磷钾配施对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、 品质及养分利用率同步提高的最佳氮磷钾施用量和配比,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟西瓜品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田西瓜氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2的基础上,设置了3个施钾水平（0、 130、 260 kg/hm2）和4个施磷水平（0、 90、 130、 170 kg/hm2）,研究了磷、 钾肥配施对西瓜产量、 品质和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,西瓜产量和品质均随施磷量和施钾量的增加而提高,其中P170处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%和43.79%; 西瓜平均含糖量、 Vc和蛋白质含量较P0分别显著提高了13.75%、 9.48%和11.90%; K260处理的西瓜单瓜重和产量较K0分别显著提高了9.22%和7.54%; 西瓜平均含糖量和硝酸盐含量较K0分别显著提高了5.86%和11.24%。磷钾肥配施对西瓜光合、 产量及养分吸收利用的互作效应显著,且均表现出在低钾条件下,各指标随施磷量的增加先增加后趋于稳定或降低; 高钾条件下,则随施磷量的增加而增加,并以磷肥效应较大,钾肥次之,在磷、 钾配施的所有处理中,K260P170处理的西瓜光合速率、 产量和养分利用率均最高。本试验在施用氮肥200 kg/hm2条件下,砂田西瓜的磷、 钾最优施肥量分别为170 kg/hm2和260 kg/hm2,相应的N、 P2O5、 K2O比例为1∶0.85∶1.3。     

化肥施用量对有机基质栽培番茄养分吸收利用的影响

以番茄为试验材料, 以蛭石︰羊粪=2︰1 为基质配方, 研究了有机基质栽培条件下不同化肥施用量对番茄氮、磷和钾吸收利用规律的影响。结果表明: 适量施用化肥可提高番茄产量, 促进番茄对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收; 氮、磷、钾的吸收量均随施肥量的增加而增加; 基质中氮、钾的利用率均随施肥量的增加而降低, 而磷的利用率则随化肥施用量的增加而增加; 适量施用化肥还可明显促进基质迟效养分转化为速效养分。每形成1 000 kg 番茄果实, 植株需吸收氮 2.540 kg、磷 0.751 kg、钾 4.347 kg。确定了在有机基质栽培下番茄较佳化肥施用量计算方法为: 化肥施用量=(1.5 倍番茄目标产量需肥量－有机基质中速效养分量)/化肥中养分吸收率。     

氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响

采用日光温室小区试验,研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄产量与养分吸收的影响,以期为戈壁滩日光温室基质栽培蔬菜提供科学施肥依据。结果表明,(1)日光温室秋冬茬番茄栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾,施磷也有一定增产效果,施氮、施钾和施磷平均分别增产31.2%、17.0%和4.1%。(2)氮磷钾均衡管理处理较习惯施肥能显著增加产量和经济效益,平均增产16.3%,增收17.5%;氮磷钾均衡管理处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理,产量平均分别增加4.8%和3.0%,经济效益平均分别增加4.9%和3.2%。(3)氮磷钾均衡管理能维持番茄对氮磷钾的吸收量,提高化肥氮磷钾利用率,氮磷钾均衡管理处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别为25.8%、17.6%和35.7%,而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾的利用率分别为15.9%、6.5%和19.7%。(4)本试验条件下日光温室基质栽培秋冬茬番茄适宜N、P2O5和K2O用量分别为392、136和455 g/m3基质,生产1 000 kg番茄产品对N、P2O5和K2O的推荐量分别为3.1、1.1和3.6 kg。     

黑土区玉米-大豆轮作条件下施肥效应的研究

试验设在海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站示范区内,采用N、P、K三因素多水平的不完全设计,旨在从16个不同氮、磷、钾水平的组合中筛选出适合当地的最适宜施肥量。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量玉米两年均获得较高产量的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 150 kg hm-2,P2O5 90 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。不同氮、磷、钾肥用量大豆两年均获得高产的为处理4(N2P2K2),氮磷钾最佳施用量为N 60 kg hm-2,P2O5 60 kg hm-2,K2O 40 kg hm-2。通过对不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量和大豆与玉米产量进行一元二次方程拟合,建议黑土区玉米最适宜的施肥量为N 150～200 kg hm-2,P2O5 70～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2;大豆为N 50～80 kg hm-2,P2O5 60～90 kg hm-2,K2O 30～40 kg hm-2。肥料利用率随施肥量的增加而降低,玉米与大豆的经济效益和其产量达到最高时的处理相同。     

不同施肥处理对桑叶产量及其品质的影响

利用现代肥料二次回归3414试验设计,研究了氮、磷、钾不同施肥处理对桑叶产量及其构成因素、桑叶品质的影响。结果表明:氮、磷、钾主要是通过影响桑树春季新稍长和秋季条长及其米条产叶量,进而影响桑叶产量。随着单因素施肥量的增加,桑叶产量也随之增加,在X1-2X2-2X3-2达到最大（其中X1、X2、X3分别为N、P、K肥料因子）,为30780.1 kg/hm2。通过建立桑叶产量的肥料效应函数,获得该地区最佳推荐施肥量为N 736.47 kg/hm2、P2O5 215.29 kg/hm2、K2O 267.74 kg/hm2,桑叶最佳产量为30709.5 kg/hm2。随着施肥量的增加,桑叶中粗蛋白、可溶性糖、氨基酸和脂肪含量也随之显著增加,在2水平时达到最大,分别为22.63%、18.62%、17.76%、9.19%;所以适量氮、磷、钾施肥量及其配比能显著提高桑叶的产量和品质。本文可为四川丘陵蚕区高产优质桑园建设提供科学依据和参考。     

氮磷钾肥用量对紫云英产量效应的研究

采用"3414"肥料效应试验设计方案对紫云英氮、磷、钾肥施用效应及养分的交互作用进行了研究,结果表明:与不施肥处理(CK)相比,13个施肥处理紫云英鲜草平均增产21.1 t·hm-2,平均产量为不施肥处理的2.35倍;分别固定磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥,氮(N75 kg·hm-2)、钾(K2O 60 kg·hm-2)肥和氮(N 75 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)肥用量,在施N 0～112.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5 0～90 kg·hm-2和K2O 0～90 kg·hm-2范围内,紫云英产量随相应肥料用量的增加而显著提高,N、P、K各养分施用的最高增产率分别为65.0%、27.8%和44.5%;从养分效率看,中量水平的氮(N 75.0 kg·hm-2)、磷(P2O5 60 kg·hm-2)和低量水平的钾(K2O 30 kg·hm-2)增产效果最好;氮、磷、钾肥之间存在一定的交互作用,互相影响肥效的发挥,中量水平的养分用量(N 75.0 kg·hm-2、P2O5 60 kg·hm-2和K2O 60 kg·hm-2)有利于各养分效果的发挥.结果说明,施肥对紫云英增产效果明显,氮、磷、钾肥用量和配比是影响紫云英产量的重要因素.     

氮、磷、钾配施对胡麻产量的影响及推荐施肥量研究

为了揭示氮、磷、钾肥配施对胡麻生长的影响,采用“3414”不完全正交回归设计,研究了3种施肥梯度下胡麻经济性状、产量、增产率、肥料贡献率和产投比等的变化,并进行胡麻产量肥效模型函数拟合。结果表明:低氮、磷、钾和中氮、磷、钾施肥水平有利于提高胡麻经济性状指标;施氮、磷、钾处理下胡麻产量较不施氮、磷、钾肥处理提高了4.95%～24.07%,胡麻产量随着施肥量的增长呈现出先增高后降低的趋势,当氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)分别为75、67.5、72 kg/hm²时胡麻产量最高;钾肥对胡麻产量的贡献大于氮肥和磷肥,高磷具有明显的减产效应;通过肥料效应函数拟合分析,本试验条件下推荐最高施肥量为:N 69.1 kg/hm²,P2O5 51.5 kg/hm²,K2O 63.4 kg/hm²,最佳施肥量为:N 39.6 kg/hm²,P2O5 26.5 kg/hm²,K2O 25.7 kg/hm²。     

施肥对覆膜辣椒产量效益的影响

对覆膜栽培辣椒进行不同氮磷钾配比肥效试验,研究其对辣椒产量和效益的影响,探索辣椒最佳施肥配比方案和肥料利用率,为辣椒生产提供依据。结果初步表明:合理的配方施肥对辣椒增产效果明显,能够显著提高产量,增加经济效益;最高经济产量和最佳经济产量均为3356.8 kg/667 m2,对应的氮、磷、钾施肥量分别为27 kg、12 kg、11.25 kg,N、P2O5、K2O最佳配比为1∶0.4∶0.4;覆膜栽培辣椒的氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为57.3%、45.5%、32.2%;少量多施是提高磷肥利用率的关键。     

夏黑无核葡萄肥料效应研究

通过对夏黑无核葡萄连续3年开展"3414"肥效试验,建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与产量间的回归模型,探索出南方地区夏黑无核葡萄的最佳施肥量。结果表明:氮肥是限制产量增加的主要因子,其次为磷和钾。在该地力条件下,氮、磷、钾的适宜施肥量分别是N 363.6 kg/hm2,P2O5454.95 kg/hm2,K2O 363.3 kg/hm2;在各施肥处理中,以处理6(每公顷施氮、磷、钾量分别为N 300 kg、P2O5270 kg、K2O 375 kg)产量最高,增产率达65.91%,果实固酸比也较高,产投比较大,综合品质较好。     

钾肥对加工型番茄的肥效研究

田间试验结果表明:在速效K含量150.28mg kg-1的土壤上,番茄N、P、K配合施用比N、P配合施用增产11.56%。番茄产量随K素用量增加而增加,但单位K素增产效果则随K素用量增加而递减。经回归统计分析,K素经济效益最佳施肥量为225kg hm-2时,理论产量为113.53 t hm-2,番茄收入2.84×104元hm-2,肥料成本562.50元hm-2,收益2.78×104元hm-2,增收0.23×104元hm-2。在其它条件基本相同情况下,土壤速效K含量120.40mg kg-1时,每公斤K20增产番茄产品63.87kg;而土壤速效K含量176.26mg kg-1时,每公斤K2O增产番茄产品19.16kg。不同处理间差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.