黄土区刺槐林土壤含水量变化对土壤呼吸强度的影响

通过室内培养实验来评估土壤含水量的变化对土壤枯落物层、不同深度土壤层及DOC淋失后的土壤呼吸的影响.采集安塞纸坊沟31a刺槐林土样及林下混合枯落物,通过碱液吸收法测定100％,20％和2％含水量条件下3个深度土样(20,40和60 cm);去除DOC土样(仅100％含水量条件下);3种处理枯落物混合土样(林下混合枯落物、刺槐枯落物和草本类枯落物)培养过程中CO2的累计释放量.结果表明,100％和20％含水量条件下各深度土壤CO2释放量为20 cm土样＞60 cm土样＞40 cm土样;20 cm土样去除DOC后CO2释放量明显减少,40 cm明显增加,60 cm没有明显变化;混合枯落物土样在l00％含水量条件下CO2释放量最高;20％和2％含水量条件下刺槐枯落物CO2释放量明显大于草类,而100％含水量条件下草类枯落物略大于刺槐枯落物.研究证明土壤含水量对SOC组分含量和枯落物种类不同的土壤层呼吸强度存在差异性影响,强降水对DOC的淋失可造成表层土壤呼吸的减弱.     

黑土区不同土地利用方式土壤水分动态变化特征研究

在中国科学院海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站.应用田间定位试验研究了玉米地、休闲地、苜蓿地和裸地4种不同土地利用方式下农田黑土水分动态变化特征.结果表明:土壤剖面0-190 cm水分含量随深度的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势,不同土地利用方式下农田黑土表层0-30 cm的土壤含水量差异较明显,总体表现为裸地相对较高,其次为休闲地、苜蓿地和玉米地;研究时段内土壤水分的动态变化具有明显的季节性,一般可以划分为水分相对稳定期、水分消耗期和水分补给期3个时期;根据变异系数将土壤水分的垂直变化划分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层,变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小.     

不同土地利用方式下次降雨对土壤含水量深层变化的影响

[目的]黄土高原地区水资源短缺,探究不同土地利用方式下次降雨对土壤含水量变化的影响对区域水资源优化配置理论探索具有重要意义。[方法]基于甘肃省庆阳市南小河沟径流场自然降雨条件下的实测数据资料及4种土地利用方式(农、林、草、裸)覆盖下的降雨前后观测数据,分析了不同土地利用方式下5种不同次降雨等级的土壤含水量深层变化特征。[结果](1)土壤含水量的动态变化与土地利用方式关系较为密切。在4种土地利用方式中,林地比裸地的蓄水能力好,但裸地的土壤含水量在不同等级降雨影响下的波动最大。随着土层深度的增加,表层土壤含水量对降雨的响应比较明显,中间层和深层具有一定的滞后性。(2)特定降雨条件下,土壤不同深度的水分交换存在明显的水分活跃层分界点。大雨和暴雨条件下,在40 cm土层深度处出现明显的水分活跃层分界点;中雨条件下,除了农地雨后含水量差异较大之外,其他土地利用方式下,从60 cm处开始土壤含水量出现明显的水分活跃层分界点。(3)不同土地利用方式下降雨特征因子与表层土壤含水量的关联性都最小,与中间层和深层土壤含水量的关联性都较高;4种土地利用方式中相对于裸地,林地、草地和农地对土壤水分的调控作用较...     

不同坡地土壤水分分布变化之研究

以台湾溪头地区台湾杉、柳杉及崩塌地三种不同森林立地状况进行探讨其土壤性质变化，利用因子分析及地理统计方法加以讨论不同林相之土壤性质影响因子及因子间相互影响关系，并对于各项因子的影响变化趋势进行说明。结果显示森林地的枯枝落叶层为厚，使其土壤结构较松散，并会增加表层土壤水分保持及有机质含量，再者森林及林下植物相较于草类根系的生长及分布情况，对于不同土壤深度之大小孔隙的比率及水分入渗速率具有明显的差异。且土壤水分移动会因地上植物及地面枯枝落叶层厚度的不同，造成土中物质与能量传递的不同，此结果将影响不同林相下土壤性质之时空变异。     

大兴安岭典型针阔混交林区土壤持水效应

受地貌条件的影响,大兴安岭低山丘陵地区土壤的水、热性质出现分异,发育的土壤类型以及植被都表现出典型的高寒森林湿地中域景观特征。沿局部分水岭向河谷低漫滩发育4种土壤类型,依次为塔头苔草草甸土—灰色森林土—白浆土—暗棕壤。大兴安岭地区森林湿地存在明显的冻融过程,冻融作用的影响下森林湿地表层的水分数量和状态都发生明显的变化。在冻融过程中,位于地势较高的森林植被湿地仅表层储存大量水分,而位于低位的塔头苔草湿地整体土体的水分数量和状态都发生明显的变化。白浆土的水分特征曲线非常平缓,表明土壤水分变化微弱。大兴安岭地区山岭和山麓发育的土壤土层较薄,使得除了枯落物(O)层外其他土层土壤持水性能都弱,一旦该地区枯枝落叶层受到破坏,整个山岭表层的土壤将发生严重的水土流失。     

温度对砂型土壤和石英砂水分特征曲线的影响

为了研究温度变化对土壤和石英砂持水特性差异的影响机理,在离心机试验的基础上结合理论分析,对不同温度下土壤和石英砂水分特征曲线实测数据、低吸力段比水容及Van Genuchten经验模型的拟合参数进行了研究分析。结果表明:温度的变化对土壤水分特征曲线的位置影响显著,对曲线的走势无太大影响;而对于石英砂样本受温度变化的影响并不明显;温度对土壤持水能力的影响很大部分是由土壤中水分的性质和土壤自身性质共同决定的;同时,结合比水容的概念和水分特征曲线的VG模型参数较准确地评价温度变化下两种供试样品的持水性能和水分的有效程度。     

利用CT数字图像和网络模型预测近饱和土壤水力学性质

在近饱和状态下,土壤的有效水力学性质主要取决于较大孔隙的结构特征,而这又决定了土壤中的优势流通道以及溶质的运移.基于孔隙形态学特征的网络模型可以很好的表现出较大孔隙的几何形态与拓扑特征对有效水力学性质的影响.本文通过对连续土壤切片CT图像的分析,定量获取了土壤孔隙的大小分布以及连通性参数.在此基础上建立了相关网络模型,在孔隙尺度上模拟了土壤中的水分运动过程并预测了近饱和土壤水力学性质.实验结果表明,虽然随机网络模型对室内填装土样本水力学性质的预测结果要优于相关网络模型,但是结合了实测孔隙形态特征的相关网络模型能够表现出田间原状土样本的双重孔隙度结构,其预测结果更符合实际的土壤结构特征.     

在非灭菌与灭菌条件下对土壤CO2短期排放特性的研究

通过室内模拟降雨一维垂直土柱入渗实验,在非灭菌与灭菌条件下,连续地监测土壤不同深度处CO2浓度以及土壤含水率。采用闭合循环回路测量系统,结合膜管（METT）技术来对降雨条件下土壤不同深度处CO2浓度进行监测,研究CO2的短时排放特性。结果表明,在时间上土壤不同深度处含水率与CO2浓度变化并未呈现出一致的趋势。对干土加水时,土壤CO2浓度的迅速增加除了受到微生物矿化作用之外,气体对流、扩散等物理过程也影响较大。对于灭菌土壤,CO2在土壤中的运移只是一个较短的动力学过程,故其变化较快;而对于非灭菌土壤,由于微生物对土壤中有机质的矿化作用,所以CO2浓度较高但变化相对较缓。     

不同植被恢复策略对贵州喀斯特生态系统土壤渗透特性的影响

旨在探讨不同植被恢复策略对土壤入渗特征空间变化的影响，通过对贵州石漠化治理试验区自然草灌木混合林、次生林地、退耕自然生草地、芒果地、坚果地及玉米地的土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质和土壤渗透特性的分析。结果表明：不同植被恢复策略下土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质含量存在显著差异，具体表现为自然植被恢复（草—灌木混合林和次生林地）和秸秆还田种植方式均能有效降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度。随着土层深度增加，土壤容重呈增大趋势，土壤孔隙度和有机质含量变化趋势相反；植被恢复方式和土层深度显著改变了土壤的水分渗透特性，自然植被恢复（草—灌木混合林和次生林地）土壤渗透性能高于人工植被恢复（芒果地和坚果地），主要是因为自然植被恢复下土壤扰动小，植物根系和凋落物增加，从而改变土壤物理性质，降低土壤容重，提高土壤孔隙度的综合效益。随着土层深度增加，土壤稳渗速率和累积入渗量减小。通过测定不同植被恢复方式的土壤水文特征，为喀斯特地区植被恢复方式及土壤入渗性能评估提供科学依据。     

草原露天矿区劣质土壤水平扩散特征与模拟

为探究草原露天矿区不同类型土壤的水平扩散特征,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊旗武家塔矿区的原状土、矿山堆积土和生态改造土3种不同立地类型的土壤为对象,通过土壤质地、扩散率、含水率等测试试验,采用HYDRUS-1D软件,对原状土、矿山堆积土和生态改造土入渗特性进行数值模拟,分析各因素对矿区土壤入渗规律的影响,探讨草原露天矿区不同类型土壤水平扩散过程的影响及变化规律。结果表明,在一维水平入渗运动条件下,原状土、堆积土、生态改造土3种不同粒径土壤的湿润锋运移距离与时间曲线整体呈现相似变化,随着入渗时间的增加,湿润锋运移距离呈现先快速增加,后缓慢推进趋势。同一种土壤类型条件下,土壤的湿润锋到达土柱最末端所需时间与土层深度呈反比关系,随着土层深度的增加,所需时间逐渐减少,且平均扩散速率更快;在同一入渗时间下,湿润锋运移距离与土层深度呈正比关系,随着土层深度增加,湿润锋运移距离也相应增大。Boltzmann参数(λ)随着土壤含水率的增加而逐渐减小,各土壤的λ～θ关系曲线随土壤含水率的增加呈现下降趋势。当θ达到某一临界值之后,λ急剧减少,原状土、堆积土和改造土各土层θ临界值略有差异,原状土各土层的θ临界值为0...     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.