAD值及叶片不同部位的SPAD值存在明显差异,SPAD值与叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、单株吸氮量等均有较好的相关性;倒四叶的叶尖部位适合作为测试部位。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期倒四叶SPAD值与施氮量之间呈极显著线性相关;各生育期SPAD值与产量也具极显著相关。滴灌条件下最高籽棉产量为4686.5 kg/hm2,对应的施肥量为293.1 kg/hm2;最大利润（经济最佳）施肥量为207.33 kg/hm2,对应的最佳产量为4565.9 kg/hm2。各生育期SPAD的临界值分别为60.5、60.0、60.8和59.1。盛蕾期、花期、盛花期和铃期SPAD值每变动一格推荐施肥量分别为10.81、8.46、13.42和6.29 kg/hm2。     

基于SPAD-502与GreenSeeker的冬小麦氮营养诊断研究

用GreenSeeker和SPAD-502测定了不同氮素处理的冬小麦冠层NDVI与叶片SPAD值, 分析了它们与叶片全氮、叶绿素含量及产量间的关系。结果表明: 冬小麦抽穗期SPAD值和NDVI值均与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关; 除抽穗期和返青期外, SPAD值与叶氮含量、叶绿素含量的相关系数在其余各生育期均达到显著或极显著水平; NDVI值与叶氮含量、叶绿素含量在拔节期、乳熟期的相关性同SPAD值一致; SPAD值可以进行叶绿素的诊断, NDVI值可以进行氮的诊断。氮营养诊断时期应该选择拔节期。通过回归建立了基于SPAD值、NDVI值的产量估测模型, 可以通过SPAD值、NDVI值对冬小麦产量进行估算。     

棉茬晚播麦高产生长模式试验及其栽培技术

通过对棉茬晚播麦进行多年试验测定和大面积调查，系统地研究了其群体结构及其对产量的影响，分析了不同产量麦田各生育期的叶面积延续时间（LAD）及干物质生产与分配。提出鲁西北地区棉茬晚播麦的高密度栽培技术及其配套品种和肥水管理措施，并研究了单项技术对晚播麦的增产效果。     

Flowering and podding characteristics on the main stem of soybean grown on varying levels of phosphate nutrition 1

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants normally abort a high percentage of flowers and pods. This study was conducted to determine the effect of P nutrition on flower and pod abscission in soybean. Williams 82 soybeans were established in hydroponic culture in the greenhouse at four levels of P (0.45 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.10 mM or 0.05 mM), and main stem flowers and pods were counted every two days from flowering to maturity. The two highest P treatments had similar flower production, pod production, pod abortion, seed weight and seeds per pod, but the 0.20 mM P treatment had 20% lower dry matter production and 19% lower seed yield. At P supplies of 0.10 or 0.05 mM, flower production, pod production, flowers per node, pods per node, seed yield, seed number and weight per seed were less (P < 0.05) than at 0.20 mM. Flowers produced per main stem node and seeds per pod were largely unaffected by limited P. Plants supplied 0.10 or 0.05 mM P aborted more flowers and pods than did those supplied 0.45 or 0.20 mM P. At P supply of 0.05 mM, flower, pod and total abortion was 80%, 49% and 90%, respectively. Flower and pod production were 50% and 78% less, while plant dry weight, seed yield and weight per seed were 83%, 90% and 23% less, respectively for the 0.05 mM P treatment compared to control. The data indicate that the primary effect of limited P on reproductive growth of soybean is to increase flower and pod abortion.     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

冬小麦植被指数变化及其影响因子初探

对冬小麦植被指数(NDVI)变化规律、不同品种冬小麦植被指数差异、农田水肥状况对植被指数的影响以及植被指数与叶面积指数的关系研究结果表明,冬小麦植被指数具有日变化规律,且随冬小麦生长发育而变化,即小麦生长旺盛时植被指数数值较大。不同小麦品种植被指数表现出基本一致的季节变化特点,农田水肥条件交互影响小麦植被指数,水分胁迫时肥料对植被指数的影响明显,而水分满足时肥料对植被指数的影响不明显。     

A note on the Nigerian vegetable cowpea

Summary The Nigerian vegetable cowpea belongs to Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata. It was found to be high yielding, day neutral, adequately adapted to the region south of 10°N latitude and consisten phenotypically. The morphological features include the climbing and decumbent growth habits, the coiled, curved and straight pendant pods; the lanceolate and rhomboid leaf forms and the presence or absence of the soluble compound, anthocyanin on the shoot, pods and seeds.When planted with the early rains, the climbing type yields higher with an average fresh pod and dry grain yield of 13.lt/ha and 1.66t/ha, respectively as against the fresh pod and dry grain yield of 11.4t/ha and 1.35t/ha of the decumbent type. The plant ensures an uninterrupted protein supply throughout the year either as fresh immature pods or as dry grains.     

播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑.[方法]选择普通型大花生品种'花育22号'和高油酸花生品种'冀花16号'为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240?kg/hm2?(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月3...     

施氮量和播种密度对不同熟期油菜干物质量和产量的影响

为探究不同熟期油菜在施氮量和密度互作下的干物质积累、分配、对籽粒贡献与产量效应,以不同熟期(早熟和晚熟)油菜品种为试验材料,于2015-2016年在简阳进行品种、氮肥与密度三因素多水平的田间试验。结果表明,密度对干物质积累、分配和对籽粒贡献的影响总体均大于施氮量。在密度和氮肥互作效应下,干物质积累量的改变量总体上表现为成熟期>花末期>盛花期>初花期>苗期,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,随着密度的增大而显著减少,其中晚熟品种对密度和施氮量的变化更为敏感;干物质分配率在花期前、花期、成熟期最大差异分别表现在叶片、茎秆、角果。在相应生育期,随着密度的增大,叶片分配率显著递减,而茎秆、角果的分配率则显著递增;干物质贡献量随着密度增大而减少,晚熟品种较早熟品种的降幅大,随着施氮量增加晚熟品种干物质贡献量呈上升趋势,早熟品种干物质贡献量花前呈上升趋势,花后呈先增加后下降趋势(除低氮处理外)。在低氮(120 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(240 kg·hm^-2)下,随着密度的增大,产量呈先上升后下降趋势;高氮(360 kg·hm^-2)条件下,随着密度增大,产量显著递增;早熟品种的产量在中氮(240 kg·hm^-2)下达到最高,平均为2 244.75 kg·hm^-2;晚熟品种的产量在高氮(360 kg·hm^-2)下达到最高,平均为2 472.15 kg·hm^-2;早熟品种最佳密肥组合为240 kg·hm^-2和30~45万株·hm^-2,晚熟品种最佳密肥组合为360 kg·hm^-2和30~45万株·hm^-2。综上,氮肥和密度主要通过改变干物质积累量和花后干物质贡献量来影响产量,晚熟品种更易通过调节氮肥和密度等手段实现高产量。本研究结果为不同熟期油菜氮肥及密度管理提供了理论依据。     

Relationship between spring triticale physiological traits and productivity changes as affected by different N rates

There is still a lack of knowledge about the physiological traits of spring triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) and their relationship with grain yield and protein content under the conditions of the environmental Zone Nemoral 2. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships among the physiological indices, grain yield and protein content as affected by nitrogen (N) rates. The correlation among leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll index (SPAD), canopy greenness index (CGI), leaf area duration (LAD) and grain yield as well as direct and indirect effects of those traits on the yield were investigated using a path analysis. Grain yield, protein content and physiological indices were significantly (P?≤?.01) affected by N fertilization. N₉₀ level was the best compromise for the yield and physiological indices. The interaction of all physiological indices influenced the grain yield by 27–39%, protein by 42–44%. SPAD and LAI had greater influence on grain yield and grain protein than CGI and LAD. SPAD had positive direct dominant (the highest) effect on the yield only at BBCH 59 and BBCH 69 (50% of the tested cases). LAI was responsible for 19–39% of the correlation between yield and physiological indices. The physiological indices can be used for spring triticale growth modelling and agronomic management for improved productivity and grain quality. SPAD and LAI values, established at BBCH 45–69, can be used for grain yield prediction and those estimated at BBCH 69 can be used for grain protein prediction.

Abbreviations BBCH: Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (decimal system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plant species); CGI: canopy greenness index; GS: growth stage; LAD: leaf area duration; LAI: leaf area index; SPAD: chlorophyll index (soil plant analysis development)     

不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础研究

采用盆栽土培试验,以氮胁迫与正常供氮条件下的子粒产量比值作为氮效率系数,探讨了不同品种油菜氮效率差异及其生理基础。结果表明,供试5个油菜品种的氮效率有显著差异,其氮效率系数的变化范围是0.37~0.69。在氮胁迫条件下,氮高效品种的植株含氮量与氮素累积吸收量、叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于氮低效品种。在正常供氮条件下,高潜力品种的植株含氮量低于低潜力品种,但由于其生物量较高,氮素累积吸收量并不低于低潜力品种,甚至苗期的氮素累积吸收量高于低潜力品种;高潜力品种的叶片叶绿素含量与硝酸还原酶活性、茎叶可溶性糖含量与硝态氮再利用量高于低潜力品种。说明上述4种生理指标均可作为评价油菜氮效率及增长潜力差异的间接指标。     

Corn nitrogen management using NDVI and SPAD sensor-based data under conventional vs. reduced tillage systems

Present analyses to calculate nitrogen fertilizer recommendations are time consuming and costly. Therefore, a field study determining the efficiency of SPAD and NDVI meters to calculate soil N deficiency and guide fertilizer application timing and rate was completed. Reduced vs. conventional tillage at various N application rates was studied. Regardless of tillage system, both NDVI and SPAD were able to detect N deficiency at early growth stages, however, SPAD measurements better reflected plant N status regarding N application rates. A modified Michaelis-Menten model was used to illustrate the relationship between N rates and grain yield, as well as grain N content and leaf N content, and both showed acceptable goodness of fit. Grain yield under reduced tillage was significantly higher than that of conventional tillage. The combination of leaf nitrogen, SPAD, and NDVI data may become a tool to manage corn field nitrogen status and predict grain yield.     

不同时期叶面喷施多效唑对紫云英结实性的影响

  【目的】  探讨多效唑喷施时期对紫云英结实特性的影响,明确紫云英结实性最佳化控时期,以期为提高紫云英种子产量提供参考。  【方法】  以‘信紫1号’为供试材料,分别于越冬后期 (T₁)、返青期 (T₂)、现蕾期 (T₃)、初花期 (T₄) 和花后5天 (T₅) 进行叶面喷施处理,以喷施清水为对照。在盛花期,观察记载主茎不同花序位花荚发育的形态及数量特征。在成熟期,按常规考种法调查了产量和产量构成因素。  【结果】  除T₃处理外,其他4个处理的紫云英花数、结荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率在不同层花序上与对照差异均不明显,不同层花序的粒重也没有显著差异。T₃处理其花数、结荚数、籽粒数、结荚率和荚果结实率在基部花序位较对照分别提高20.4%、31.4%、23.9%和5.25、2.38个百分点,在中部花序位分别提高12.3%、32.9%、22.8%和7.42、2.08个百分点,在顶部花序位分别提高18.4%、54.8%、70.9%和2.56、3.78个百分点。T₃处理种子产量最高达到1120.66 kg/hm2,较对照增产32.3%。  【结论】  在现蕾期叶面喷施多效唑,可促进紫云英花期不同花序位,特别是中部和基部花荚的发育,减少花荚脱落,促进结实成粒,最终获得较高的种子产量。过早和过晚喷施多效唑对紫云英开花和籽粒产量均没有显著影响。     

小麦叶片SPAD空间分布及其与氮素营养状况的关系

利用2个小麦品种在3个施氮水平下的田间试验数据,研究了小麦叶片氮素状况和SPAD（Soil and Plant Analyzer Development）值随叶位的空间分布特征,并对不同叶位叶片的氮素状况、SPAD值之间及其与叶片平均氮素状况之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,顶1叶、顶2叶、顶3叶、顶4叶的氮含量和氮积累量都呈增加趋势,并且基本呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的顺序;各叶位SPAD值呈两段式变化规律,开花前顶2叶SPAD值最大,开花后呈顶1〉顶2〉顶3〉顶4的趋势。顶3叶与顶2叶的SPAD值分别与叶片平均氮含量和氮积累量的相关关系最密切。     

油菜角果抗裂角性二自由度碰撞测试方法研究

为了筛选更利于机械化收获的油菜品种,提出了二自由度油菜角果抗裂角性碰撞测试技术。该文对二自由度碰撞测试仪的结构原理、参数设计、机构运动特性进行分析,并对二自由度碰撞与摇床碰撞下的钢球运动进行EDEM仿真;对二自由度碰撞的适宜碰撞参数进行研究,且对二自由度碰撞法与摇床随机碰撞法、田间角果与剪取后干燥角果的抗裂角性分别进行对比试验。研究结果表明:摆动电机转速60 r/min、移动电机转速75 r/min为适宜碰撞参数;二自由度碰撞法(平均标准偏差0.025 6)比摇床碰撞法(平均标准偏差0.020 3)结果重复性更好,且二自由度碰撞对抗裂角性较好的品种区分度更好;而同含水率水平下的田间油菜角果抗裂角性(抗裂角指数范围0.013～0.553)相比于干燥后角果抗裂角性(抗裂角指数范围0.008～0.948)要差,二者结果差异显著(P=0.010.05),田间角果测试可以更为真实的反映出角果的抗裂角性,研究结果为不同油菜品种抗裂角性的评价测试提供参考。     

Patterns of diversity in pigeonpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cajanus cajan</Emphasis> (L.) Millsp.) germplasm collected from different elevations in Kenya

Pigeonpea germplasm accessions collected from low (<500 m), medium (501–1000 m), high (1001–1500 m) and very high elevation zones (>1500 m) of Kenya were evaluated for 15 agronomic traits and seed protein content at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) among elevation zones for the number of primary and secondary branches, days to 75% maturity, pod length, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield. Mean values indicated that the accessions from low elevation zone were significantly different from those collected in higher elevation zones for early flowering and maturity, number of primary branches, pod length, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. None of the accessions collected in Kenya belonged to extra early (<80 days to 50% flowering) and early (80–100 days to 50% flowering) maturity groups, as defined by time to flowering at Patancheru, India. Mean diversity index based on all characters indicated that accessions from the low elevation zone are more diverse than those from the higher elevation zones. Frequency distribution for trait extremes indicated that the accessions from the low elevation zone were early to flower and mature, short statured, produced more primary and secondary branches with high pod bearing length, long pods, more pods per plant, more seeds per pod, a high seed yield and harvest index. Accessions from the very high elevation zone were late flowering, with a large number of tertiary branches, large seeds and a high shelling percentage and could be a source for cold tolerance and the breeding of vegetable types. Results suggest that the elevation of collection sites is therefore a very important determinant of variation patterns of pigeonpea in Kenya.