Long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils helps to develop the methanogenic archaeal community as revealed by pot and field experiments

The community structure of methanogenic archaea is relatively stable,i.e.,it is sustained at a high abundance with minimal changes in composition,in paddy field soils irrespective of submergence and drainage.In contrast,the abundance in non-methanogenic oxic soils is much lower than that in paddy field soils.This study aimed to describe methanogenic archaeal community development following the long-term submergence of non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils in pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,a soil sample obtained from an upland field was incubated under submerged conditions for 275 d.Soil samples periodically collected were subjected to culture-dependent most probable number(MPN)enumeration,polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)analysis of archaeal 16 S r RNA gene,and quantitative PCR analysis of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit gene(mcr A)of methanogenic archaea.The abundance of methanogenic archaea increased from 102 to 103 cells g-1 dry soil and 104 to 107 copies of mcr A gene g-1 dry soil after submergence.Although no methanogenic archaeon was detected prior to incubation by the DGGE analysis,members from Methanocellales,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae proliferated in the soils,and the community structure was relatively stable once established.In the field experiment,the number of viable methanogenic archaea in a rice paddy field converted from meadow(reclaimed paddy field)was monitored by MPN enumeration over five annual cycles of field operations.Viability was also determined simultaneously in a paddy field where the plow layer soil from a farmer’s paddy field was dressed onto the meadow(dressed paddy field)and an upland crop field converted from the meadow(reclaimed upland field).The number of viable methanogenic archaea in the reclaimed paddy field was below the detection limit before the first cultivation of rice and in the reclaimed upland field.Then,the number gradually increased over five years and finally reached 103–104 cells g-1 dry soil,which was comparable to that in the dressed paddy field.These findings showed that the low abundance of autochthonous methanogenic archaea in the non-methanogenic oxic upland field soils steadily proliferated,and the community structure was developed following repeated and long-term submergence.These results suggest that habitats suitable for methanogenic archaea were established in soil following repeated and long-term submergence.     

Investigating drivers of microbial activity and respiration in a forested bog

Northern peatlands store nearly one-third of terrestrial carbon(C)stocks while covering only 3%of the global landmass;nevertheless,the drivers of C cycling in these often-waterlogged ecosystems are different from those that control C dynamics in upland forested soils.To explore how multiple abiotic and biotic characteristics of bogs interact to shape microbial activity in a northern,forested bog,we added a labile C tracer(13C-labeled starch)to in situ peat mesocosms and correlated heterotrophic respiration with natural variation in several microbial predictor variables,such as enzyme activity and microbial biomass,as well as with a suite of abiotic variables and proximity to vascular plants aboveground.We found that peat moisture content was positively correlated with respiration and microbial activity,even when moisture levels exceeded total saturation,suggesting that access to organic matter substrates in drier environments may be limiting for microbial activity.Proximity to black spruce trees decreased total and labile heterotrophic respiration.This negative relationship may reflect the influence of tree evapotranspiration and peat shading effects;i.e.,microbial activity may decline as peat dries and cools near trees.Here,we isolated the response of heterotrophic respiration to explore the variation in,and interactions among,multiple abiotic and biotic drivers that influence microbial activity.This approach allowed us to reveal the relative influence of individual drivers on C respiration in these globally important C sinks.     

Chronic effects of different fertilization regimes on nirS-type denitrifier communities across the black soil region of Northeast China

Denitrification is one of the major processes causing nitrogen loss from arable soils.This study aimed to investigate the responses of nir S-type denitrifier communities to different chronic fertilization regimes across the black soil region of Northeast China.Soil samples were collected from sites located in the north(NB),middle(MB),and south(SB)of the black soil region of Northeast China,each with four chronic fertilization regimes:no fertilizer(No F),chemical fertilizer(CF),manure(M),and chemical fertilizer plus manure(CFM).Methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)and Illumina Mi Seq sequencing were applied to assess the abundance and composition of denitrifier communities by targeting the nir S gene.The results showed that the M and CFM regimes significantly increased the abundances of nir S-type denitrifiers compared with No F at the three locations.The majority of nir S sequences were grouped as unclassified denitrifiers,and the different fertilizers induced little variation in the relative abundance of known nir S-type denitrifier taxa.Over 90%of the sequences were shared among the four fertilization regimes at each location,but none of the abundant operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were shared among the three locations.Principal coordinate analysis(PCo A)revealed that the communities of nir S-type denitrifier were separated into three groups that corresponded with their locations.Although similar fertilization regimes did not induce consistent changes in the nir S-type denitrifier communities,soil p H and NO-3-N content simultaneously and significantly influenced the structure of nir S-type denitrifier communities at the three locations.Our results highlight that geographical separation rather than chronic fertilization was the dominant factor determining the nir S-type denitrifier community structures,and similar chronic fertilization regimes did not induce consistent shifts of nir S-type denitrifier communities in the black soils.     

Enhanced anaerobic degradation of hexachlorobenzene in a Hydragric Acrisol using

Humic substances acting as an electron shuttle and nitrogen transformation process influence remarkably the electron transfer in anaerobic reaction systems and thus may affect the reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene(HCB). In order to develop an efficient agricultural strategy for the remediation of organochlorine-contaminated soils, a batch incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of humic acid, urea, and their interaction on the reductive dechlorination of HCB in a Hydragric Acrisol with high iron oxide content. After 44 d of anaerobic incubation, the five treatments, sterile control,control, humic acid, urea, and humic acid + urea decreased HCB residues by 28.8%, 47.8%, 64.7%, 57.8%, and 71.3%, respectively. The amendment of humic acid or urea significantly decreased soil Eh values and accelerated Fe(Ⅲ) reduction to Fe(Ⅱ), thus promoting markedly reductive dechlorination of HCB. Humic acid had a larger dechlorination effect than urea. Since there was a synergistic interaction between humic acid and urea that accelerated HCB dechlorination, the treatment having both amendments together was the most efficient for HCB dechlorination. The results showed that the combination of NH4⁺_-N supplied by a fertilizer and humic substance is a feasible strategy for the remediation of organochlorine-contaminated soils with abundant iron oxide.     

Complementary effect of zoo compost with mineral nitrogen fertilisation increases wheat yield and nutrition in a low-nutrient soil

Excess nitrogen(N) fertiliser use in agriculture is associated with water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.While practices and programs to reduce N fertiliser application continue to be developed,inefficient fertiliser use persists.Practices that reduce mineral N fertiliser application are needed in a sustainable agricultural ecosystem to control leaching and gaseous losses for environmental management.This study evaluated whether fully or partially replacing mineral N fertiliser with zoo compost(Perth Zoo) could be a good mitigation strategy to reduce mineral N fertiliser application without affecting wheat yield and nutrition.To achieve this,a glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the complementary effect of zoo compost and mineral N fertiliser on wheat yield and nutrition in a sandy soil of southwestern Australia.Additionally,a chlorophyll meter was used to determine whether there was a correlation between chlorophyll content and soil mineral N content,grain N uptake,and grain protein content at the tillering(42 d after sowing(DAS)) and heading(63 DAS) growth stages.The standard practice for N application for this soil type in this area,100 kg ha^-1,was used with a soil bulk density of 1.3 g cm^-3 to calculate the amount of mineral N(urea,46% N) and Perth Zoo compost(ZC)(0.69% N) for each treatment.Treatments comprised a control(no nutrients added,T1),mineral N only(100 kg N ha^-1,T2),ZC only(100 kg N ha^-1,T7),and combinations of mineral N and ZC at different rates(mineral N at 100 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 25 kg N ha^-1(T3),mineral N at 75 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 25 kg N ha^-1(T4),mineral N at 75 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 50 kg N ha^-1(T5),and mineral N at 50 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 50 kg N ha^-1(T6)).The T6 treatment significantly increased grain yield(by 26%) relative to the T2 treatment.However,the T7 treatment did not affect grain yield when compared to the T2 treatment.All treatments with mineral N and ZC in combination significantly improved the 1 000-grain weight compared to the T2 treatment.Chlorophyll content was better correlated with soil mineral N content(r = 0.61),grain N uptake(r = 0.62),and grain protein content(r = 0.80) at heading(63 DAS) than at tillering(42 DAS).While ZC alone could not serve as an alternative to mineral N fertiliser,its complementary use could reduce the mineral N fertiliser requirement by up to 50% for wheat without compromising grain yield,which needs to be verified in the field.Chlorophyll content could be used to predict soil mineral N at the heading stage,and further studies are warranted to verify its accuracy in the field.Overall,the application of ZC as part of integrated nutrient management improved crop yield with reduced N fertiliser application.     

A new perspective on functional redundancy and phylogenetic niche conservatism in soil microbial communities

Functional redundancy in soil microbial communities seems to contradict the notion that individual species have distinct metabolic niches in multi-species communities.All soil microbiota have the metabolic capacity for"basic"functions(e.g.,respiration and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling),but only a few soil microbiota participate in"rare"functions(e.g.,methanogenesis and mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants).The objective of this perspective paper is to use the phylogenetic niche conservatism theory as an explanation for the functional redundancy of soil microbiota.Phylogenetic niche conservatism is defined as the tendency for lineages to retain ancestral functional characteristics through evolutionary time-scales.The present-day soil microbiota is the result of a community assembly process that started when prokaryotes first appeared on Earth.For billions of years,microbiota have retained a highly conserved set of core genes that control the essential redox and biogeochemical reactions for life on Earth.These genes are passed from microbe to microbe,which contributes to functional redundancy in soil microbiota at the planetary scale.The assembly of microbial communities during soil formation is consistent with phylogenetic niche conservatism.Within a specific soil,the heterogeneous matrix provides an infinite number of sets of diverse environmental conditions,i.e.,niches that lead to the divergence of microbial species.The phylogenetic niche conservatism theory predicts that two or more microbial species diverging from the same clade will have an overlap in their niches,implying that they are functionally redundant in some of their metabolic processes.The endogenous genetic factors that constrain the adaptation of individuals and,thus,populations to changing environmental conditions constitute the core process of phylogenetic niche conservatism.Furthermore,the degree of functional redundancy in a particular soil is proportional to the complexity of the considered function.We conclude with a conceptual model that identifies six patterns of functional redundancy in soil microbial communities,consistent with the phylogenetic niche conservatism theory.     

Evidence for niche differentiation of nitrifying communities in grassland soils after 44 years of different field fertilization scenarios

Long-term nitrogen(N)fertilization imposes strong selection on nitrifying communities in agricultural soil,but how a progressively changing niche affects potentially active nitrifiers in the field remains poorly understood.Using a 44-year grassland fertilization experiment,we investigated community shifts of active nitrifiers by DNA-based stable isotope probing(SIP)of field soils that received no fertilization(CK),high levels of organic cattle manure(HC),and chemical N fertilization(CF).Incubation of DNA-SIP microcosms showed significant nitrification activities in CF and HC soils,whereas no activity occurred in CK soils.The 44 years of inorganic N fertilization selected only 13C-ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB),whereas cattle slurry applications created a niche in which both ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)and AOB could be actively13C-labeled.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Nitrosospira sp.62-like AOB dominated inorganically fertilized CF soils,while Nitrosospira sp.41-like AOB were abundant in organically fertilized HC soils.The 13C-AOA in HC soils were affiliated with the 29i4 lineage.The 13C-nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)were dominated by both Nitrospira-and Nitrobacter-like communities in CF soils,and the latter was overwhelmingly abundant in HC soils.The 13C-labeled nitrifying communities in SIP microcosms of CF and HC soils were largely similar to those predominant under field conditions.These results provide direct evidence for a strong selection of distinctly active nitrifiers after 44 years of different fertilization regimes in the field.Our findings imply that niche differentiation of nitrifying communities could be assessed as a net result of microbial adaption over 44 years to inorganic and organic N fertilization in the field,where distinct nitrifiers have been shaped by intensified anthropogenic N input.     

Responses of soil phosphorus pools accompanied with carbon composition and microorganism changes to phosphorus-input reduction in paddy soils

In rice-wheat rotation systems, changes in soil phosphorus(P) pools and microorganisms in rice-growing seasons have been studied;however, further investigations are required to test whether these indexes exhibit different responses in wheat-growing seasons. Additionally, such studies need to include potential variations in soil carbon(C) structure and microbial community composition. In this study, a long-term rice-wheat rotation P-input reduction experiment was conducted to observe the variations in soil P pools and C composition in the 7th wheat season and to investigate the responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial communities. Four P fertilization treatments were included in the experiment, i.e., P application for rice season only(PR), for wheat season only(PW), and for both rice and wheat seasons(PR+W) and no P application in either season(Pzero). Compared with PR+W treatment, Pzero treatment significantly decreased(P < 0.05) labile and stable P pools. Different P fertilization regimes altered soil microbial community composition and enzyme activity, whereas C composition did not vary. However, PW treatment resulted in relatively more O-alkyl-C than PR treatment and the highest number of microorganisms. Besides, the higher ratios of fungi/bacteria and Gram-positive bactetia/Gram-negative bactetia were related to labile C pools, particularly O-alkyl-C, as opposed to recalcitrant C. Our results clarified the status of soil P pools, C chemistry, and the response of microorganisms under dry-farming conditions in the P input-reduced rice-wheat rotation system.     

Beyond microbial diversity for predicting soil functions: A mini review

Since the advent of sequencing technologies,the determination of microbial diversity to predict microbial functions,which are the major determinants of soil functions,has become a major topic of interest,as evidenced by the 900 publications dealing with soil metagenome published up to 2017.However,the detection of a gene in soil does not mean that the relative function is expressed,and the presence of a particular taxon does not mean that the relative functions determined in pure culture also occur in the studied soil.Another critical step is to link microbial community composition or function to the product analyzed to determine flux rates.Indeed,flux rates might not only be highly dynamic,but several metabolites can depend on different reactions,which makes the link to one process of interest difficult or even impossible.This review also discusses biases caused by sampling,storage of samples,DNA extraction and purification,sequencing(amplicon-vs.metagenome sequencing),and bioinformatic data analysis.Insights and the limits of predicting microbial interactions by network inference methods are critically discussed,and finally,future directions for a better understanding of soil functions by using measurements of microbial diversity are presented.     

Influence of kaolinite and montmorillonite on benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and the underlying interface interaction mechanisms

Clay minerals play an important role in biogeochemical cycling.Here,kaolinite and montmorillonite,the two most abundant and widespread clay minerals with typical layered structures,were selected to investigate and compare their effects on the biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and to investigate the underlying interface mechanisms.Overall,the BaP degradation efficiency was significantly higher 7 d after montmorillonite addition,reaching 68.9%(P<0.05),when compared with that of the control without addition of clay minerals(CK,61.4%);however,the addition of kaolinite significantly reduced the BaP degradation efficiency to 45.8%.This suggests that kaolinite inhibits BaP degradation by inhibiting the growth of strain HPD-2,or its strong hydrophobicity and readily agglomerates in the degradation system,resulting in a decrease in the bio-accessibility of BaP to strain HPD-2.Montmorillonite may buffer some unfavorable factors,and cells may be fixed on the surface of montmorillonite colloidal particles across energy barriers.Furthermore,the adsorption of BaP on montmorillonite may be weakened after swelling,reducing the effect on the bio-accessibility of BaP,thus promoting the biodegradation of BaP by strain HPD-2.The experimental results indicate that differential bacterial growth,BaP bio-accessibility,interface interaction,and the buffering effect may explain the differential effects of the different minerals on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation.These observations improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which clay minerals,organic pollutants,and degrading bacteria interact during the biodegradation process and provide a theoretical basis for increasing the biodegradation of soil pollutants by native microorganisms under field conditions.     

加强图书馆现采工作 提高馆藏文献质量

介绍了我国图书现采活动的主要形式,分析了图书现采的利弊,提出了图书现场采购中应注意的问题,并对图书馆采访人员应具备的素质提出要求。     

贵阳市蔬菜上市量与气象灾害关系的研究

统计,分析了贵阳市蔬菜气象灾害的成因,种类,特征及其对蔬菜生产影响的程度,结合蔬菜受害机制,再生力,影响程度,对蔬菜气象灾害进行分类,分级。初步认为暴雨,冰雹,连阴雨,,连续高温高湿,春旱,倒春寒６种气象灾害是贵阳市蔬菜生产的主要气象灾害,其中后４种气象灾害应作为防灾减灾的重点,提出蔬菜均衡上市的防灾减灾对策措施。     

Effect of the Substrates upon the Regeneration of the Engrafted Cuttings and the Yield of Engrafted Rooted Vines

Engrafted cuttings of the variety Rkaciteli on stocks B?×?R Cober 5BB and R?×?R 101-14, having endured open and covered stratification on different substrates, were planted in a polyethylene glasshouse on four artificial substrates after the postplanting preparation. The complex effect of the stock variety was examined, as well as the effects of the stratification methods and the substrates on the yield of engrafted vines. The characteristics of the regeneration of the engrafted cuttings during the stratification were established. The optimal substrates for stratification of the transplants and the growing of engrafted vines in glasshouses were defined.     

黄河壶口至龙门段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过野外考察,在黄河晋陕峡谷发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积物地层。对于采取的沉积物和黄土古土壤样品,进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分的测试分析。综合野外观测和实验分析结果,确定它们是黄河悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。其主要成分是粉沙,次要成分为细沙,据此确定其质地属于细沙质粉沙。其磁化率略高于黄河河床相沙质沉积物,但是远低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤。其频率曲线为极正偏态,主峰高而且尖锐,表明分析性很好,粒度成分很集中。这是因为其在黄河洪水当中长距离搬运分选的结果。与泾河、洛河和漆水河比较,黄河晋陕峡谷全新世古洪水沉积物粒度成分偏粗。这表明黄河洪水搬运动力较强,且其悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土地区和风沙地区水土流失产物的混合物。这些特大洪水沉积层之间,被坡积角砾石或者石渣土层分隔开来,每一层记录了一个古洪水事件。     

农用地分等成果省级汇总技术研究

多比例尺空间数据与属性数据自动综合技术一直以来都是GIS研究领域的难题。在广东省农用地分等成果的省级汇总工作中,为了实现省市县三级数据汇总、数据统一管理和相互追溯功能,必须要克服多比例尺空间与属性数据综合及单元属性数据建立关联的相关问题。在具体工作实践中,笔者根据自己研究分析并利用现有GIS软件功能与二次开发相结合的方法,有效解决了这一问题。     

影响板栗产量的气象条件分析及产量评估方法

统计近24年兴隆县板栗的产量资料与生育期的气象资料,分析了板栗产量与气温、降水、日照等气象条件的相关关系,选取与板栗产量相关好的气象要素为预报因子,用多元回归的方法建立了板栗气象产量评估方程,并进行了回代和检验。     

The forming process of the peculiar Mn-mottling in the polder

In the subsurface horizons of some paddy fields at the Kojima polder, Okayama Prefecture, the authors noticed a peculiar Mn-mottling, which had not been found in the common paddy fields. Several paddy soils in varying stages of maturity were carefuIIy surveyed at the Kojima polder. The soils were tentatively named OK4, OK7, OKS, and OK9. The ages of the fields after reclamation were about 10, 100, 150, and 250 years, respectively. Undisturbed samples were collected from 3 soils (OK4, OK7, and OKS) for microscopic observation and chemical analysis.     

泾河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对泾河流域广泛的野外考察,在泾河下游高陵县段发现了典型的全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面,系统地进行采集样品和粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、吸湿水含量等多指标分析。从沉积学角度将古洪水滞流沉积物与全新世风成黄土和土壤进行对比,证明了该剖面所夹古洪水滞流沉积物的性质为细砂质粉砂,属于河流洪水悬移质泥砂沉积物。根据地层结构及与流域内其它剖面的对比,结合OSL测年数据,确定泾河在全新世中期4200~4000 a B.P.发生了第1期古洪水事件,在全新世晚期3200~2800 a B.P.发生了第2期洪水事件。这些古洪水事件都发生在全球性气候突变转折时期,表明在这些时期气候极端恶化,变率增大,洪水和干旱事件皆有发生。该研究对于泾河防洪减灾、水资源开发利用,对于揭示水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律,具有重要的科学意义。     

双向犁平地合墒器随动翻转机构的研究

为了在双向犁上配置合墒器解决耕耙复式作业,对双向犁及平地合墒器进行了分析,提出双向犁平地合墒器随动翻转机构,对随动翻转机构的主要设计参数进行了理论分析,论述了各参数之间的关系及选择原则。试验表明,该机构工作稳定可靠,具有良好的使用价值。     

计算机组成原理课程教学探讨

根据实际教学实践,介绍了计算机组成原理课程的理论教学与实践教学在内容、方法、考核上的一些具体做法,并提出了一些改革措施,旨在提高课程教学效果。