纤维素降解菌对农业有机废弃物发酵进行CO2施肥的作用

采用室内培养和大棚试验相结合,对分离的3种纤维素降解菌在有机废弃物发酵释放CO2中的作用及其对增加大棚CO2浓度的效果进行了研究。结果表明,分离获得的三种菌均能明显促进有机废弃物发酵CO2的释放,其中菌A和菌C的效果优于菌B;3种菌混合接种时效果最佳。在大棚栽培条件下,昼间CO2浓度大部分时间低于300μL/L,处于亏缺状态;采用棚中不接种直接发酵也可大幅提高大棚的CO2浓度,但释放的时间只有9 d左右;采用3种菌混合接种的方法棚内全天维持CO2浓度800μL/L以上的时间可达14 d以上。     

无糖培养条件下大型组培箱内CO2变化规律及对组培苗的影响

该文采用中国农业大学农业部设施农业生物环境工程重点开放实验室研制的设有组培微环境实时监控系统的大型组培箱，分别对矮牵牛、菊花和番茄组培苗移栽后箱体内CO₂浓度的变化规律及不同CO₂增施浓度对无糖组培苗生长的影响进行了研究。试验表明：移栽后的当天，组培箱内的CO₂浓度便开始下降，第2 d下降速度明显加快，均降至100 μL/L以下。在移栽后的第4～5 d，箱体内CO₂浓度下降到35 μL/L左右后便不再下降，一直在30～40 μL/L之间波动。因此得出：无糖培养在组培苗移栽后的第2 d就应增施CO₂，否则会直接影响组培苗的生长。在不同CO₂增施浓度试验中，当光照度控制在80 μmol/(m²·s)时，CO₂浓度为(650±50)μL/L时培养出的组培苗生长状况最好。     

CO2施肥对黄瓜幼苗矿质营养吸收与分配的影响

以土培和砂培黄瓜幼苗为试材，研究CO₂施肥对植株矿质营养吸收和分配的影响。结果表明：每天上午以1100±100 μl/L CO₂浓度施肥3 h或上、下午各施肥3 h明显降低植株各部位多数矿质元素的含量，CO₂施肥时间延长，降幅增大。CO₂施肥增强了黄瓜对矿质元素的吸收能力，使单株吸收总量显著增加，且施肥时间越长，吸收数量越多。因此，在CO₂施肥的同时应增加矿质营养的供给。     

畜菜互补生态系统综合研究(Ⅰ)——CO2动态模拟及畜菜配比选择

现有畜菜互补生,系统畜菜配比差异极大,致使CO₂浓度过高或过低,影响CO₂气体施肥效果。在设有内部CO₂通风传输装置且温室CO₂均匀分布的条件下,建立了系统CO₂质量平衡数学模型,编制并验证了CO₂日变化动态模拟的计算机程序。利用该程序,以家畜给温室提供适宜的CO₂浓度为依据,以番茄与育肥猪为例,对沈阳地区主要CO₂施肥期12月～3月的畜菜配比进行了优化选择,为该生态系统的建设及管理提供了一定的依据。     

不同供磷状况下CO2浓度升高对番茄根系生长及养分吸收的影响

采用培养试验研究了磷缺乏与正常供磷条件下,CO₂浓度由350μL/L升高至800μL/L苗期番茄的生物量、根系特征和不同器官N、P、K养分含量的变化。结果表明,无论缺磷与否,CO₂浓度升高均能显著增加番茄地上部及根系的干物质积累量,提高根冠比。在磷缺乏条件下,CO₂浓度升高对番茄根系生长的促进主要表现为增加根系的体积和表面积;而在磷正常供应条件下主要表现为同时增加根体积和分根数,有利于形成强壮的根系。在两种供磷水平下,CO₂浓度升高对番茄各器官的N、P、K含量产生不同的稀释效应,但N、P、K总积累量却随CO₂浓度升高而显著增加;而且CO₂浓度与供P水平对番茄植株的N、P、K积累量具有极显著的正交互效应。     

超临界CO2萃取万寿菊花中叶黄素的研究

采用超临界CO₂萃取技术,研究了从万寿菊花中萃取叶黄素的工艺条件。对影响超临界CO₂萃取叶黄素的各种因素,包括分离参数、原料含水率、粉碎粒径，超临界萃取温度、压力、流速、时间等因素进行了考察,得到较佳的萃取工艺条件为:原料含水率10.92％，粒径40目，萃取温度60℃，压力30 MPa，CO₂流速15 L/h，分离釜Ⅰ温度40℃，压力6 MPa，分离釜Ⅱ温度20℃，时间为6 h。     

组培环境CO2增施监控系统的设计与试验

为改善组培苗的生长发育环境,探索CO₂富集等环境因素的影响,设计制作了CO₂适时增施监控系统,并以葡萄组培苗为对象,利用本控制系统与传统组培方式进行了对比试验。结果表明:系统工作稳定、正常,能够有效地将CO₂浓度控制在设定的(800～1200)μL/L范围内,满足组培苗光合作用的需要;在CO₂富集环境中,组培苗生长健壮、发育良好,光合自养能力显著增强     

煤粉尘添加量与温度对山西省两种土壤碳释放规律的影响

采用室内培养试验, 观测不同温度和不同煤粉尘用量条件下山西省电厂土和焦化厂土两种土壤的碳释放规律。结果表明, 室温(16~23 ℃)和25 ℃恒温下, 培养前期(4~9 d)土壤CO₂ 的释放量均为最大, 且25 ℃ 恒温培养土壤CO₂ 的释放量是室温条件下的2 倍左右。随煤粉尘添加量的增加, 土壤CO₂ 的释放量显著增加,且土壤活性有机质相应增加, 添加高量煤粉尘土壤CO₂ 的释放量最高达57.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, 两种土壤活性有机碳的增幅为0.3~3.8 g·kg^-1。不同温度和不同煤粉尘用量条件下电厂土释放的CO₂ 均高于焦化厂土, 可能是电厂土含有较高的有机碳和较低的黏粒所致。由此可知, 温度是影响土壤有机碳分解的主要因素, 其次是添加煤粉尘的量, 土壤理化性质也是原因之一。本研究表明, 煤粉尘的降落一方面增加了土壤CO₂ 的释放, 另一方面增加了土壤碳库。     

几种主要CO2施肥肥源性能的比较与评价

在空闲拱棚和黄瓜日光温室内，分别研究了化学反应法(H₂SO₄+NH₄HCO₃）、煤球燃烧法和颗粒CO₂气肥3种肥源的性能，并与液体CO₂进行成本比较，结果表明：化学反应法产气迅速，设备折旧成本较低；煤球燃烧法产气速度中等，原料成本最低；颗粒CO₂气肥产气速度较慢且不易调控，原料成本最高。考虑化学反应产物的再利用因素，化学反应法、煤球燃烧法和液体CO₂ 3种肥源总成本接近，但从生态、节能、成本和效果等方面综合评价，煤球燃烧法原料丰富、成本低廉，较符合我国目前的设施、经济、资源和技术条件。     

环境因素对自然气调下双孢蘑菇呼吸速率影响的初步研究

研究了温度、容器内顶隙气体体积与双孢蘑菇体积比、O₂浓度、CO₂浓度及处理时间t对双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的影响，并采用多因素方差分析、重回归分析法，确定了双孢蘑菇呼吸速率的显著性影响因素，结果表明：温度对双孢蘑菇呼吸耗氧率R_O2、二氧化碳生成率R_CO2、呼吸商RQ的影响比体积比的影响更显著；25、18和4℃时，O₂浓度、CO₂浓度及时间t 3因素中，时间t对R_CO2的影响最大，而12℃时，CO₂浓度对R_CO2的影响最大；12℃时，随着体积比的增大，CO₂浓度、时间t的影响作用减弱，O₂浓度作用增强。     

农村有机生活垃圾等混合物料厌氧发酵产沼气性能

为获得有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆和牛粪混合物料厌氧发酵产沼气性能,为农村废弃物沼气工程高效运行提供依据,在初始总固体（TS）为12%和中温（35±1）℃条件下,考察了有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆与牛粪三物料不同湿基质量比（1∶0∶2、1∶0.5∶1.5、1∶1∶1、1∶1.5∶0.5、1∶2∶0）对厌氧发酵过程的影响。结果表明：与双物料混合厌氧发酵相比,三物料混合厌氧消化能显著提高原料产气率,有机生活垃圾、玉米秸秆和牛粪配比为1∶1∶1的组合单位TS累积产气量高于其他处理;不同发酵物料配比能影响厌氧发酵完成时间,随着秸秆比例的增加,完成厌氧发酵的时间逐渐增长,有机生活垃圾和牛粪的组合与三者配比为1∶0.5∶1.5、1∶1∶1、1∶1.5∶0.5和1∶2∶0的处理相比,厌氧发酵完成时间分别缩短了12、15、19、22 d;三物料混合发酵适宜的配比能平衡发酵系统中酸的浓度,防止系统酸化,并能提高纤维素半纤维素降解率。综上认为三物料最佳配比为1∶1∶1。     

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on biological nitrogen fixation, nitrogen mineralization and carbon decomposition in submerged rice soil

Controlled-environment chambers were used to study the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in rice soil. In three chambers, CO₂ concentration was maintained at 353ᆣ/396ᆫ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; ambient CO₂), while in another three, CO₂ was maintained at 667ᆸ/700ᆽ µmol mol^-1 (day/night; elevated CO₂) throughout the growing season. Rice (var. Nipponbare) seedlings were grown under either ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations, and then transplanted into the soils in the corresponding chambers. At different growth stages, soil samples were taken from surface (0-1cm) and sub-surface (1-10cm) layers at the centre of four hills, then sieved (<1 mm) to remove root residues. Fresh soil was used to measure N fixation activity (using the acetylene reduction assay), NH₄⁺ content and organic C. Separate sets of soil samples were transferred to serum bottles and anaerobically incubated at 30°C for 30 days to measure potential rates of N mineralization and C decomposition. Under an elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration, acetylene reduction activity significantly increased in the surface soil layer during the early cultivation stages and in the sub-surface soil layer during the latter part of cultivation. There was no difference in the amount of NH₄⁺ in fresh soils between elevated and ambient CO₂ chambers, while the rate of N mineralization was increased by elevated CO₂ during the latter part of cultivation. Soils from the elevated CO₂ chambers had obviously higher rate of C decomposition than that from the ambient CO₂ chambers. CH₄ production gradually increased with the growth of rice plants. These results suggest that elevated CO₂ affected biological N fixation, N mineralization and C decomposition in submerged rice soil during the different growth stages of rice.     

稻草和猪粪发酵残渣配施菌剂对大棚连作土壤的改良作用

采用室内培养试验,研究了稻草和猪粪在大棚内生物发酵进行CO2施肥后产生的发酵残渣接种微生物菌剂（EM和By）对大棚连作土壤的改良作用。结果表明,向供试土壤中添加接种微生物菌剂的发酵残渣后,土壤中细菌和放线菌数量与对照相比显著增加,真菌数量也有一定程度的增加,细菌/真菌比值明显提高; 发酵残渣接种（EM+By）菌剂处理下的土壤脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性分别比对照增加NH+4-N 26.7 mg/（kgd）和酚127.0 mg/（kgh）; （EM+By）处理下的土壤pH值比对照提高了1.14个单位; 至培养结束时,土壤中碱解氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量都有较大程度增加,尤其是土壤速效磷。因此,将发酵残渣接种功能微生物菌剂,可作为一种生物有机肥直接在大棚中使用,将其施用到土壤中有利于改善土壤微生物群落结构,加速土壤养分转化,提高土壤速效养分含量,有效缓解连作土壤酸化问题,对大棚连作土壤起到改良作用。     

Carbon dioxide efflux and concentrations in two soils under temperate forests

The carbon dioxide efflux to the atmosphere and the concentrations at various depths in two soils were measured, for more than a year, under pure stands of silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) and European beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) in central Italy. Microbial biomass and activity at the monitored depths were determined in the laboratory and the CO₂ evolved from incubated samples was submitted to radiocarbon analysis to assess the mean residence time of the organic matter degraded by microorganisms. The CO₂ efflux showed similar trends in the two soils, with highest values in October and lowest in January. The efflux depended more on air and soil temperatures than soil moisture, and was related to these variables better under fir than under beech. In both soils, the CO₂ concentration increased with depth: in the top horizon it was low and similar to that of the atmosphere, while in the deeper horizons it often amounted to considerable values (up to more than 1% by volume in the BC horizon under fir). The subsoil of the fir stand generally showed much higher CO₂ concentrations than that of the beech. The basal respiration as determined in the laboratory was at a maximum in the topsoil and decreased sharply downwards. Therefore, the high CO₂ concentrations measured in the field at the bottom of the profiles--where roots were few, and microbial biomass and available C pool were at a minimum--appeared to be due more to slow diffusivity of the soil matrix rather than to heavy release of the gas by the biota. The organic matter respired by microorganisms in incubated soil samples showed positive values of j¹⁴C that revealed a recent synthesis. The estimated mean residence time increased with depth, suggesting a generally higher degree of stabilisation of the organic pool in the subsoil.     

Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sink capacity of amended soils evaluated under laboratory conditions

Soil sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ through land application of organic residues may have beneficial effects as a strategy to offset the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The significance of different variables on GHG production and soil C sink capacity was investigated by monitoring CO₂ and N₂O fluxes from amended soils under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, the effects of the chemical composition and complexity of three N-rich organic fertilisers (blood meal, hydrolysed leather, and hoof and horn meal) on the CO₂ and N₂O productions were studied. A second experiment was aimed at evaluating the effects of the degree of transformation of composts prepared from two-phase olive mill waste on soil C sink capacity. The three N-rich organic fertilisers caused different CO₂ and N₂O evolution patterns in the amended soils, despite their similar elemental composition. The total amount of added C that was mineralised in the soil ranged from 10.4% to 15.5%, while N₂O-N originating from horn and hoof meal was 6 and 13 times higher than that coming from hydrolysed leather and blood meal, respectively. Mineralisation of the C added to the soil was inversely correlated to the degree of stabilisation of the composting mixtures. Soils amended with the initial composting mixture evolved from 2 to 7.3 times more CO₂-C than the soil amended with the more stabilised compost. However, the C conservation efficiency of organic residues, calculated by the combined losses during composting, and after land application, was higher for the less transformed organic materials. Both studies showed the key importance of the variables studied on the GHG emissions and C sink efficiency of amended soils under controlled conditions. Laboratory experiments could be a useful tool to assist in the designing of field scale experiments for an effective quantification and monitoring of the overall changes in soil C and N pools.     

农业有机废弃物发酵CO2施肥在大棚生产上的应用及其环境效应

利用作物秸秆与畜禽粪便发酵产生CO2的原理,设计了适合农业生产用的简易发酵装置。通过接种3种高效产气菌及堆料pH的调节,发酵大棚内CO2浓度可提高1倍以上,且一次堆料的发酵时间可维持3周左右。该农业有机废弃物发酵CO2施肥技术,可使大棚内的芹菜、生菜、莴苣、油麦菜和青菜5种蔬菜可食部分的生物量分别提高260%、135%、115%、140%和322%。因此,利用农业有机废弃物发酵进行大棚CO2施肥,不仅可以提高作物产量、增加农民收入,而且有望为农业固废合理处置提供新的策略。     

Changes in soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities under elevated CO2 affect fine root decomposition processes in a Mongolian oak ecosystem

The relationships between soil microbial properties and fine root decomposition processes under elevated CO₂ are poorly understood. To address this question, we determined soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) and nitrogen (SMB-N), enzymes related to soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling, the abundance of cultivable N-fixing bacteria and cellulolytic fungi, fine root organic matter, lignin and holocellulose decomposition, and N mineralization from 2006 to 2007 in a Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour) ecosystem in northeastern China. The experiment consisted of three treatments: elevated CO₂ chambers, ambient CO₂ chambers, and chamberless plots. Fine roots had significantly greater organic matter decomposition rates under elevated CO₂. This corresponded with significantly greater SMB-C. Changes in the activities of protease and phenol oxidase under elevated CO₂ could not explain the changes in fine root N release and lignin decomposition rates, respectively, while holocellulose decomposition rate had the same response to experimental treatments as did cellulase activity. Changes in cultivable N-fixing bacterial and cellulolytic fungal abundances in response to experimental treatments were identical to those of N mineralization and lignin decomposition rates, respectively, suggesting that the two indices were closely related to fine root N mineralization and lignin decomposition. Our results showed that the increased fine root organic matter, lignin and holocellulose decomposition, and N mineralization rates under elevated CO₂ could be explained by shifts in SMB-C and the abundance of cellulolytic fungi and N-fixing bacteria. Enzyme activities are not reliable for the assessment of fine root decomposition and more attention should be given to the measurement of specific bacterial and fungal communities.     

利用小麦秸秆生产木霉分生孢子及其生物有机肥对黄瓜的促生效果

【目的】木霉是重要的植物根际促生功能菌,然而木霉类生物肥料生产的应用基础研究很薄弱。本研究以小麦秸秆为发酵基质,探究哈茨木霉T-E5产分生孢子的固体发酵工艺条件,并验证发酵物作为生物有机肥的促生效果。【方法】在实验室条件下,以小麦秸秆为固体发酵基质,研究固体发酵的不同发酵方式,温度、酸浓度、酸种类、接种量、含水量、外加碳源和氮源等单因子条件下的产孢量;再利用正交试验设计,研究温度、酸浓度、含水量、接种量、外加氮源和碳源的发酵条件优化。利用两季温室盆栽试验测定包括施用化肥、有机肥、发酵物和不同肥料组合的5个不同施肥处理的黄瓜地上部生物量、株高和叶面积。采用稀释涂布法测定黄瓜盆栽根际土中总真菌数量和木霉菌数量。【结果】单因素条件优化:基质用稀硝酸 (0.1 mol/L) 调节酸度值后接种3%(v/w) 的1 × 107个/mL的T-E5孢子液,调节水分使初始含水量达到75%;在此条件下,添加尿素和玉米粉,在28℃下发酵培养8天,最大产孢量可达到8.87 × 109个/g。通过正交优化,每10 g小麦秸秆,加入调节酸度值的0.05 mol/L硝酸18.3 mL,含水量70%(湿基),接种量9%,添加尿素的量为1%,30℃浅盘培养8天,产孢量达到1.1 × 1010个/g。第1季盆栽试验结果表明,与单施化肥处理 (CCK) 相比,发酵产物与化肥配施 (CT) 使黄瓜的地上部分生物量、株高和叶面积分别提高14.97%、16.75%和14.64%;与单施有机肥处理 (OCK) 相比,发酵产物与有机肥配施 (OT) 使黄瓜的地上部分生物量、株高和叶面积分别提高10.62%、26.06%和9.53%。第2季盆栽也有类似的促生效果,与CCK相比,CT使上述指标分别提高12.83%、11.49%和26.93%;与OCK相比,OT使上述指标分别提高5.96%、34.29%和18.01%。两季盆栽添加木霉发酵物的处理中根际土总真菌数和木霉菌数量相比CCK、OCK和不施肥照 (CK) 均增加1个数量级以上。【结论】以小麦秸秆为主要原料,采用固体发酵工艺可生产高分生孢子含量的哈茨木霉菌剂及其生物有机肥,表明利用农业废弃物生产高附加值的木霉菌剂及其生物有机肥具有可行性。但木霉孢子数量主要受发酵条件影响,今后应在中试和工厂化生产水平进一步研究木霉孢子固体发酵的工艺参数。     

Rhizodeposition and net release of soluble organic compounds by pine and beech seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi

Summary A lysimetric experiment was performed in a greenhouse to evalute root deposition and net release of soluble organic compounds after 1 and 2 years from pine and beech seedlings inoculated with an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Laccaria laccata) and/or rhizobacteria (Agrobacterium radiobacter for beech and Agrobacterium sp. for pine). Total C compounds released in the rhizosphere of both plants increased after inoculation with the bacteria or ectomycorrhizal fungus. The rhizobacteria increased root and plant growth and rhizodeposition, but the mycorrhizal fungi appeared to increase only root deposition. Soluble C compounds, collected after 2 years, represented only 0.1–0.3% of the total C compounds released into the rhizosphere, and were modified by inoculation with the microorganisms. After inoculation with the bacteria, levels of sugars and amino acids decreased in pine and beech rhizospheres, whereas organic acids increased, especially in the pine rhizosphere. In the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal beeches, sugar and amino acids increased, and organic acids differed from those released from non-mycorrhizal beeches. In the mycorrhizal pine rhizosphere, however, all compounds decreased. Following dual inoculations, mycorrhizal colonization increased, no effect on plant growth was observed, and virtually no organic acids were detected.     

设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征分析

研究设施菜田土壤呼吸速率日变化特征对于了解CO₂排放对环境和作物生长的影响十分重要。本研究采用CO2红外分析仪 动态箱法在2009年秋冬季和2010年冬春季监测了不同有机肥和氮肥处理下设施菜田土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征。结果表明: 施用有机肥和秸秆明显提高设施菜田土壤呼吸速率, 尤其是在高氮投入下, 鸡粪和小麦秸秆混施土壤呼吸速率明显高于其他处理; 不同季节各处理土壤呼吸速率的日变化特征基本一致, 土壤呼吸速率的最大值出现在14:00-17:00; 随着温度升高, 土壤呼吸速率逐渐增加, 但是过高的温度和CO₂浓度均会抑制土壤呼吸速率; 上午8:00-11:00测定的土壤呼吸速率值与土壤呼吸速率日平均值基本一致, 可采用上午8:00-11:00土壤呼吸速率的观测值评估设施菜田CO₂的排放量; 施肥、温度和温室内近地面CO₂浓度是影响不同季节土壤呼吸速率日变化的主要因素, 合理调控对于实现设施蔬菜的可持续发展具有重要意义。