气候变暖背景下华北平原冬小麦生育期温度条件变化趋势分析

利用华北平原42个农业气象观测站1981-2010年逐日平均气温和冬小麦发育期观测资料,结合增温试验数据,统计分析冬小麦生长季各月平均气温的变化特征、冬小麦关键发育日期和各主要生育阶段平均气温的变化趋势,以探究气候变暖对华北平原冬小麦生育过程温度条件的影响。结果表明:研究期内华北平原冬小麦生长季的10月、12月和2-6月增温趋势显著,2月平均气温上升线性倾向率最大。气候变暖使冬小麦越冬阶段和返青-拔节阶段的平均温度显著升高,从而导致冬小麦拔节-成熟日期显著提前,但冬小麦冬前生长阶段和拔节-成熟阶段的平均温度则未呈现上升趋势。冬小麦冬前生长阶段的温度环境因播种期适应性推迟而保持基本稳定,拔节-成熟阶段平均温度变化不明显则归因于发育期前移和当地气温的季节性变化特点。气候进一步变暖将使冬小麦冬后发育期提前更多,而拔节-成熟阶段的平均温度则不会明显升高。     

中国北部冬麦区小麦生育期对生育阶段积温变化的响应

利用1993-2013年中国北部冬麦区19个农业气象观测站的冬小麦生育期及气象资料,研究了冬小麦各生育阶段积温和生育期的时空变异特征。通过皮尔逊相关性分析等方法,探究冬小麦各生育阶段积温变化对生育期的影响。结果表明：（1）播种-出苗、返青-拔节阶段≥0℃积温和越冬期负积温的值呈东高西低的空间分布,拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟、乳熟-成熟和播种-成熟阶段≥0℃积温为东南低西北高,而出苗-越冬开始阶段≥0℃积温则呈东南高西北低的分布;拔节-抽穗和乳熟-成熟阶段≥0℃积温均在21%的站点上显著减少,返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟和播种-成熟阶段≥0℃积温及越冬期负积温分别在26%、37%、21%和42%的站点上显著增加,而播种-出苗和出苗-越冬开始阶段≥0℃积温的变化较小;（2）播种和出苗期呈东部晚西部早的空间分布,抽穗、乳熟和成熟期则相反;越冬开始期呈东南晚西北早的分布,返青期则相反;拔节早的站点主要位于麦区东部。播种、出苗、返青、拔节、乳熟和成熟期分别在21%、16%、37%、26%、42%和21%站点显著推迟且多位于麦区东部,而越冬开始期和抽穗期仅在5%站点变化显著;（3）相关分析表明,各生育阶段≥0℃积温（或越冬期负积温）与多个生育期的相关性显著,生育阶段积温的变化可能直接或间接影响了冬小麦的生长发育。越冬期负积温与返青、拔节、抽穗、乳熟和成熟期相关性最大,且与冬后多个生育期呈现一致的时空变异特征,其时空变异性可能是造成冬小麦冬后生育期在时空上存在差异的原因。     

过去30年气候变化对华北平原冬小麦物候的影响研究

全球变暖已成为全球共同关注的问题。作物物候对气候变化的响应是研究气候变化对农业生产影响的重要内容。本文选用1981—2009年华北平原16个农业气象观测站的冬小麦物候资料,利用统计方法分析了冬小麦物候的变化趋势。结果表明,过去30年华北平原冬小麦播种期、出苗期和越冬开始期推迟,而返青期、开花期和成熟期呈提前趋势。物候期的提前或推迟促使小麦不同生长发育阶段历时发生变化,出苗—越冬开始、越冬开始—返青、返青—开花等阶段呈缩短趋势,但开花—成熟阶段生育期却延长0.9 d.10a 1,整个生育期历时呈减少趋势,平均减少3.4 d.10a 1。本文采用作物模型(CERES-Wheat)模拟固定小麦品种在气候变化背景下的物候变化趋势,以探讨冬小麦物候变化的主要驱动因子。模拟结果表明,过去30年小麦开花期和成熟期提前的主要驱动因素为气候变化,品种变换在一定程度上可减缓气候变化对物候的影响。     

近20年来陕西中部地区主要农作物生育期变化趋势分析

利用陕西省中部地区8个农业气象观测站1992-2010年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势。结果表明：该地区冬小麦全生育期有不断缩短趋势,变化速率约为每10a缩短2.96d,各个站点变化趋势基本一致,但减少的速度不尽相同,其中凤翔站变化趋势较为显著（显著性达0.05水平）;冬小麦其它各生育阶段也都呈现出比较一致的变化趋势,其中播种-出苗、返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、返青-成熟阶段呈缩短趋势,抽穗-乳熟、乳熟-成熟、播种-越冬阶段呈延长趋势,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。该地区夏玉米全生育期呈较一致的延长趋势（显著性超过0.05）,增加速率约为4.29d/10a,延长的时间主要在播种-三叶、七叶-拔节、乳熟-成熟阶段,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。     

1961-2001年间陕西冬小麦种植北界北移的热量资源分析与评价

气候变暖使农作物种植北界发生了不同程度的北移。为研究冬小麦在陕北地区种植的适宜性, 本文选取了该地区榆林、绥德、横山、吴起和延安5个站点1961-2001年间40年的逐日温度数据进行整理分析, 研究该地区冬前积温、越冬期负积温、1月平均温度、生育期≥0 ℃积温和年极端最低温度等指标及变化情况, 通过热量指标评价陕西省冬小麦北移的可行性。结果表明, 陕北地区冬小麦越冬期负积温、1月平均温和生育期≥0 ℃积温都呈显著升高趋势, 其中, 越冬期负积温每10年升高36.2~71.7 ℃·d, 1月平均温度每10年升高0.32~0.61 ℃, 生育期≥0 ℃积温每10年升高44.1~88.7 ℃·d。此外, 年极端最低温也表现出升高趋势, 但不显著。而冬前积温在延安和吴起两站点分别以20.3 ℃·d·10a^-1和16.1 ℃·d·10a^-1的速率显著升高, 但榆林和绥德两站则有所下降。整体而言, 到2001年, 延安站各项气温指标都能满足北移冬小麦需要, 热量资源不会成为该地冬小麦北移的障碍; 吴起和绥德1月份平均温度偏低, 北移存在一定风险; 而榆林和横山因越冬期负积温和1月平均温度过低而存在较大风险, 不适合北移冬小麦的种植。     

中国冬小麦需水量时空特征分析

作物需水量是科学确定灌溉时期和灌溉量的重要依据。该文基于中国冬小麦种植区22个省(市、自治区)356个气象站点的气候资料以及冬小麦生育期资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数计算了中国冬小麦1961-2010年全生育期及不同生育阶段的需水量,明确了研究区域内冬小麦需水量的空间分布特征和年代际变化特征,并结合降水量时空分布特征,综合分析冬小麦生长季内水分满足情况。研究结果表明:除播种-越冬(出苗)生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征不明显外,全生育期及各生育阶段冬小麦降水量空间分布特征均为东南沿海地区高西北内陆地区低的分布特征;除返青(出苗)-拔节生育阶段冬小麦需水量空间分布特征不明显外,全生育期及其他各生育阶段空间分布特征均呈西北高东南低的分布趋势;冬小麦全生育期和各生育阶段需水量近50a来均呈下降趋势,尤其是全生育期及开花-成熟生育阶段内需水量下降趋势更明显,返青(出苗)-拔节生育阶段下降速率较少;若不考虑灌溉条件,从全国尺度来看,华南冬麦区和长江下游冬麦区水分满足情况较好,其他区域冬小麦各个生育阶段的降水条件均不能满足水分需求。比较各区域典型站点冬小麦水分满足情况,北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、新疆冬春麦区和西南冬麦区水分亏缺比较严重,比较水分亏缺严重区域的冬小麦各个生育阶段的水分满足情况看出,相对水分亏缺程度较轻的为播种-越冬生育阶段,开花-成熟生育阶段冬小麦的水分亏缺程度最严重,该生育阶段是决定冬小麦千粒重的关键期,有灌溉条件地区适时灌溉,对保证高产稳产具有重要意义。     

华北平原冬小麦主要发育阶段日数对温度变化的敏感性分析

气候变化背景下,作物发育阶段日数发生了明显变化,其对温度变化的敏感性也成为气候变化对农业影响研究的重要内容。针对现有温度敏感性研究的不足,本文提出相对敏感性的概念,并以此分析华北平原冬小麦敏感性的时空分布特征。利用65个农业气象观测站1980-2012年冬小麦发育期观测资料及同期逐日平均气温数据,将发育期分为播种-越冬、越冬-返青、返青-抽穗和抽穗-成熟4个主要发育阶段,采用线性回归方法计算各阶段发育期日数对温度变化的相对敏感性,并用GIS空间插值方法研究相应指标的时空变化特征。结果表明：(1)各发育阶段平均温度均呈上升趋势,不同发育阶段日数具有明显的区域分布规律;(2)播种-越冬期对温度的敏感性为-0.113～0.029℃-1,区域平均-0.040℃-1,该期敏感性呈中间高两端低的区域分布特征,且敏感性具有一定的普遍性;(3)越冬-返青期敏感性为-0.081～0.091℃-1,平均0.013℃-1。该期敏感性区域波动大,但无明显区域特征,敏感性的稳定程度也较弱;(4)返青-抽穗期敏感性在-0.112～-0.035℃-1,平均-0.074℃-1。敏感性无明显区域特征,但敏感性的稳定性高;(5)抽穗-成熟期敏感性在-0.114～0.014℃-1,平均-0.042℃-1,呈显著的南高北低的空间分布特征,在区域上具有很强的稳定性。总体上,不同发育阶段对温度的敏感性差异较大,且敏感性具有明显的区域分布特征。     

主要生育期气候变化对河南省冬小麦生长及产量的影响

为分析不同生育期气候变化对冬小麦生长及产量的影响,本研究选择河南省30个农业气象观测站1961—2014年气象资料、1981—2014年冬小麦发育期及产量资料,采用数理统计与DSSAT-CERES Wheat模型模拟相结合的方法,分析了冬小麦播种—返青、返青—抽穗、抽穗—成熟3个时期的气候变化特征及其对生育期和产量的影响。结果表明:研究区气候变化的显著特征是播种—返青期日照时数按40.09 h·(10a)~(-1)的速率显著减少(P0.05),返青—抽穗期平均日最高气温和平均日最低气温同时大幅升高。冬小麦幼穗分化随着抽穗前日最低气温的升高按2.9 d·(10a)~(-1)的速率而提前结束,返青前气候变化对后续生育进程有持续影响,气象因子与播种—抽穗期、播种—成熟期持续日数以负相关关系为主。两种分析方法均表明:当前河南麦区播种—返青期气候变化对产量的影响不大,在一定范围内甚至有增产作用,气象因子贡献率平均为0.758;返青—抽穗期气候变化使穗密度和穗粒数平均减少2.74%和3.94%,大于抽穗—成熟期。不同生育期气候变化情景下,冬小麦高产和稳产均受影响,代表站点播种—返青、返青—抽穗、抽穗—成熟期分别平均减产1.6%、6.3%和4.8%,其中播种—返青、抽穗—成熟期影响产量的关键气象因子是日最高气温,而返青—抽穗期是日最低气温。     

冬前不同管理措施对土壤温度和冬小麦早期生长的影响

华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米一年两作下的少免耕和秸秆还田在减少耕作投入和降低农田无效蒸发方面作用显著,但也存在一些不利影响。本研究通过详细测定镇压、冬灌、秸秆覆盖等措施对土壤温度和冬小麦早期生长的影响,明确了少免耕和秸秆还田等措施的实施效果,为农业生产提供指导。结果表明,秸秆覆盖后土壤表层和5 cm深度最低地温越冬前、越冬期间和返青后比不覆盖分别高2.37℃、3.18℃、1.68℃和0.57℃、1.28℃、0.34℃,最高温度分别低2.68℃、4.40℃、4.82℃和0.54℃、0.75℃、1.85℃;冬灌后至冬小麦返青期表层土壤和5 cm处土壤平均最低温度比不冬灌分别高0.88℃和0.93℃,返青至拔节期两个层次的最高温度相差5.35℃和5.57℃;镇压与不镇压温度差异不明显。与对照相比,越冬前后秸秆覆盖和冬灌后冬小麦的茎蘖数和生物量都较低,尤其是在返青期,秸秆覆盖和冬灌下的茎蘖数和生物量比对照分别低29.8%、27.7%和5.2%、21.2%。秸秆覆盖和冬灌在冬季可降低最低温度的降幅,但春季不利于地温回升,有延缓冬小麦生长发育的可能。     

多年覆膜改善冬小麦/油菜轮作地土壤提高产量

全膜覆盖已成为西北干旱半干旱地区农作物的最佳种植模式,可显著提高降水利用率和作物生产力,但目前对其土壤微生物环境效应缺乏系统研究分析。2012-2016年在甘谷采用田间试验方法,比较了露地穴播(M0)、全膜覆土穴播(M1)和全膜穴播(M2)冬小麦和油菜各生育期土壤含水量、温度、微生物量、酶活以及产量的变化。结果表明:与M0处理相比,M1和M2在冬小麦拔节和油菜开花前的土壤含水量分别提高3.83%~15.85%和2.53%~15.53%;土壤温度分别平均提高0.9~1.7℃和0.8~2.7℃。在冬小麦返青期-拔节期,M1和M2的土壤微生物量碳较M0分别平均增加25.64%和23.55%;在油菜返青期-开花期,M1和M2的土壤微生物量碳较M0分别平均增加24.70%和24.63%,显著差异。在冬小麦返青期-拔节期,M1和M2的土壤微生物量氮较M0分别平均增加20.42%和12.65%;在油菜返青期-苗薹期,M1、M2的土壤微生物量氮较M0显著增加。M1和M2冬小麦和油菜各生育期的脲酶活性显著高于M0(除2013年冬小麦的孕穗期和成熟期)。冬小麦和油菜各生育期的蔗糖酶均表现为M1高于M0,而碱性磷酸酶则表现为M1低于M0(除2013年冬小麦的成熟期)。且在2014-2015和2015-2016年全膜穴播增温保水,提高土壤微生物活性的效果较为明显。土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,脲酶,蔗糖酶与土壤含水量、土壤温度温度呈相关或极显著相关。基于对土壤水热环境和微生物活性的影响,M1和M2分别比M0的冬小麦产量增加,而且干旱年份的增加幅度更高。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI