河南省黄河中游防护林体系建设与对策

在分析建设河南省黄河中游防护林体系的必要性和紧迫性的基础上,依据该区的自然状况及林业建设发展方向,将河南省黄河中游防护林体系建设划分为豫北太行山水源涵养林、水土保持林和经济林区,豫西黄土丘陵水土保持林区,豫西伏牛山北侧水源涵养林和水土保持林区,平原农田堤岸防护林区四大区,分别阐述了各区防护林体系建设的基本构想,并提出了防护林体系建设应采取的对策。     

蓟县黄土梁子小流域防护林现状与发展研究

根据京津地区目前所面临的生态环境问题,特别是京津地区风沙源防沙治沙工程所面临的技术难题,从防护林体系建设出发,以天津蓟县黄土梁子小流域为例,通过对水源涵养林、生态经济林、道路防护林和沟道防护林所组成的防护林体系进行现状分析,探讨了防护林体系所存在的问题,提出了相应的发展对策。     

水土保持规划中生态功能区的划分方法--以三川河流域为例

在某一区域布设水土保持措施时,主要依据该区域生态系统的结构状态和发展趋势、植物群落的层度和演替趋势来确定该区生态平衡的强度或生态脆弱的程度,依据各生态因子的优劣势及相互之间的因果关系寻找人类引导优势因子与改造恶劣因子的途径,从而确定水土保持生态工程建设通过改善恶劣环境因子、保护和开发优势因子、保护和促进植物群落演替,达到合理开发利用环境资源,促进生态环境向良性循环方向发展之目的。本文以三川河流域为例,根据生态功能区的划分原则,将其划分为:土石山天然水源涵养林预防保护区、土石山坡积黄土缓坡丘陵农林经济区、河谷川滩阶地农业经济区、黄土丘陵沟壑水土保持生态环境及生态农业经济重点建设区和黄土丘陵矿产资源开发水土保持监督区。     

东北黑土区和北方土石山区部分地区水土保持三级区划及其水土流失防治措施

按照全国水土保持规划任务分工,松辽委承担东北黑土区(Ⅰ)和北方土石山区(Ⅲ)中辽宁环渤海山地丘陵区(Ⅲ-1)的规划工作。综合分析后提出了水土保持三级区划原则和方法,在全国水土保持一、二级区划的基础上,将东北黑土区和北方土石山区部分地区划分为12个三级区,即大兴安岭山地水源涵养生态维护区、小兴安岭山地丘陵生态维护保土区、三江平原-兴凯湖生态维护农田防护区、长白山山地水源涵养减灾区、长白山山地丘陵水质维护保土区、东北漫川漫岗土壤保持区、松辽平原防沙农田防护区、大兴安岭东南低山丘陵土壤保持区、呼伦贝尔丘陵平原防沙生态维护区、辽河平原人居环境维护农田防护区、辽宁西部丘陵保土拦沙区、辽东半岛人居环境维护减灾区,并提出了各区的水土流失防治途径。     

宾县二龙山流域水土流失现状调查与分析

二龙山流域水土流失面积 11678 2hm2 ,其中强度侵蚀面积 2 12 1 5hm2 ,极强度侵蚀面积为 60 9 9hm2 。根据地形地貌、土壤、植被、降雨以及人口等特点 ,将二龙山流域分为低山丘陵水源涵养林微度水蚀区、丘陵台地农牧密集强度侵蚀区、矿脉沿线冶炼工程影响区、冲积平原景观旅游区等 4个侵蚀区域。分析了各区水土流失状况 ,并提出了防治建议。     

水源涵养林耗水、水文过程及其结构

现代科学技术和经济社会的发展,对水资源需求量和水质都提出新的需求,其数量和质量均严重影响着人们生活和生态环境。水量需求的增加和水环境的恶化,已成为制约社会经济发展的瓶颈因素,改善水资源紧缺和水质问题已成为全球关注的焦点。随着人们对以涵养水源为目的水源涵养林生态技术和工程重视,水源涵养技术研究已成为现代林业生态体系建设的重要组成部分。从水源涵养林耗水规律、水文作用过程、结构与功能三个方面介绍了国内外水源涵养林研究方法,为从事这一领域研究提供可借鉴的参考。     

东大河林区水源涵养林保育区划

植被保育区划是根据植被的自然环境、空间分布、演替趋势、健康状况以及影响因素综合划分的植被保育地域，是有效地保护天然林、促进森林植被进展演替、有效发挥森林生态服务功能、持续控制自然灾害、促进人与自然和谐、提供科学决策依据的方法和技术。利用森林资源规划设计调查的结果，在阐述植被保育区划的目的、原则和方法的基础上，将东大河林区水源涵养林划分为2个Ⅰ级区、6个Ⅱ级区、8个Ⅲ级区和29个Ⅳ级区，并提出了相应的保育措施。     

山西省水土保持功能区生态脆弱性评价

为了解山西省不同水土保持主导功能区生态脆弱性状况,利用全国水土保持区划成果及相关数据,采用主导因子分析、专家评判分析和层次分析相结合的方法,在评价山西省不同行政县（市）生态脆弱度的基础上,分析不同水土保持主导基础功能区生态脆弱性的分布特征,讨论山西省实施水土保持生态建设的重点区域及措施。结果表明：1）山西省不同水土保持主导基础功能区的生态脆弱性具有明显的差别,其脆弱程度表现为拦沙减沙区（强度脆弱）〉土壤保持区（中强度脆弱）〉防风固沙区（中度脆弱）〉蓄水保水区（轻中度脆弱）〉水源涵养区（轻度脆弱）;2）山西省的水土保持生态建设,在土壤保持-中强度脆弱区、拦沙减沙-强度脆弱区和防风固沙-中度脆弱区应以做好综合治理工作为重点;在蓄水保水-轻中度脆弱区和水源涵养-轻度脆弱区应重点做好预防保护和监督工作。     

广州市水土保持分区探讨

为做好与广东省水土保持的工作衔接,根据广州市具体情况和实际需要,在广东省水土保持分区(四级分区)的基础上进一步划分,提出广州市水土保持分区(五级分区),分别为:北部山地丘陵水源涵养生态维护区(Ⅰ区)、中部低山微丘土壤保持水源涵养区(Ⅱ区)、南部冲积平原人居环境水质维护区(Ⅲ区),并提出相应的水土保持防治需求及治理模式。     

调整朝阳市生态建设政策,加大林业投入力度

朝阳市现有水土流失面积16 046.66 km2,占全市总面积的86.5%。分析朝阳市水土流失现状,针对存在的问题,提出应调整朝阳市生态建设政策,加大林业投入力度。治理的重点:将高山远山石质山尽快封起来。以封为主,封、育、种、造相结合,实施生态修复。将所有只有坡面工程没有植树的地段,应尽量营造水土保持林或薪炭林。坡耕地营造农田水土保持林带。沟壑林业措施中,改工程防护为植物防护,沟底营造固沟林、水源涵养林。河滩按《防洪法》制定造林规划,实施河岸滩地防护林。预计到2020年,全市有林达100万hm2,森林覆被率达50%左右,使95%以上的水土流失面积得到治理和控制。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.