首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
土地沙化与防沙治沙措施研究   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11  
土地沙化是我国特别是西北地区当前最为严重的生态环境问题,不断加剧的沙尘暴与沙化土地的扩张更使生态环境问题雪上加霜。根据中国土地沙化现状及世界防沙治沙经验展开思考,分析了土地沙化治理的几个重点问题是:重视森林;搞好退耕还林还草治沙工程;强制节约水资源,开展径流林业;调整费税,政府投资放粮,携手治沙抗贫。提出了防沙治沙的总体原则、方针、思路和技术对策等。  相似文献   

2.
近年来,随着西部大开发力度的加大,新疆经济发展步伐不断加快,涉及沙漠的建设项目越来越多。人类活动对沙漠的扰动最终会导致扬沙及沙尘暴天气的增加,不仅危害建设项目本身,而且会对千里之外的经济建设和人群健康造成危害。根据新疆近年来防沙治沙的工作经验,提出沙漠治理的个人经验,以期共同推进沙漠化的治理工作。  相似文献   

3.
福建省沿海沙化土地现状及其综合治理的对策   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
今春以来,我国长江以北部门城市屡遭沙尘暴,浮尘的侵害,环境问题逐渐成为人们关注的焦点,福建省部分沿海县(市)历史上曾经有过风沙危害的惨痛教训,建国以来开展了防沙治沙绿化造林的艰辛工作,使福建海滨有了一道能有效地抵御台风,风暴,风沙等自然灾害的绿色长城,使一度危害沙区人民生命财产的沙害得到有效控制,然而,防沙治沙是一项长期,连续而艰巨的工程,必须持之以恒,根据1999年沙化监测结果,我省治沙状况不容乐观,摆在我们面前的治沙道路曲折而漫长。  相似文献   

4.
京津沙源区草场沙退化综合整治模式探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为尽快落实中央政府关于做好京津周边地区防沙治沙工作,遏制土地继续沙化和沙漠蔓延扩展,加大草原沙化、退化治理力度,减轻风沙对京津周边地区危害的战略布署,开展浑善达克沙地草场沙化、退化综合整治技术试验示范研究,旨在全面了解浑善达克沙地草场沙化、退化形成演化规律,探索解决畜草矛盾的途径和草原生态环境综合整治及水-草-畜持续发展的模式,研究开发和引进一批草场沙化、退化综合整治和水草资源合理利用的技术,并通过治理工程将各种技术组装集成示范推广,使新模式实体化,从而为我国草场防沙、治沙生态保护及区域群众脱贫致富提供决策依据和技术支撑.  相似文献   

5.
王睿  杨国靖 《水土保持通报》2018,38(5):174-179,188
[目的]研究库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益,为沙漠化治理效益评价提供科学参考。[方法]通过建立了库布齐沙漠东缘防沙治沙生态效益评价指标体系,采取层次分析法和模糊综合评价法进行生态效益评价。[结果]在生态效益评价指标的权重中,排在前3位的分别是植被盖度、地上生物量、草层高度评价指标,植被因子在沙漠化治理中较其他因子更为重要,植被恢复状况对库布齐沙漠化治理的影响显著;基于模糊综合评价结果可知,研究区防沙治沙生态效益值为53,属于一般状况。当地农户普遍认为防沙治沙明显改善了当地生态环境,大多数农户对沙漠化治理工作认同度较高。[结论]随着生态政策和治理措施的推进,治理效益将呈现良好态势;农户生态环保意识较差,还需加强农户生态环保意识,并提高农民文化水平。  相似文献   

6.
张家口市的防沙治沙   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
张家口市是北京地区沙尘灾害的主要沙源之一 ,水土流失和土地沙化极为严重。官厅水库上游永定河流域 18年国家水土保持重点防治工程的实施 ,积累了适合本地治理侵蚀、防治风沙的经验。坝上地区应在建设高标准基本农田的基础上实行退耕还林还草 ,坝下地区的防沙治沙应实行工程措施与植物措施相结合 ,防沙治沙应合理开发利用水资源 ,实行节水灌溉。  相似文献   

7.
在当前,环境保护已经成为社会性的任务,防沙治沙是环境保护的重要内容及组成部分,有效开展防沙治沙工作十分重要。植树造林是防沙治沙的有效方法,可以得到比较理想的效果,因而有效进行植树造林十分必要。在目前的防沙治沙造林中,相关工作人员应合理应用防沙治沙造林技术,以使植树造林取得理想成果。基于此,阐述了开展防沙治沙造林工作的重要价值及意义,提出了防沙治沙工作的具体措施及途径,分析主要防沙治沙技术的具体应用。  相似文献   

8.
通过对河北省张家口市坝上坝下地区农业生态环境和沙化耕地生产条件的考察,从加速种植业结构调整、保持农业增效农民增收的角度出发,对该市当前防沙治沙、农业持续发展存在的土壤问题、包括培肥地力、防治耕地沙化、基本农田保护、农业节水措施等进行了论述,提出了加快张家口市农业结构调整、合理开发当地土地资源以及有效推广旱作农业技术的具体意见。  相似文献   

9.
为了分析防沙治沙工程的实施对区域生态环境质量的影响,以川西北沙化土地为研究对象,选取沙化土地治理前(2004年)和治理后(2014年)的Landsat影像,基于ENVI平台,从绿度、湿度、干度、热度4方面分别提取归一化植被指数(NDVI)、湿度指数(WET)、建筑物—裸土指数(NDBSI)和地表温度(LST),并对这4个指数进行主成分分析,选择信息量较多的主成分贡献率为权重,建立遥感生态指数(RSEI)评价模型,对研究区的生态环境质量进行了评价。结果表明:2004—2014年,研究区的RSEI均值由-0.059 8下降为-0.068 6,降幅为14.72%,生态环境质量总体下降; 较2004年,2014年优和良等级比例分别增加0.70%和1.77%,增加区域位于川西北防沙治沙工程的实施区; 10年间共有1.25%的区域生态得到改善,1.96%的区域生态发生了退化,生态环境改善区域主要分布于石渠县的防沙治沙工程实施区。因此,川西北防沙治沙工程的实施对改善区域生态环境质量起到了重要的作用。  相似文献   

10.
中国防沙治沙60年   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
根据60年来我国防沙治沙的发展实际,将我国的防沙治沙分为新中国成立初至70年代中期、70年代中期至90年代末期和新世纪3个阶段,分别对不同阶段的有关防沙治沙的环境背景、防沙治沙的开展情况、防沙治沙的成就进行简要的分析和总结,并从历史和现实的角度分别对某些社会关注或有争议的问题客观地表述了作者的看法。  相似文献   

11.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

12.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

13.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

14.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

15.
Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.  相似文献   

16.
Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P500 und P501 verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P500 and P501 were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×105 viable propagules g-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.  相似文献   

18.
细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外(生长介质中)氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。  相似文献   

19.
Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 102 to 8.0 × 106 CFU/cm2 (median 6.4 × 104) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 104 to 2.8 × 107 CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N2-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号