基于CA-Markov模型的乌江下游地区土地利用变化情景分析

以乌江下游的涪陵等6个区县为研究区,基于1995年、2005年、2015年的Landsat影像解译数据,综合运用GIS空间分析技术、CA-Markov模型和MCE模型,实现研究区土地利用时空格局模拟。结合情景分析方法,探讨在"快速城镇化情景"、"现状延续情景"和"生态保护情景"三种模式下研究区2020年、2035年、2050年的土地利用格局。结果表明:(1)在"快速城镇化情景"下,建设用地急剧扩张,35年间其面积增加了一倍,达到1 390.46km2,且主要来源为耕地,约占转出耕地面积的一半;林地增长十分缓慢,草地和未利用地持续减少,到2050年分别减少了186.58km~2和69.40km~2,未利用地减少了一半。(2)在"现状延续情景"下,建设用地增长仍然较快,2050年增加了347.92km~2,增幅达37.92%;耕地减幅有所下降,林地增加也比"快速城镇化情景"要快,但草地和未利用地仍在持续减少,35年间分别减少了25.9%和44.3%。(3)在"生态保护情景"下,林地、草地、未利用地等生态用地不断恢复和增加,到2050年,生态用地总面积占研究区的64%;建设用地无序扩张得到限制,到2050年其总面积为1 171.42km~2,比同期"快速城镇化情景"减少了219.04km~2;耕地虽有减少,但逐渐趋于平衡,始终保持在6 000km~2以上。因此,"生态保护情景"是研究区未来经济、社会和环境协调发展较为理想的模式。研究结果可为该地区土地规划、区域可持续发展提供科学参考。     

基于PLUS与InVEST模型的内蒙古自治区土地利用变化及碳储量评估

为实现内蒙古自治区的“双碳”目标。根据内蒙古自治区2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据(LULC),按照内蒙古自治区“十四五”政策规划，建立自然发展、耕地保护与生态保护3种情景，利用PLUS模型对内蒙古自治区2030年土地利用空间分布进行预测分析，并用InVEST模型对内蒙古自治区不同开发情景下碳储量的变化进行分析。结果表明：(1)2000—2020年间内蒙古地区林地与建设用地面积均有增加，耕地、水域、草地与未利用地面积均呈减少态势，且转移方向上主要表现为耕地转为建设用地。(2)自然发展状态下，草地、耕地、水域及未利用地呈下降趋势，林地及建设用地呈上升趋势；在生态保护状态下，林地、草地和水域面积均比自然开发情景有所增加；耕地保护情景下，耕地面积相较于自然发展情景呈扩张趋势，扩张面积达4.69×10⁴ hm²。(3)2000年、2010年、2020年内蒙古地区碳储量分别达到1.371 7×10¹⁰,1.370 9×10¹⁰,1.370 6×10¹⁰ t,呈逐年减少趋势。...     

基于PLUS与InVEST模型的昆明市土地利用变化动态模拟与碳储量评估

[目的]评估不同情景下的土地利用变化与碳储量变化,为优化生态服务与可持续性发展提供科学依据。[方法]基于PLUS模型与InVEST模型,模拟和预测不同情景下的土地利用变化与碳储量。[结果](1)在自然发展与生态保护情景下,土地利用变化相似,耕地、草地、水域减少,建设用地急剧扩张,其中建设用地在自然发展情景下扩张更快,变化率达27.70%;在耕地保护情景下,土地利用变化与其他两种情景不同,这是由于林地面积的减少与建设用地的迅速扩张造成的;(2)昆明市2000,2010,2020年的碳储量分别为3.37×10⁸,3.34×10⁸,3.28×10⁸ t,呈现逐年下降的趋势。到2030年,耕地保护与生态保护相较于自然发展情景碳储量较高,说明采取保护措施,能有效控制碳储量的减少;(3)土地利用变化导致碳储量减少9.15×10⁶ t,土地利用变化与碳储量变化呈现高度一致性。[结论]落实耕地保护、生态保护政策,控制建设用地向耕地、林地的扩张,优化土地利用结构,有利于减缓区域碳储量损失。     

珠峰北麓朋曲流域土地覆被变化及未来情景模拟

[目的] 模拟未来短、中远期珠峰北麓朋曲流域土地利用变化，为该流域的土地利用规划提供科学参考。 [方法] 基于朋曲流域(珠峰北麓)2010-2020年的土地覆被数据，综合考虑人为和自然两大要素12项驱动因子，采用Markov-FLUS模型，对朋曲流域自由发展、耕地保护和生态保护3种未来情景下的土地覆被变化进行了模拟。 [结果] ①2020年朋曲流域土地覆被实际情况与Markov-FLUS模型模拟情况的总体精度(OA)为90%，kappa系数为0.82，精确度较高，模型可用于该区未来情景模拟； ②2010-2020年朋曲流域5种土地覆被类型发生变化，其中，林地和草地的面积变化最为明显，林地面积增加778.16 km²，草地面积减少726.89 km²； ③朋曲流域未来情景的模拟结果显示：在自由发展、耕地保护、生态保护3种不同情景下，短期内草地和其他用地类型面积变化较大，中远期除草地、其他用地类型面积变化较大以外，林地面积变化开始增大；无论是短期还是中远期来看，耕地保护情景下耕地面积均呈持续减少趋势。 [结论] 维持朋曲流域的可持续发展，必须强化落实耕地保护政策、注重耕地永续利用；生态保护情景下自然保护区内的植被类型相互转换受到限制，生物多样性得到有序协调发展。     

耦合InVEST与FLUS模型的海南岛生态系统碳储量时空演变与预测

[目的] 通过研究海南岛城市化扩张下土地利用变化对碳储量的影响,揭示碳储量时空格局演变和预测未来发展趋势,为优化国土空间布局和生态敏感区的保护提供科学依据。[方法] 基于1980—2020年土地利用数据,采用InVEST模型碳储量模块反演1980—2020年海南岛碳储量时空变化,并耦合FLUS模型和InVEST模型模拟自然发展情景、快速发展情景和生态保护情景3种发展情景下2030年海南岛的土地利用和碳储量变化情况。[结果] ①海南岛土地利用类型以林地、耕地为主。1980—2020年耕地、草地、林地和未利用地面积均有不同程度减少。建设用地和水域面积增加,尤以建设用地面积增长最快,增幅为83.4%。②海南岛碳储量总体呈“中间高,四周低”的特点,1980—2000年碳储量变化较小,降幅约0.03%。2000—2020年海南岛城镇化进程加快,碳储量损失也随之加剧,年均损失约372 t,累计损失碳储量7 439 t。③未来建设用地仍会继续扩张,受此影响3个情景下2030年海南岛碳储量均呈现降低的趋势。其中,快速发展情景下建设用地土地利用变化量最大,碳储量最易流失,自然发展情景次之,生态保护情景变化最小。[结论] 在海南自由贸易港未来的土地利用规划中,应加强中部山区、自然保护地等重点生态区位的保护力度,优化土地利用格局,严格控制林地、耕地和湿地向建设用地转变,提高固碳增汇效能,实现区域可持续发展。     

基于FLUS模型的喀斯特地区生态用地时空变化及多情景预测——以湖南省宁远县为例

[目的]分析近2000—2020年喀斯特地区生态用地数量分布特征,预测未来多情景下生态用地变化情况,寻求协调生态保护与发展建设的最优情景,为研究区未来国土空间开发保护,生态空间管控以及区域生态经济可持续发展提供科学参考。[方法]采用土地利用转移矩阵和动态度分析湖南省宁远县土地利用变化特点,基于FLUS模型,模拟预测2030年不同情景下生态用地数量及分布。[结果](1)耕地主要集中在宁远县中部区域,林地、草地原生态用地主要分布在南北两端和西部。2020年,原生态用地中,林地所占比例为56.69%,草地所占比例为12.85%,水域为0.60%,半人工生态用地即耕地所占比例为27.80%。(2)多情景模拟结果显示：生态优先情景下,宁远县原生态用地中林地、草地、水域分别较2020年增加了15.12,37.35,23.67 hm~2。(3)政策对喀斯特地区生态用地变化有着极大的导向作用,社会经济发展对水域的增加有显著影响。[结论]宁远县原生态用地所占比例高达70.14%。生态保护优先情景能够最大程度保障生态用地不被非生态用地侵占。在以建设森林城市为目标导向的情况下,宁远县及同类地区适宜采用该情景...     

基于地形因子的鄱阳湖地区土地利用格局变化分析

为研究土地利用空间格局变化地形特征,采用1990年、2000年、2010年、2013年4期鄱阳湖地区Landsat TM解译数据及DEM数据,借助地形位、分布指数、地学信息图谱方法,深入探讨了1990—2013年鄱阳湖地区不同地形下土地利用格局的变化特征。结果表明:(1)1990—2013年,鄱阳湖地区土地利用类型以耕地、林地、水域为主,三种类型面积占比均在90%以上,建设用地快速增长,由1990年的1 387.42km~2增加到2013年的2 413.98km~2,增加了1 026.56km~2,耕地、未利用土地、林地面积分别减少513.39km~2,399.04km2,123.75km~2;(2)1990—2013年,土地利用格局变化具有地形效应,低地形范围优势分布耕地、建设用地、水域,高地形范围林地优势分布,未利用土地、草地零散分布对地形变化适宜性较强;(3)1990—2013年,研究区土地利图谱以稳定型和中期型为主,面积分别为48 457.44km~2,2 014.56km~2,稳定型图谱的优势区域位于高、低地形范围,耕地、林地、建设用地变化稳定;低、中高地形范围是中期变换型的优势分布区,主要表现为未利用土地—未利用土地—水域—水域、耕地—耕地—建设用地—建设用地。     

基于Markov-FLUS模型的广西土地利用变化模拟预测

耕地保护是确保粮食安全和社会经济稳定的头等大事,土地利用变化预测分析则是调整耕地保护政策的重要依据。为了探究广西耕地保护工作成效、促进土地资源合理配置,围绕耕地保护,运用Markov-FLUS模型,分别基于非限制性与耕地保护两类情景,预测2025年广西土地利用数量及空间变化状况,对比了两类情景下耕地变化差异。结果表明:(1)广西城市建设效果明显,2005—2015年,城镇用地、交通基础设施用地等其他建设用地面积增长了893 km²,增长率达77.25%。两类不同土地利用情景模拟预测下,至2025年,城镇用地面积均保持增长趋势,但耕地保护情景下,其扩张速度受到限制;(2)广西生态保护成效良好,两类不同土地利用情景模拟预测下,至2025年,林地、草地、水域等生态用地面积均保持增长趋势;(3)广西耕地保护任重道远,2005—2015年,耕地面积减少626 km²,两类不同土地利用情景模拟预测下,至2025年,耕地面积均延续减少趋势。但耕地保护情景下,耕地面积减少态势得到一定程度遏止;(4)不同发展阶段,影响广西耕地保护的主导因素各异:2005—2015年,交通道路等基础设施建设是影响广西耕地保护的主要因素; 2015—2025年,随着社会经济加速发展,南宁市、桂林市、柳州市以及“钦北防”沿海城市建设用地的扩张和桂西北、桂南地区林业用地的增长,将成为广西耕地减少的主要原因。     

FLUS-CSLE模型预测黄土高原典型流域不同土地利用变化情景土壤侵蚀

流域土壤侵蚀预测对于了解未来土壤侵蚀发展趋势，制定未来水土保持治理策略具有重要意义。为了提出一种适用于黄土高原地区的易于评估未来不同土地利用管理策略的土壤侵蚀预测方法，本研究基于地形、降雨、土壤、遥感影像数据，完成韭园沟流域2010-2020年的土地利用空间分布解译，并计算历史时期（2010-2020）的土壤侵蚀模数，基于FLUS模型完成流域2025年土地利用分布状况预测，以此为基础获得未来植被覆盖措施因子B和耕作措施因子T，结合CSLE模型预测2025年自然发展、经济增长、生态保护3种不同土地利用变化情景下土壤侵蚀状况。结果表明：1）韭园沟流域土地利用类型主要为草地（面积占比62.23%）和林地（28.41%），其次是耕地、建筑物和水体，在2010-2020年期间土地利用空间分布格局经历了较大变化，林、草地面积增加8.36%，耕地面积减少30.3%。2）流域2010、2015、2020年这3 a间土壤侵蚀模数平均值分别为19.49、15.83、20.7 t/(hm2·a)，整体呈现先降低后增加的趋势，不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀模数由大到小为耕地（40.56 t/(hm2·a)）、草地（18.79 t/(hm2·a)）、建设用地（10.25 t/(hm2·a)）、林地（8.02 t/(hm2·a)）。3）在积极的生态保护情景下，2025年林、草地面积相比自然发展和经济增长情景分别增加1.63%、5.06%，耕地面积相比自然发展和经济发展分别减少1.2%、14.73%。4）2025年流域自然发展、经济增长、生态保护情景下土壤侵蚀模数分别为24.3、22.9、18.3 t/(hm2·a)。采取积极的生态保护情景发展模式，建设用地面积适度扩张可以兼顾生态保护和经济发展的需要。该研究为流域未来的土地利用规划以及水土保持治理提供了参考，同时提供了一种快速、高效的不同土地利用情景土壤侵蚀预测方法。     

基于InVEST和CA-Markov模型的黄河流域碳储量时空变化研究

区域土地利用/覆被变化是导致生态系统碳储量变化的主要原因,预测未来土地利用/覆盖变化及其对碳储量的影响对区域陆地生态系统的认识具有重要意义。本研究基于黄河流域2005—2018年土地利用/覆被变化规律,运用CA-Markov模型分别预测了生态保护情景(EVC)和自然变化情景(NVC)下的土地利用/覆被空间格局,采用修正后的碳密度,运用InVEST模型评估黄河流域2005—2030年6期碳储量。结果表明:2005—2018年黄河流域林地、水域和建设用地面积持续增加,耕地、草地和未利用土地面积减少, 13 a间全流域碳储量减少28.734×10~6 t。与自然变化情景相比,在生态保护情景下2030年草地和耕地相比2018年减少幅度较小,建设用地规模扩大得到了限制,产生了生态效应。2030年,自然变化情景和生态保护情景下的碳储量较2018年分别减少258.863×10~6 t和30.813×10~6 t,生态保护情景下土地利用覆被格局固碳能力高于自然变化情景,该研究可为黄河流域土地利用结构调整和土地利用管理决策提供科学依据。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.