果园土壤有机碳及呼吸速率对豆科和禾本科草类的差异反应

在行间长期(连续6年)种植豆科植物毛苕子和禾本科植物黑麦草的苹果园,调查土壤不同深度的有机碳组分和表层土壤呼吸速率日变化。结果表明:间作2种植物后,行间土壤0—20,20—40cm土层总有机碳(TOC)、轻质有机碳(LFOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量均显著提高;在40—60cm土层,仅DOC含量明显提高;0—20cm土层的TOC和全部有机碳组分及20—40cm土层的TOC、DOC、POC和ROC的含量在种植毛苕子后均明显高于种植黑麦草。TOC与LFOC、TOC与POC、DOC与LFOC、DOC与MBC、DOC与ROC、MBC与ROC、ROC与POC、LFOC与ROC之间均呈显著正相关,土壤呼吸速率与LFOC、DOC、MBC和ROC之间也呈显著正相关。种植2种草类均显著提高土壤呼吸速率,并使呼吸速率日变化峰型更突出,其中毛苕子的作用效果比黑麦草更显著。     

黄土台塬不同林分结构土壤有机碳质量分数特征

为探讨林分结构对土壤有机碳固定的影响,本文以黄土台塬的油松、 沙棘、 刺槐和侧柏纯林及其混交林为对象,对土壤有机碳、 易氧化态、 轻组、 颗粒态以及可溶性有机碳进行了分析。结果表明, 1）混交林可有效增加土壤不同组分有机碳含量,侧柏混交林与纯林相比增加最为明显,其土壤有机碳增加了123%和160%,易氧化态有机碳增加了161%和304%,轻组有机碳增加了1399%和482%,颗粒态有机碳增加了454%和436%,可溶性碳增加了138%和170%（05 cm土层）; 刺槐-沙棘、 油松-沙棘-刺槐混交林相对改良效果较差。2）各活性有机碳间相比较,混交林对土壤易氧化态碳含量增加效果最显著,而对土壤颗粒有机碳的改善效果不甚明显。3）在0100 cm土层,轻组有机碳敏感性指标分别是总有机碳、 可溶性和易氧化态有机碳的1.00~10.58、 3.83~10.19和1.78~5.10倍。4）有机碳与活性有机碳组分均呈线性极显著正相关关系; 轻组有机碳与颗粒有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他,易氧化态碳与可溶性有机碳二者之间的相关性大于其与其他。     

长期施用有机肥对稻麦轮作体系土壤有机碳氮组分的影响

【目的】 以湖北武汉地区长期稻麦轮作制度下施肥试验地作为研究对象,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层土壤有机碳、全氮及活性碳氮组分的影响,为优化稻麦轮作体系下施肥措施,实现土壤固碳减排,培肥土壤提供理论依据。 【方法】 长期施肥试验开始于1981年,试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、施化学氮肥 (N)、施化学氮磷肥 (NP)、施化学氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M) 及有机无机肥配施处理 (NPKM)。收集2017年小麦收获后耕层 (0—20 cm) 土壤,测定各小区土壤中的有机碳 (SOC)、全氮 (TN)、微生物量碳氮 (MBC、MBN)、水溶性碳 (DOC)、热水溶性有机碳 (HWSC)、颗粒有机碳氮 (POC和PON)、轻组有机碳氮 (LFOC和LFON) 及氯化钾浸提氮 (KEN,即水溶性无机氮) 的含量并分析各指标间的关系。 【结果】 1) 除KEN外,长期施用有机肥显著增加耕层土壤的各碳氮组分含量,特别是有机无机肥配施处理。2) 各活性有机碳组分占SOC的百分比由高到低排序为POC > LFOC > HWSC > MBC > DOC,各氮组分占TN的百分比由高到低排序为PON > LFON > MBN > KEN,其中POC占SOC的24.04%～37.64%,PON占TN的12.09%～20.24%,且有机肥处理下POC/SOC、PON/TN显著高于其余处理。3) 通过对土壤有机碳及各活性有机碳的对施肥的敏感性分析可得,各活性碳敏感性指数均显著高于SOC,且DOC的敏感性最高。4) 通过各组分间相关性分析可知,除KEN外,各碳、氮组分间显著正相关,其中DOC与SOC、PON与TN关系更为紧密,表明DOC及PON可较好地反应出SOC、TN的变化情况。 【结论】 在湖北稻麦轮作地区,长期有机无机肥配施处理显著增加了土壤碳库及氮库,促进了土壤碳、氮的积累,尤其是颗粒有机碳和有机氮 (POC和PON)。水溶性碳 (DOC) 对施肥反应最为敏感,可作为指示该地区有机物早期变化的指示物。      

小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地土地利用变化对土壤活性碳组分的影响

[目的]以小兴安岭森林沼泽为研究对象,研究湿地经过人类活动开垦为农田,和排水造林,以及弃耕地的土壤活性碳组分,为深入了解土壤活性碳组分动态变化及其可能影响全球变暖的机制研究提供科学依据。[方法]选择小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地4种土地利用方式(天然沼泽、排水湿地、弃耕地、农田)为研究对象,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,对比分析土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(EOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)的含量变化和比例关系,并用相关分析法分析土壤有机碳各活性组分之间的关系。[结果]不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加而降低,总体上,在土壤剖面上,天然沼泽的SOC含量大于其他土地利用方式,其他3种土地利用方式之间差异不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性碳组分(DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC)含量在垂直分布上均呈现出随土壤深度的增加而降低的趋势,土壤活性碳组分含量顺序总体上呈:天然沼泽排水湿地弃耕地农田。4种土地利用类型土壤DOC占SOC的比例,在垂直剖面上,无明显规律变化。土壤SOC含量与DOC,MBC,EOC,POC,LFOC之间的相关性均达到显著水平(p0.05)。土壤DOC和MBC之间呈显著性正相关(p0.05),LFOC和POC之间呈极显著性正相关(p0.05),EOC与其他活性碳组分相关性均不显著(p0.05)。[结论]土地利用变化会对小兴安岭森林沼泽土壤活性碳组分产生影响,应该合理开发小兴安岭森林沼泽湿地。     

地下水位及有机肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响

利用自1981年开始的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,对耕层土壤有机碳活性组分、孔隙状况及团聚体进行分析,以探究不同地下水位(20、80 cm)和施肥(高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥)管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响,并分析孔隙状况和团聚体对土壤有机碳活性组分的作用关系.结果表明:降低地下水位导致高量有机肥和化肥处理的轻...     

Influence of peach (Prunus persica Batsch) phenological stage on the short-term changes in oxidizable and labile pools of soil organic carbon and activities of carbon-cycle enzymes in the North-Western Himalayas

The labile organic carbon(C) and C-related enzymes are sensitive indicators capturing alterations of soil organic matter(SOM),even in a short-time scale.Although the effects of crop husbandry and land use change on these attributes have been well studied,there is no consensus about how plant phenology may impact them.This study aimed to determine the short-term effect of six distinct phenological stages(PS-1:full bloom;PS-2:fruit set;PS-3:pit hardening;PS-4:physiological maturity;PS-5:60 d after physiological maturity;and PS-6:fall) of peach on the changes in soil organic carbon(SOC) fractions of different oxidizability,labile C pools,and C-cycle enzyme activities in soils,for two consecutive years(2015 and 2016) in the North-Western Himalayas(NWH).Peach rhizosphere soils were sampled at the topsoil(0–15 cm) and subsoil(16–30 cm) layers,along with rhizosphere soils from adjacent perennial grasses,which served as a control.Values for most of the assessed parameters,including very labile C,labile C,microbial biomass C,permanganate oxidizable C,dissolved organic C,mineralizable C,amylase activity,and carboxymethyl-cellulase activity,were significantly(P ≤ 0.05) higher at PS-3 than at other phenological stages of peach.Conversely,a sudden decline in these soil variables was recorded at PS-5,followed by a slight buildup at PS-6,particularly in the topsoil of the peach orchard.Short-term changes in organic C fractions of different oxidizability,influenced by peach phenological stage,significantly(P ≤ 0.05) affected C management index,C pool index,and lability index.Both the C management index and lability index showed their highest values at PS-3 and their lowest values at PS-5,clearly indicating short-term accretion and depletion of SOC,in tandem with the peach phenological events.Principal component analysis suggested that a composite of soil indicators,including microbial biomass C,dissolved organic C,amylase,and invertase,could help detect short-term changes in SOC content.It is concluded that peach phenological events had a major impact on the short-term variations of the studied soil variables,which could be attributed to changes in the above-and belowground plant residues,as well as the extent of nutrients and water acquisition.     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

森林转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为了研究林型转换对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,在安徽皖南地区蔡家桥林场选取了马尾松次生林、湿地松人工林以及杉木人工林3种森林类型,分别采集了0—10,10—30,30—50 cm的土壤,测定了土壤有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)以及土壤理化指标,分析了林型转换后土壤活性有机碳组分变化特征及其与土壤理化因子间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)马尾松次生林转换成湿地松人工林和杉木人工林后主要对0—10 cm土壤活性有机碳组分产生影响,其中土壤SOC,POC,EOC含量均在林型转换后出现下降,DOC含量上升,而MBC在林型转换前后无显著差异。(2)林型转换后各土层POC/SOC均出现下降,DOC和EOC占SOC比例总体呈升高趋势,MBC/SOC则未表现出明显规律。(3)土壤有机碳与活性碳组分以及TN,EC,NH⁺₄-N,NO^-₃-N均呈极显著正相关,各活性碳组分之间也存在极显著正相关关系(p<0.01)。综上,马尾松次生林转换成...     

Depth Distribution of Soil Organic Carbon Fractions in Relation to Tillage and Cropping Sequences in Some Dry Lands of Punjab,Pakistan

Depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions depends on the efficiency of agro‐technical managements. Information on depth distribution of SOC fractions mostly confined to the plow layer and scant in dry lands of Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, a field experiment was laid out with moldboard plow (MP) (control), tine cultivator (TC), and minimum tillage (MT) as main plots, and cropping sequences fallow wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), (FW, control), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) wheat (SW), green manure wheat (GW), and mungbean‐chickpea (MC) (Cicer arietinum L.) as sub‐plots. Treatment effects were assessed for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), potentially mineralizeable carbon (PMC), particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), HCl insoluble carbon (HIC), and stratification ratio (SR) in Rawal series: Udic Haplustalf. Alfisols. The MBC concentration was the highest in MT system, at 15 to 30‐cm depth under MW and PMC concentration was highest under SW with MT at 45–60 cm. MP had higher POC in FW sequence. The highest DOC was at 0 to 15‐cm depth under MC with TC and stock of HIC was more under TC with FW sequence. The highest SR of PMC was under MT with FW at 0–15:15–30 and POC was under TC and MP with FW at depths of 0–15:45–60 cm. The highest SR for DOC was under MP with GW at 0–15:45–60 cm and HCl insoluble C was under MT with SW at 0–15:45–60. In broad‐spectrum, labile organic fractions revealed differential sensitivity, and POC stocks are also a sensitive indicator to detect the short‐management effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤养分及活性有机碳组分研究

土壤有机碳及其组分是土壤质量的重要指标,在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。通过对我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用类型土壤养分及有机碳组分。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用类型土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用类型对土壤养分具有较大影响,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和全钾均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,而不同土地利用类型土壤全磷差异并不显著(p0.05)。不同土地利用类型土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和微生物量氮(MBN)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地耕地草地未利用地。林地和草地EOC/SOC比例显著低于耕地和未利用地,说明林地和草地转变成耕地降低了土壤有机碳的稳定性;微生物商(MBC/SOC)基本表现为耕地林地草地未利用地,其中耕地和林地土壤MBC/SOC比例差异不显著(p0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤活性有机碳各组分与SOC,TN,TK均具有极显著相关性关系,并且不同土地利用类型土壤EOC,POC,LFOC,WSOC和MBC含量之间均具有极显著相关性(p0.05),说明土壤活性有机碳很大程度上依赖于有机碳含量,活性有机碳各组分之间相互影响和密切联系,其中SOC,TN和TK是不同土地利用类型土壤活性有机碳变化的重要影响因子。     

民勤绿洲区苜蓿地土壤有机碳组分分布特征

为了解西北民勤绿洲区紫花苜蓿种植后土壤有机碳组分的变化趋势及影响因素,以民勤绿洲区3a(A3)、14a(A14)和22a(A22)苜蓿种植地为研究对象,以棉花种植地(CK)为对照,通过野外调查取样以及室内测试分析,对土壤中的全部有机碳(TOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和微生物量碳(MBC)的含量进行测定,分析变化趋势并对其规律进行研究。结果表明:相对于棉花种植地,22a苜蓿地土壤容重和电导率分别降低了13.9%和95.4%。3~22a苜蓿地较棉花种植地(CK)的TOC、LFOC、HFOC和MBC分别表现出175.0%,1 416.0%,47.8%和216.0%的增长幅度,变化差异较为显著。在垂直剖面上,棉花种植地(CK)显著低于苜蓿地LFOC、POC、MBC含量,并随土层加深而不断降低。逐步回归分析表明LFOC与TOC显著正相关(p0.05)。苜蓿种植年限、土层以及这两个变量的交互作用对POC/TOC产生显著影响(p0.01),对TOC、LFOC、HFOC、POC、MBC、LFOC/TOC、HFOC/TOC和MBC/TOC均产生极显著影响(p0.001)。苜蓿种植提高了土壤质量,降低了土壤容重和盐碱性,连续种植14a是苜蓿最为合理的种植年限,同时苜蓿种植有利于0—60cm垂直土层有机碳组分的累积,尤其对TOC、LFOC和MBC的增长效果极其显著。     

东北三省典型春玉米种植区土壤剖面碳库变化特征

【目的】 农田土壤碳储量及变化影响着农田肥力、生产力以及地力的可持续性。本文研究了东北三省典型春玉米种植区在0—90 cm土层土壤碳库的变化特征,分析了东北三省典型春玉米种植区农民习惯施肥措施下土壤的碳贮存情况。 【方法】 于2012年春玉米全生育期定点跟踪了黑龙江、吉林和辽宁省各17户,总计51户农民习惯施肥处理,测定了0—30、30—60、60—90 cm土层中全碳 (TC)、有机碳 (SOC)、无机碳 (IC)、颗粒有机碳 (POC)、微生物生物量碳 (SMBC) 以及可溶性有机碳 (DOC)含量。 【结果】 黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省典型春玉米种植区0—90 cm土层全碳储量分别为159.8、128.5、108.1 t/hm2,有机碳储量分别为141.7、120.5、90.2 t/hm2,无机碳储量分别为18.2、8.0、17.9 t/hm2。三个省份间0—90 cm土层SOC储量差异均达显著性水平 (P < 0.05),黑龙江的储量显著高于吉林的,吉林的储量又显著高于辽宁的。关于0—30 cm土壤TC、SOC储量,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省间差异均达显著水平 ( P < 0.05),在30—60 cm、60—90 cm土层,黑龙江的TC、SOC储量显著高于吉林和辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林和辽宁间差异不显著;土壤剖面TC、SOC储量表现为 0—30 cm > 30—60 cm > 60—90 cm深。在土壤活性碳库方面,0—30 cm土层中,随着纬度的降低,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省内POC、POC/SOC、SMBC/SOC、DOC/SOC呈增加趋势,而SMBC则呈降低趋势,三省间POC/SOC、SMBC、DOC/SOC平均含量差异均达显著性水平 ( P < 0.05),黑龙江POC平均含量显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林的DOC平均含量显著高于黑龙江、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05);30—60 cm土层,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省内POC、POC/SOC、DOC/SOC随着纬度的升高而降低,且三省间POC/SOC平均值差异达显著性水平,黑龙江POC、DOC/SOC显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),但SMBC含量黑龙江显著高于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05);在60—90 cm土层,黑龙江土壤的POC、POC/SOC、DOC/SOC、SMBC/SOC含量平均值显著低于吉林、辽宁的 ( P < 0.05),吉林的SMBC显著高于辽宁的 ( P < 0.05)。随着土壤剖面深度的增加,各省土壤TC、SOC、IC及活性碳库呈降低趋势,而土壤IC/TC呈增加趋势。 【结论】 在东北三省典型春玉米种植区,0—90 cm土层以黑龙江的有机碳贮存最大,三省由于气温、土壤母质和施肥的影响,土壤活性碳库变化规律并不完全一致,随着土层深度增加土壤无机碳对全碳贡献增加,因此,下一步研究需重视无机碳库和剖面碳库在碳贮存中的作用。      

黄土台塬不同土地利用方式下土壤碳组分的差异

为探讨土地利用方式对土壤碳固定的影响,以乔木、灌木、草和农田等不同植被类型,纯林和混交两种栽培模式的黄土台塬为对象,进行了土壤碳组分研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下林地和天然草地在0—100 cm土层总碳,轻组、重组、可溶性有机碳以及轻组有机碳分配比例(LFOC/SOC)均不同程度高于耕地,而其有机无机复合度(HFOC/SOC)则低于耕地,灌木林地和天然草地这种趋势尤为突出;各种土地利用方式间,土壤总碳和HFOC/SOC在0—20cm差异显著,总碳在60—100 cm也差异明显,轻组、重组及可溶性有机碳在0—40 cm,而无机碳则在40—100 cm差异明显;LFOC/SOC和DOC/SOC在各土层均存在一定差异。土壤总碳、有机碳以及各组分有机碳之间呈极显著正相关,而无机碳则与其呈负相关。轻组和可溶性有机碳均与粗颗粒、易氧化有机碳以及2—0.25 mm团聚体有机碳的相关性高于与细颗粒、稳态有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳;而重组有机碳则与之相反。轻组有机碳较有机碳、总碳、重组以及可溶性有机碳能更敏感地反映利用方式之间的差异,可作为土壤质量变化的评价指标。     

Long-term tillage and straw returning effects on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC in rice-rape cropping system

Understanding the different C pools and chemical composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) in cropping system is imperative for sustaining soil quality. This study examined the effects of tillage and straw returning practices on organic C fractions and chemical composition of SOC under a rice-rape system in central China. The field experiment consisted of conventional tillage (CT); conventional tillage with straw returning (CTS); no-tillage (NT); and no-tillage with straw returning (NTS) treatments. Compared to CT, NT significantly increased SOC stocks, SCMI and C fractions of 0–20 cm depth by 6–50%. The SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents of 0–20 cm depth were 16, 80, 24, 22 and 13%, respectively, higher under NTS treatment. Straw returning enhanced the relative contents of O-alkyl C, carbonyl C, alkyl C, A/O-A ratio, and aromaticity. The correlations of SOC with C fractions and SCMI were significant. O-alkyl C was positively correlated with C fractions and negatively correlated with carbonyl C and alkyl C. In conclusion, long-term tillage and straw returning significantly affected the fractions and chemical compositions of SOC, could be viable option for improving the soil quality in the rice-rape rotation system.     

Variations of soil organic carbon fractions in response to conservative vegetation successions on the Loess Plateau of China

Land use changes profoundly affect the equilibrium of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions. With the current global climatic changes, it is vital to understand the influence of ecological restoration and conservation management on the dynamics of SOC under different land uses, especially in erosion-endangered Loess soils. Therefore, we investigated changes in SOC through a suit of labile fractions, namely: light fraction organic C (LFOC), heavy fraction organic C (HFOC), coarse particulate organic C (CPOC), fine particulate organic C (FPOC), and dissolved organic C (DOC), from two forests i.e., Robinia pseudoacacia (RP) and Platycladus orientalis (PO), with different ages, in comparison with farmland (FL). The SOC and STN contents significantly increased over 42 years in the RP forest where the contents of CPOC and FPOC were significantly higher than in the FL. Moreover, total SOC and its labile fractions, in the studied land use types, significantly correlated with soil CaCO₃, pH, and STN contents, indicating their key roles in SOC sequestration. The results reported here from different vegetation with different ages provide a better understanding of SOC and STN alterations at different stages of vegetation restoration. Our findings suggest that long-term natural vegetation restoration could be an effective approach for SOC sequestration and soil conservation on the Loess soil.     

长期免耕旱作对冬小麦生长季土壤剖面有机碳含量的影响

依托21a长期免耕秸秆还田定位试验，探究长期免耕加秸秆还田的田间管理方式对冬小麦生长季0−60cm土层内土壤有机碳（SOC）和土壤活性有机碳（MBC、POC、DOC）的影响。试验共设长期免耕秸秆还田（NT）与常规耕作（CT）两种耕作模式，分析0−60cm土层内土壤总有机碳（SOC）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、土壤颗粒有机碳（POC）、土壤可溶性碳（DOC）含量的变化。结果表明，在0−20cm土层，NT处理SOC含量显著高于CT处理，其中0−5cm和5−10cm土层平均SOC含量分别增加了81.2 %和52.9 %，冬小麦不同生育期内土壤SOC含量变化不显著；在0−30cm土层内，与CT处理相比，NT显著改变了土壤MBC、POC及DOC在播种前、越冬前、拔节期、开花期和成熟期5个生育阶段的分布情况，且显著提高了5个生育阶段内土壤活性有机碳的含量（P＜0.05），其中0−5cm土层内，土壤MBC、POC及DOC含量在各个时期相较于CT处理分别增长60.8%～161.4%、71.8%～141.1%和21.9%～104.4%。0−60cm土层内，两种耕作方式下的SOC、MBC、POC、DOC均随着土壤深度的增大呈下降趋势。说明长期免耕可提高耕作层土壤有机碳含量和小麦生长季活性有机碳的水平，这为旱地土壤有机碳的高效固存提供了理论依据。     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤轻组分有机碳动态

轻组分有机碳(LFOC)易受短期土地利用方式和环境变化的影响而被用作土壤有机碳短期环境效应的特征指标。通过西南亚高山均质化土壤在不同覆盖情形(裸土除雪BNS、裸土覆雪BS、凋落物除雪LNS、凋落物覆雪Control)下低温季节原位培养,对0~10 cm和10~20 cm深度LFOC影响的动态分析,结果发现:西南亚高山土壤LFOC平均占该土层总有机碳比例为15.5%;经过一个低温季节,不同处理下的LFOC比例变幅介于13.6%~21.1%;土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm的LFOC在低温季节波动剧烈且含量高,甚至高于生长季节初期和末期,显示亚高山森林土壤碳动态在低温季节仍然极活跃;0~10 cm土壤中在低温季节凋落物覆雪处理土壤LFOC最低,而其余3个处理裸土除雪、裸土覆雪、凋落物除雪处理下LFOC含量和波动幅度均高于凋落物覆雪处理,表明土壤表面的凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合显著影响0~10 cm土壤LFOC动态和含量;10~20cm土层LFOC时间动态也存在处理效应,显示地表覆盖同样影响下层土壤的LFOC过程;效应分析显示凋落物、积雪、采样时间、土壤深度及其交互作用对土壤LFOC含量的主效应和交互作用达到显著水平,特别是凋落物和积雪同时存在时抑制土壤LFOC形成而有助于维持土壤有机碳的稳定,而凋落物和/或积雪的消失均导致低温季节土壤LFOC升高。因此,在西南亚高山低温季节地表凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合变化,将会影响亚高山森林土壤碳的库容量和稳定性。     

Soil dissolved organic carbon responses to sugarcane straw removal

Global demand for bioenergy increases interest in biomass‐derived fuels, as ethanol from sugarcane straw. However, straw is the main carbon source to soil and its removal reduces C input, affecting active fractions (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) and C storage. To quantify the effects of straw removal on DOC and C stocks, we built lysimeter system using soil (Rhodic Kandiudox) from sugarcane field. We evaluated four soil depths (1, 20, 50 and 100 cm) and four straw removal rates: no removal NR, medium MR, high HR and total TR, leaving 12, 6, 3 and 0 Mg/ha on the soil surface, respectively. After rainfall, drainage water was collected and analysed for DOC content. Soil C stocks were determined after the 17‐month. Total DOC released at 1‐cm depth amounted to 606, 500, 441 and 157 kg/ha in NR, MR, HR and TR, respectively. Net‐DOC suggests straw as the main source of DOC. Most of DOC in NR (50%) was retained within the 1–20 cm layer, resulting in higher C stock (10 Mg/ha) in the topsoil. In HR and MR, DOC retention was higher within 20–50 cm, suggesting differences in DOC composition. DOC in TR was 40% higher at 20 cm than at 1 cm, indicating C losses from topsoil. Low concentrations of DOC were found at 100‐cm depth, but representing 30% in TR. Straw removal for bioenergy production is sustainable, but we should leave at least 3 Mg/ha of straw to ensure DOC production and soil C storage, taking account the DOC contribution to key soil functions.     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Fractions under Different Land Uses and Tillage Practices

Many questions have surfaced regarding long-term impacts of land-use and cultivation system on soil carbon (C) sequestration. The experiment was conducted at Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Only minor variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) fractions with depth under plow tillage (PT). The SOC, total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) concentrations were higher under grassland and forestland in the top 0–15 cm depth than arable soils. No-tillage (NT) also increased SOC and N fractions concentrations in the surface soils than PT. Compared to arable, grass and forest could significantly improve proportions of MBC and MBN, and reduce proportions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). NT and forest also increased the ratio of SOC/TN, MBC/MBN, and DOC/DON. Overall, grass and forest provided more labile C and improved C sequestration than arable. So did NT under arable land-use.     

不同复垦年限煤矸山重构土壤有机碳及其组分差异

土壤有机碳含量是土壤肥力状况的重要标志之一,其活性组分对田间管理措施反映敏感。因此,分析煤矸山复垦重构土壤有机碳含量及其组分差异对于揭示土壤碳库变化、指导复垦地田间管理措施的实施有重要意义。本研究以山西省霍州曹村煤矸山复垦后5a(R-5a)、7a(R-7a)和9a(R-9a)的果园为对象,通过与当地原地貌果园(CK)对比,分析了3种复垦样地土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其组分可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)的差异,以及与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明:①随复垦年限的增加,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均呈先增后减趋势,DOC含量呈增加趋势,MBC含量呈先减后增趋势;但与CK相比,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、DOC、MBC、LFOC和HFOC含量均明显偏低。②DOC/TOC和MBC/TOC在R-7a样地中最低,LFOC/TOC随复垦年限的增加呈增加趋势,HFOC/TOC呈减少趋势,表明土壤中更多的有机碳从稳定态转变为活性态。③土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、碳氮比、黏粒含量、pH和含水量均不同程度影响有机碳含量,其中全氮、全磷、黏粒含量和土壤pH为关键因子。