汉江上游郧县尚家河段全新世古洪水水文学研究

通过对汉江上游实地调查,在郧县尚家河一级阶地前沿发现了含有4个古洪水滞流沉积层的典型全新世黄土一古土壤剖面,对采集的沉积物样品进行磁化率、粒度和烧失量等沉积特征分析,并与现代洪水沉积物特征比较,判定该剖面中的洪水沉积物为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,记录了汉江上游全新世4期古洪水事件.通过地层对比和OSL测年,确定这4期古洪水事件分别发生在12600-12400 a B.P.,11600-11400 a B.P.,5500-5000 a B.P.和1000-900 a B.P..在确定了古洪水洪峰水位和相关水文参数的基础上,采用比降法恢复了这4期古洪水最大洪峰流量在46 280～63 720m3/s之间,符合流域面积与洪水洪峰流量关系;同时采用相同的河流断面和水文参数,计算了剖面附近的2010年7月18日洪痕流量,与实测流量相比,误差为1.74％,说明古洪水水文参数选择与洪峰流量计算结果是合理的.     

渭河流域全新世古洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征

对渭河流域野外实地详细调查,在渭河中游发现了具有典型古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)的全新世黄土-古土壤沉积剖面。根据地层学对比和OSL测年,确定渭河流域在3200-2800aB.P.发生了特大古洪水事件。对沉积物地球化学特征分析表明,SWD为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物,各化学元素和氧化物的变异系数大,元素数据分布较为分散;Fe2O3、Al2O3、Ba、Cr、Cu、V、Rb含量高于S0和L0,SiO2、Zr含量低于S0和L0;化学元素粒度效应表明,SWD粒径小、粘粒强,是在滞流环境的水动力条件下沉积而成;通过气候指标Rb/Sr和Ba/Sr分析,认为古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)记录的3200-2800aB.P.的特大古洪水事件,是在全新世大暖期结束之际,因夏季风减弱、气候系统不稳定、降水变率较大所导致的。     

汉江上游郧县庹家洲河段全新世古洪水研究

通过对汉江上游的实地调查,在湖北省郧县庹家洲段发现了含有4期古洪水滞流沉积层的典型全新世黄土-古土壤剖面。结合野外观察和室内粒度、磁化率和烧失量等指标的测定,判定为典型的古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),记录了汉江上游4期古洪水事件。通过地层对比、OSL断代等方法,确定这4期古洪水事件分别发生在12 600-12 400aB.P.,4 200-4 000aB.P.,3 200-2 800aB.P.和东汉时期1 900-1 800aB.P.。然后利用沉积学和水文学原理恢复了洪峰水位,并选择合适的水文参数,采用比降法水文模型推算出了这4期特大古洪水洪峰流量。同时,根据相同的方法,推算了剖面附近1983,2005和2010年洪痕对应的洪峰流量,与实测流量相比,误差在1.99%~4.21%,说明计算古洪水洪峰流量的水文参数选择与计算结果是合理的,而且古洪水洪峰流量计算结果也符合洪峰流量与流域面积关系。     

渭河下游全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过广泛的野外考察,在渭河下游发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积物,对其进行了深入观察、地层划分和系统采样。在实验室内进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分等多指标的分析测试。结果表明,这些古洪水沉积物以细粉沙为主,性质为粉沙质亚黏土,致密坚硬,具有水平或波状层理,与覆盖在河流阶地面的风成黄土和古土壤有着显著的区别。通过OSL测年断代,发现它们与渭河上游固川镇剖面的古洪水SWD为同一期特大洪水的沉积物。这表明渭河流域在3200—3000aBP发生了一组3次特大洪水事件。这个时期正是全新世大暖期结束之际,也就是中国历史上商代末期。渭河流域特大洪水事件的发生与全球性气候恶化转折密切相关。     

长江宜都段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

对长江中游地区进行详细的野外调查,在长江宜都段剖面发现3层古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD).综合全新世地层关系对比、文化遗物和光释光(OSL)技术测年结果,确定这三期古洪水事件分别发生在950～850 a B.P.,750～650 a B.P.,550～350 a B.P..结合野外宏观特征和粒度成分以及地球化学元素的测定分析,结果表明:现代土壤、近代黄土和古土壤的沉积物性质是粘土质粉沙,而古洪水SWD是沙质粉沙.古洪水SWD的峰值集中,分选性好,中值粒径和平均粒径偏粗且沙级颗粒含量偏大.古洪水SWD的Fe2O3、MnO、Rb/Sr和残积指数明显偏低,这与其粘粒含量少有关;而Na2O、CaO、Sr含量和残积指数偏高,这与其很少受到风化成壤影响,且沙粒含量高有关.     

汉江上游郧县辽瓦店全新世古洪水研究

以汉江上游谷地郧县辽瓦店全新世古洪水滞流沉积剖面为研究对象,对其进行了洪水沉积学和水文学研究,并对其粒度组成、磁化率、烧矢量等理化性质进行了测量。结果证明,辽瓦店(LWD)剖面中夹有典型的古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),它记录了一次特大洪水事件。利用地层学方法确定该次洪水事件发生在AD100-300之间(东汉-魏晋时代之间)。根据沉积学和水文学原理恢复了古洪水的洪峰水位在159.80m,以此计算出洪峰流量为65 420m3/s。根据2011年9月19日汉江洪水洪峰水位痕迹高程并利用相同方法反推洪水流量,所获流量数据与实测数据误差小于1%。     

黄河壶口至龙门段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过野外考察,在黄河晋陕峡谷发现全新世古洪水滞流沉积物地层。对于采取的沉积物和黄土古土壤样品,进行磁化率、烧失量、碳酸钙和粒度成分的测试分析。综合野外观测和实验分析结果,确定它们是黄河悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。其主要成分是粉沙,次要成分为细沙,据此确定其质地属于细沙质粉沙。其磁化率略高于黄河河床相沙质沉积物,但是远低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤。其频率曲线为极正偏态,主峰高而且尖锐,表明分析性很好,粒度成分很集中。这是因为其在黄河洪水当中长距离搬运分选的结果。与泾河、洛河和漆水河比较,黄河晋陕峡谷全新世古洪水沉积物粒度成分偏粗。这表明黄河洪水搬运动力较强,且其悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土地区和风沙地区水土流失产物的混合物。这些特大洪水沉积层之间,被坡积角砾石或者石渣土层分隔开来,每一层记录了一个古洪水事件。     

黄河柳林滩段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物物源研究

通过对黄河中游进行古洪水沉积学研究和水文学研究,为超长尺度水文学提供数据基础。对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段进行详细的考察,在黄河窟野河口右侧柳林滩附近发现3层全新世古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)。光释光(OSL)测年结果表明,这一期3次古洪水事件分别发生在11 800~11 000aB.P.,10 800~10 200a B.P.,10 600~9 600aB.P.。通过对样品进行磁化率、烧失量、粒度成分、化学元素和扫描电镜的试验分析,确定其为河流悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下的产物,是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。其中,古洪水SWD的磁化率和烧失量较古土壤低,说明其是新鲜的滞流沉积物,未受到风化成壤作用的影响。3层古洪水SWD的自然分布频率曲线都呈现单峰,峰态尖锐,为极正偏态,说明其分选性好。扫描电镜的分析表明,3层SWD属于河流沙,偏关县L0属于典型的黄土—风积粉砂。不同层次的沉积物记录了不同期次的古洪水事件,反映出其水动力大小的不同或物质来源的差异。结合粒度分析和化学元素的结果,确定古洪水SWD2、SWD3与现代洪水SWD均为细沙质粉沙,化学成分相同,表明是黄河主流大洪水悬移质沉积形成。古洪水SWD1为中沙,与SWD2、SWD3在常量元素和重金属元素含量上有显著差异,而与前人在毛乌素沙漠地区所进行的粒度和元素分析结果接近,说明本层古洪水SWD是支流窟野河流域暴雨洪水从毛乌素沙漠地区侵蚀搬运而沉积下来的物质。该研究成果为今后准确鉴别古洪水SWD及来源判断提供参考借鉴。     

汉江上游郧西段归仙河口剖面全新世古洪水事件研究

对汉江上游郧西段一级阶地上归仙河口剖面的磁化率、烧失量和粒度等进行系统分析,用OSL方法对地层进行断代。结果表明:黄土剖面中夹有4层古洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),其颜色呈灰白色或浊黄橙色,结构和质地均匀且松散,与相邻上下层呈突变接触关系;磁化率和烧失量均显著低于相邻上下黄土或古土壤层;在粒度特征上,古土壤S0属于粘土质粉砂,黄土L1、L0和MS属于砂质粉砂,古洪水SWD1、SWD2和SWD4属于砂质粉砂,古洪水SWD3属于粉砂质砂;与上下相邻层相比,古洪水SWD的颗粒整体偏粗,中值粒径和平均粒径偏大,粘粒含量低,砂粒含量大。这4期的古洪水事件分别发生在1 000~900a B.P.,3 100~3 000aB.P.,7 500~7 000aB.P.和12 500~12 000aB.P.,对应于晚更新世末期以来气候波动、转折时期,同时也是对全球气候变化的区域响应。     

黄河平渡关段全新世古洪水滞流沉积物研究

通过对黄河中游晋陕峡谷段的深入调查研究,在山西省大宁县平渡关基岩峡谷河段左岸沟口岩棚内发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积层剖面。根据野外宏观特征及沉积环境,鉴别出平渡关(PDG)剖面夹有4层古洪水滞流沉积物。结合粒度成分、磁化率、烧失量、CaCO³含量等室内分析测定结果,确定为河流悬移质和跃移质在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物,是典型的古洪水滞流沉积物。不同层次沉积物是不同古洪水事件的客观记录,既有细沙质粉沙,也有细沙或者中沙,反映出其物质来源的不同或者水动力大小的差异。粒度自然分布频率曲线为正偏和极正偏,主峰高且尖锐,表明其分选良好,其粒度概率累积分布曲线为典型的两段式。沉积物磁化率和烧失量均低于全新世风成黄土和古土壤,CaCO³含量介于古土壤和黄土之间,说明在黄河晋陕峡谷段,洪水所携带的悬移质泥沙是流域内黄土区和风沙区水土流失物质的混合物。     

A mid–late Holocene flood record from the alluvial reach of the Mahi River, Western India

Flooding of rivers in India is linked with the peak monsoons. Investigating the linkage between monsoonal patterns and flood history of various rivers is therefore of fundamental importance in the Indian context. In the present study, the slackwater deposits in the alluvial reaches of the Mahi river basin, western India have been documented. These occur in the ravines incised during the early Holocene on an alluvial surface comprising sediments of Late Pleistocene age. The slackwater deposits occur at elevations up to 20 m from the present river level and extend to about 500 m inland. The carbonate rich sediments forming the ravine cliffs have provided bank stability and the dissections in the ravines have helped in the accumulation of slackwater deposits due to backflooding of the floodwater from the main channel. Recent gullies have incised the sediments and exposed deposits related to major flood events. The best exposures of slackwater deposits have been observed at Dodka. The sediment succession of the slackwater deposits is dominated by bedsets and laminasets of silt and sand separated by colluvial sediments. Four events of flood deposition occurred during the mid to late Holocene. Two units of slackwater deposits, SWD 2 and 4 have been dated by IRSL at 4.6 ± 1 ka and 1.7 ± 0.5 ka. The stratigraphy of these deposits indicates that the first two slackwater units (SWD1 and SWD2) have resulted due to flooding in a regime of intense monsoon. The other two units, however, represent extreme high magnitude floods in a period of low average precipitation.     

Caesium-137 dating applied to slackwater flood deposits of the Llobregat River, NE Spain

During a palaeoflood study of the Llobregat River (NE Spain), analysis of ¹³⁷Cs was carried out on slackwater flood deposits to obtain an improved flood chronology for the most recent flood sediments. At the Monistrol study reach, ¹³⁷Cs was measured in flood deposits preserved in valley side rock alcoves, with a range of ¹³⁷Cs concentrations of 2.80–10.06 mBq/g measured. The ¹³⁷Cs was associated with sediment mobilised from the upstream catchment by erosion and transported to the alcoves during floods. The onset of measured caesium activity in the sedimentary profiles permitted the deposits to be divided between those from floods that occurred before the mid-1950s and those from events after this period. Combining the information derived from the slackwater flood stratigraphy, the minimum discharge estimates associated with the flood deposits, ¹³⁷Cs analysis and the instrumental peak discharge series, it was possible to identify the particular flood events responsible for the majority of the slackwater flood units. At Vilomara, however, ¹³⁷Cs activity was measured in palaeoflood deposits dated to the Late Bronze Age and located at an elevation not reached by the floodwaters of the largest modern events. The data from this site indicated that the ¹³⁷Cs was not associated with sediments transported by floods but was rainfall-derived, the rainwater reaching the deposits through fissures in the rock. To ensure the successful application of caesium dating to slackwater flood deposits preserved within rock alcoves, or caves, some general guidelines are proposed. The technique is best applied: (1) when there is a sedimentary profile of greater than 1 m depth; (2) when the profile is sampled away from zones affected by direct percolation or springwater entering the alcove; and (3) where there are various levels of contrasting textures within the profile.     

汉江与渭河大洪水滞流沉积物性质对比分析

通过广泛野外考察,在汉江上游和渭河干支流发现多次现代大洪水滞流沉积物(SWD),进行样品采集和粒度成分、磁化率特征对比分析。结果表明:汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD的磁化率都很低,在(20～60)×10-8 m3/kg之间。这与渭河流域马兰黄土L1的磁化率相当。这也正是那些未受到风化成壤作用影响的新鲜沉积物的基本特征。汉江上游与渭河大洪水SWD粒度成分均以粉沙为主,沙级颗粒含量次之,粘土成分含量最少。它们主要是河流洪水悬移质和跃移质成分在高水位滞流环境当中的沉积物。与渭河相比,汉江上游大洪水SWD粒度成分更粗,沙级颗粒成分含量略多。汉江上游大洪水SWD性质主要是粉沙质亚沙土和沙质粉沙土。渭河大洪水SWD性质则主要是粉沙土、沙质粉沙土和粘土质粉沙土。这是因为汉江上游穿行于秦岭和巴山基岩山地之间,羽毛状分布的支流水系比降大,河流搬运动力强,在暴雨洪水期间,不断地向干流输入粗颗粒泥沙。而渭河流域为黄土高原,河流泥沙主要来源于粉沙质的黄土层和地表土壤。该研究成果对汉江上游和渭河流域防洪减灾和水土流失防治具有重要的科学意义。     

Sedimentary records and luminescence chronology of Late Holocene palaeofloods in the Luni River, Thar Desert, northwest India

River Luni is the only well-integrated river system in the Thar Desert of India. This river catastrophically flooded due to unusually heavy rainfall in the catchment area during July 1979. In order to establish whether floods of this magnitude have occurred in the recent geological past, sedimentary records of palaeofloods occurring in the Sindari Gorge, in the lower Luni Basin were investigated. The principal slackwater flood deposits were observed in a back-flooded tributary near Bhuka. Analysis of the slackwater flood deposits preserved in the back-flooded tributary and their luminescence dating suggests that the Luni River has experienced at least 17 extreme floods during the past millennium. Evidence from the Bhuka site also suggests that no floods comparable in magnitude to the July 1979 megaflood have occurred during this period. This observation is in conformity with the palaeoflood record of central India. Comparison of the long-term monsoon rainfall series for the Luni Basin and the Indian region reveals a clear link between the two, and indicates that the clustering of large floods in the last few decades and during the Medieval warming period is a regional phenomenon associated with wetter conditions. This correlates with a regionally extended episode of landscape stability denoted by stabilization of dunes in this region.     

近200年来渭河流域干旱洪涝事件特征

通过对渭河流域1813—2017年旱涝灾害资料的收集整理,重建旱涝等级以及指数序列,采用滑动t检验及小波分析等方法,分析了渭河流域近200年来旱涝变化规律。结果表明:近200年来渭河流域发生水旱灾害共111次,水灾和旱灾分别发生了55次和36次,同年水旱灾害交替出现20次,发生频率由高到低依次为:轻度旱灾 > 中度旱灾 > 轻度涝灾 > 旱涝交替 > 中度涝灾 > 重大涝灾及重大旱灾。旱涝灾害的发生具有明显的阶段性:1833—1880年、1914—1933年为中度和重大旱灾的多发期,1894—1910年、1933—1939年为中度和重大涝灾多发阶段。旱涝演变存在5~7年、10~11年、18~20年、60年和105~110年周期震荡。110年左右的周期震荡最强,为第一主周期,第二主周期为60年,第三主周期为20年,同时检验出旱涝有5个突变年,分别为1825年、1881年、1914年、1933年及1981年。空间分布上,渭南地区旱灾发生频率最高,天水和铜川次之,渭河源头处发生频率最低。西安、渭南涝灾发生频率最高,天水、宝鸡、咸阳次之,渭源和铜川涝灾发生频率最低。