不同龄组杉木林土壤有机碳和理化性质的变化特征及其通径分析

基于福寿林场杉木林不同深度(15,30,45,60cm)土壤有机碳与理化性质的实测数据,对比分析3个龄组杉木林土壤有机碳含量与理化性质的变化特征,并采用通径分析方法分析其相关性。结果表明:3个龄组杉木林的土壤有机碳含量均呈现随土层深度增加而减少的规律,幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林0-15cm土层有机碳含量分别是15-30cm土层的2.0,2.2,2.2倍,30-45cm土层的4.0,3.6,3.2倍,45-60cm土层的6.1,3.9,3.6倍,同一龄组内不同土层间土壤有机碳含量的变异系数均大于65%,幼龄林的变异程度最大。方差分析表明0-15cm土层与15cm以上的各土层有机碳含量存在显著性差异(P0.05),在土层(0-45cm)内,幼龄林发育到成熟林的过程中,土壤有机碳呈现出了幼龄林较高,中龄林最低,成熟林最高的变化特征。同一土层不同龄组间土壤有机碳含量表现出显著的变异特征,45-60cm的变异程度最大,为57.67%,0-15cm的变异程度最小,为25.42%,变异程度依次为:45-60cm30-45cm15-30cm0-15cm,但其之间无显著差异(P0.05)。3个龄组杉木林土壤全氮、全磷含量均表现为随土层增加而降低的趋势,容重与其变化趋势正好相反,pH和全钾含量的变化规律不明显。随着杉木年龄的增加,土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量表现幼龄林阶段较高,中龄林阶段降低,成熟林阶段又升高的变化特征。土壤容重呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,土壤pH呈现幼龄林阶段最高,中龄林阶段开始下降,到成熟林阶段保持稳定或略有下降。土壤有机碳与土壤理化性质的通径分析表明:土壤全氮、C/N和全磷以及它们的共同作用是影响不同龄组杉木林土壤有机碳变化的主导因素,且影响机理不同。     

不同龄组杉木林土壤碳、氮、磷的生态化学计量特征

为了阐明不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤的生态化学计量特征,在湖南省金洞林场选择立地因子基本一致的杉木幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林分别设置3块20 m×30 m样地,在每个样地利用S形5点取样法分层(0～15、15～30、30～45、45～60 cm)采取土壤样品,用于测定土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷,并计算化学计量比。结果显示:5个龄组杉木林0～60 cm土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量分别为11.02～14.74、1.65～1.84、0.26～0.35 g/kg。土壤有机碳和全氮的含量随着杉木年龄的增长表现出了先减少后增加再减少的趋势,而土壤全磷的含量则表现为先减少后增加的趋势。土壤有机碳和全氮的含量都表现为随土层加深而下降的规律,土壤有机碳下降幅度中龄林近熟林过熟林成熟林幼龄林,土壤全氮下降幅度近熟林过熟林中龄林幼龄林成熟林。而土壤全磷含量随着土层下降没有明显的变化规律。5个龄组杉木林0～60 cm土壤C:N、C:P和N:P变化范围分别为6.94～8.53、49.03～53.07和5.79～7.74,土壤C:N随着杉木年龄的增加表现出了先减少后增加的趋势,土壤C:P和N:P则表现出了先增加后降低的趋势。土壤C:P和N:P随土层下降而减少,而土壤C:N随着土层下降呈现出相对稳定的规律。     

辽东山区天然次生栎林土壤有机碳含量及其与理化性质的关系

通过对设置在辽东山区本溪市草河口镇和庄河市仙人洞镇两个典型天然次生栎林(Quercus spp.)样地内的土样进行分层(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm)采集和室内分析,研究了0—40cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷等含量的剖面分布特征,探讨了有机碳与理化性质间的关系。结果表明:土壤有机碳及全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量的含量均随土层加深而降低,而土壤容重随土层加深而增加,由t检验和方差分析得知,各指标含量在土层间差异均达到5%显著水平;土壤有机碳与粉粒、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量间均呈显著正相关(r=0.430 9~0.919 0,n=44,P0.01),与土壤容重、砂粒间均呈显著负相关(r=0.388 3~0.670 6,n=44,P0.01),而与黏粒间无显著相关性;由逐步回归分析得知土壤碱解氮、碳氮比、全钾、pH、全氮与有机碳间关系最为紧密。土壤有机碳与其他理化性质间关系密切,且以全氮、碱解氮、碳氮比、全钾和pH对其影响最大;同时,各指标均具有明显的剖面分布规律。     

鲁中南药乡小流域林地土壤有机碳空间分布特征

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环和气候变化研究的核心内容,以鲁中南山区药乡小流域林地土壤为研究对象,应用地统计学和GIS技术,研究林地土壤有机碳的空间异质性分布特征。结果表明:1)土壤有机碳和全氮、全磷质量分数随土壤层深度增加而减小,土壤有机碳质量分数在0~10和10~30 cm土层之间差异极显著;全氮和全磷质量分数在0~10和10~30 cm土层之间差异显著。2)0~10 cm土层的有机碳质量分数与全氮质量分数、海拔呈极显著正相关,与全磷质量分数呈显著正相关;在10~30 cm土层有机碳质量分数与全氮质量分数、海拔呈显著正相关。3)土壤有机碳质量分数的半方差函数模型属于高斯模型,0~10 cm土层有机碳质量分数具有强烈的架构化区域模式;10~30 cm土层有机碳质量分数表现为中等强度的空间自相关性。4)土壤有机碳质量分数是流域的东部和西北部较高、中南部较低;有机碳质量分数分布由东部和西北部向中南部递减,基本与药乡小流域DEM趋势一致。5)0~10 cm土层的土壤有机碳质量分数分形维数较小,土壤有机碳空间格局较简单;10~30 cm土层的有机碳质量分数分形维数较大,土壤有机碳空间格局较为复杂。不同方位的土壤有机碳质量分数分形维数表明,东-西方向是药乡小流域林地土壤有机碳分布的优势格局。     

三江平原环型湿地土壤养分的空间分布规律

以三江平原环型湿地作为研究对象，对其环带状植被区湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律进行了初步研究。结果表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾具有明显的空间水平分异规律，有机质、全氮、全磷的含量由环型湿地中心向边缘逐渐减少，全钾的含量和碳氮比逐渐增加。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾在垂直方向上具有明显的分层和富聚现象，自上而下，有机质的含量逐渐降低；全氮含量除漂筏苔草群落外，其他各群落土壤全氮含量呈先增加后减少的分布；大部分植物群落全磷含量呈先减后增的“V”型分布；全钾含量呈表层和底层较高、中间层较低的“中空”状分布。通过相关分析表明，环型湿地土壤有机碳与全氮具有相似的空间分布规律，全钾与有机碳、全氮具有相异的空间分布规律，而全磷具有自己独特的空间分布规律。环型湿地土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布主要受植物体元素含量、生物过程和水文地貌过程影响，它通过过程影响湿地的功能。研究环型湿地的有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾的空间分布规律不仅有助于完善湿地土壤形成和发育的理论，探明湿地的生态过程和功能，而且为合理利用和保护湿地提供科学依据。     

不同发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性研究

为研究杉木人工林土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性,探索杉木人工林土壤结构状况,以不同发育阶段杉木人工林0—100cm土层为研究对象,采用干筛法测定土壤团聚体组成,采用湿筛法测定团聚体稳定性,结果表明:在干筛处理下,各发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体以大团聚体(0.25mm)为主,大团聚体比例皆达80%以上,中龄林和成熟林土壤大团聚体比例在各土层中均高于幼龄林,且在0—20cm土层差异显著(P0.05);在各土层中,不同发育阶段杉木人工林5mm粒径的土壤团聚体皆占较高比例,且不同发育阶段对5mm粒径的土壤团聚体组成比例有显著影响。在湿筛处理下,各发育阶段水稳性大团聚体(0.25mm)比例随土层加深而显著降低,0—80cm各土层内,中龄林和成熟林土壤水稳性团聚体比例高于幼龄林,且在0—20cm和20—40cm土层中龄林比幼龄林分别高41.79%和39.06%,差异显著;各发育阶段杉木人工林土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)特征与水稳性大团聚体相反;平均重量直径(MWD)和平均几何直径(GMD)随土层加深而显著下降,其中中龄林和成熟林土壤团聚体GMD在0—100cm各土层内均显著高于幼龄林。据此认为,杉木人工林土壤团聚体稳定性随土层加深而降低,中龄林和成熟林土壤结构优于幼龄林。     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳变化特征

土壤团聚体作为土壤结构性状的重要指标,对土壤孔隙、持水、保水等状况都有重要影响;土壤团聚体有机碳除了反映土壤固碳状况外,还与团聚体的稳定性能密切相关,研究森林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况,旨在为合理利用土壤、提高人工林水源涵养功能提供依据。为此,以福建省洋口国有林场不同林龄杉木人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查、采样和室内分析,研究不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳变化特征。结果表明:不同林龄杉木人工林对土壤团聚体及其有机碳具有重要影响,成熟林土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体有机碳含量及贡献率均分别大于幼龄林、中龄林;不同林龄的土壤水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体(粒径0.25 mm)为主,占59.57%～80.97%,粒径0.053 mm的仅占0.80%;土壤团聚体有机碳贡献率也以大团聚为主,其中以2～0.25 mm粒级贡献率最高,达58.43%;另外,土壤有机碳含量与团聚体MWD呈显著正相关,且具有明显的垂直变化特征,即随土层加深而下降。因此,土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性具有积极作用,不同林龄土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳变化规律为成熟林幼龄林中龄林。     

不同林龄序列杉木实生林和萌芽林碳储量分配特征

以赣西南杉木实生林和萌芽林为研究对象,通过野外样地调查和室内化学分析方法,揭示了不同龄组实生林和萌芽林的碳储量分配特征,为其可持续经营提供科学依据。结果表明:不同龄组杉木实生林乔木层碳储量均高于萌芽林乔木层碳储量。杉木实生幼龄林乔木层碳储量为9.63t/hm~2,中龄林为42.14t/hm~2,近熟林为69.15t/hm~2,成熟林为105.21t/hm~2;年均固碳量分别为1.69,2.63,3.01,3.39t/hm~2,不同龄组的树干碳储量分别占整个乔木层的50.36%,70.60%,73.86%,77.58%。杉木萌芽幼龄林乔木层碳储量为8.42t/hm~2,中龄林为23.58t/hm~2,近熟林为48.54t/hm~2,成熟林为75.26t/hm~2;年均固碳量分别为1.21,1.57,2.11,2.59t/hm~2,不同龄组的树干碳储量分别占整个乔木层的54.28%,66.12%,71.92%,73.70%。杉木实生林和萌芽林的土壤碳储量均是中龄林最低,成熟林最高。实生林各龄组土壤碳储量大小为:成熟林(153.21t/hm~2)近熟林(138.17t/hm~2)幼龄林(128.30t/hm~2)中龄林(113.11t/hm~2)。萌芽林各龄组土壤碳储量大小为:成熟林(154.03t/hm~2)近熟林(138.28t/hm~2)幼龄林(130.20t/hm~2)中龄林(117.05t/hm~2)。在密度相近的情况下,除幼龄林外,同一龄组的萌芽林总碳储量均小于实生林。同一龄组实生林和萌芽林的乔木层碳储量均有显著性差异(p0.05),而总碳储量幼龄林与中龄林无显著性差异,近熟林与成熟林有显著性差异。引起杉木实生林和萌芽林碳储量分配差异性的主要原因是生长规律和经营管理的不同。总体而言,萌芽林的林下植被组成丰富,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层的固碳能力较强,在水土保持功能方面要优于实生林。     

密云水库上游流域土壤有机碳特征及其影响因素

以密云水库上游流域7种典型土地利用类型为研究对象,分析了不同土地利用类型及不同土层土壤有机碳含量的分布特征及其与气候、地形和土壤特征等因素的关系。结果表明:①研究区域内天然次生林和草地的土壤有机碳含量最为丰富,其次分别为灌丛和人工林,农田最低;0~40 cm土层中,土壤有机碳平均含量由高到低排序为:杨桦林>草地>辽东栎林>灌丛>落叶松林>油松林>农田;②除草地外,其他6种土地利用类型土壤有机碳含量均以0~10 cm土层最大,随着土层深度的增加呈现降低的趋势,且降幅较大;而草地土壤有机碳含量在0~20 cm范围内随剖面的延伸略有增加,20 cm以后表现为下降的趋势,各土层之间的变化幅度均较小;③各土层土壤有机碳含量均与海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮含量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),而与年平均温度、年降水量、土壤体积质量和土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),与坡度之间存在很弱的正相关且未达到显著水平(p>0.05);偏相关分析表明,影响土壤有机碳含量的关键因素随土壤深度不同而不同,其中0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量最主要的影响因素为土壤全氮含量、土壤体积质量和土壤pH值,而10~20 cm土层为土壤全氮含量、土壤体积质量和坡度,20~40 cm土层则为土壤全氮含量和年降水量;④影响不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,草地和农田均为土壤全氮含量和年平均温度,落叶松林为土壤全氮含量和土壤含水量,油松林为土壤体积质量、土壤全氮含量和土壤pH值,杨桦林和辽东栎林均为土壤全氮含量和土壤体积质量,灌丛则为土壤pH值。     

荒漠草原人工柠条林重建的土壤养分效应

采用时空互代方法,构建了由天然草地和7,12,27a柠条林组成的序列,对其下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷进行了研究。结果表明:(1)0—200cm土壤剖面上的有机质含量由草地、幼龄林、中龄林、老龄林依次增加,有机质含量增加的显著程度随着林龄的增加在更深土层上体现。(2)全氮含量由草地到幼龄林阶段显著增加,由幼龄林到中龄林再到老龄林依次减少。幼龄林、中龄林、老龄林之间全氮含量减少的最大幅度随林龄增加向土壤深层移动。碱解氮与全氮具有一致的规律。(3)整个土壤剖面上有效磷含量依次为:老龄林<幼龄林<中龄林<草地。(4)3个不同林龄的柠条林的有机质、全氮、有效磷在柠条行内和行间的空间差异均不显著。柠条行内与行间的有机质和全氮相关程度很高,有效磷相关性不显著。     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Concentrations of arsenic,cadmium, mercury,and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children,adolescents, adults,and seniors of Catalonia,Spain

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of identity, content, and content uniformity of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine

A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Uptake of galaxolide, tonalide, and triclosan by carrot, barley, and meadow fescue plants

Many xenobiotics entering wastewater treatment plants are known to be persistent during wastewater treatment and tend to adsorb to sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge as fertilizer in agriculture may pose the risk of an incorporation of xenobiotics in the cultivated plants and, finally, an inclusion into the food chain. This study was performed to investigate the uptake of common sewage sludge contaminants, galaxolide, tonalide, and triclosan, by plants used for human consumption and livestock feeding. Barley, meadow fescue, and four carrot cultivars were sown and grown in spiked soils under greenhouse conditions. After harvesting the plants, roots and leaves were analyzed separately, and the respective bioconcentration factors were calculated. In carrots, a concentration gradient of the xenobiotics became evident that decreased from the root peel via root core to the leaves. A significant influence of the differing root lipid contents on the uptake rates cannot be supported by our data, but the crucial influence of soil organic carbon content was confirmed. Barley and meadow fescue roots incorporated higher amounts of the target substances than carrots, but translocation into the leaves was negligible. The results indicated that an introduction of persistent semi- and nonpolar xenobiotics into the food chain via edible plants like carrots could be of certain relevance when sludge is applied as fertilizer. Due to low rates found for the translocation of the xenobiotics into the aerial plant parts, the entrance pathway into food products via feeding livestock is less probable.