三峡库区典型流域水质时空特征及污染防控策略

为了解三峡库区典型小流域不同土地利用类型下水质的变化特征,于2015-2020年对三峡库区长坪小流域开展水质监测,对不同土地利用类型下水体中的总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）、氨氮（NH4+-N）、总磷（Total Phosphorus,TP）、可溶态总磷（Dissolved Total Phosphorus,DTP）和颗粒态总磷（Particulate Phosphorus,PP）浓度的时空变化规律进行研究,识别流域内主要氮磷污染源,从而提出针对性的污染防控策略。结果表明：1）不同土地利用类型氮磷输出浓度从大到小依次为村庄、坡耕地、林地和水库,其TN平均浓度分别为8.29、2.88、1.57和1.43 mg/L,TP平均浓度分别为0.25、0.13、0.09和0.07 mg/L。2）不同土地利用类型的水质在汛期和非汛期存在差异,村庄氮磷输出浓度为非汛期高于汛期,坡耕地、林地和水库则表现为汛期高于非汛期。3）内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明林地和水库的污染程度均为清洁水平,坡耕地污染程度为轻污染水平,村庄受散养生猪数量的影响,污染程度从污染水平转变为重污染水平。4）长坪小流域TN和TP年输出负荷总量分别为4 278.59和364.93 kg/a。畜禽养殖源是小流域氮磷最主要的污染源,其TN和TP的输出负荷分别占流域总负荷的45.69%和71.77%。坡耕地的TN和TP单位面积污染负荷分别是村庄的7.58%和1.79%,与村庄相比,坡耕地具有显著的低污染特征,因此,以坡耕地消纳村庄污水和畜禽粪便,可促进流域内粪污的就地消纳,达到多源共治的效果。基于小流域不同土地利用类型的水质特征和生态系统服务功能,将流域划分为林草水源涵养区、村庄污染控制区和坡耕地水土保持区,并进行分区协同防控,促进流域农业面源污染系统高效治理。     

曹娥江三典型支流的水质对比研究

根据对曹娥江水系三典型支流2004年逐月进行水质监测分析，通过时空变异两个角度对这3条支流的水质进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）以农业非点源污染为主的山溪性河流水质最好；以农业非点源污染为主的河谷平原河流水质次之，但水体富营养化现象比较严重；受工业废水和城市生活污水污染的支流河流水质最差，有机物和氮磷指标严重超标。（2）3条支流中4个化学指标（NO3^--N、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn）在各个雨期之间浓度变化具有十分相似的规律。NO3^--N浓度在丰水期较高，在枯水期较低；NH4^＋-N浓度在丰水期较低，枯水期较高；TP浓度各个雨期之间都变化不大，相对稳定；CODMn浓度在各个雨期之问存在变化，但都没有明显的规律。     

基于流域尺度的农业用地景观-水质关联分析

基于Landsat遥感影像进行九龙江流域不同坡度类型的农业用地景观与水质指标（CODMn、NH4+-N、TP）的相关性分析,并分别对丰水期、枯水期、平水期的农业用地类型百分比与各水质指标进行线性回归。结果显示,坡度小于15°和大于25°的农业用地占总农业用地的面积比例与各水质指标呈较强的正相关。景观聚集度指数（CONTAG）与水体中TP浓度呈显著正相关,决定系数为0.565;香农多样性指数（SHDI）与水体中TP浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.527。丰水期和枯水期是九龙江流域水质变化较大的时期。对河流近岸100 m范围内的农业用地类型组成进行统计发现,坡度小于15°的农业用地面积平均比例为74.3%。河岸缓冲区和陡坡农业用地的数量及分布是影响该地区水质及控制农业非点源污染的关键。     

宁夏引黄灌区水体污染现状及污染源解析

随着点源污染的逐步控制,以农业生产为核心的农业非点源污染正在成为影响水体质量的主要因子。宁夏引黄灌区是我国商品粮生产基地之一,农业生产较为发达,农业的高投入对当地水体环境造成不良影响。本文分析了2002～2007年黄河宁夏段监测断面和引黄灌区典型排水沟的水质情况,发现黄河宁夏段水质受农田退水、工业废水和生活污水影响较大,境内沿程断面水质污染逐渐加剧,水质出境断面比入境断面平均降低1个等级,说明黄河流经宁夏后水质受到一定程度的污染。宁夏引黄灌区水体主要污染物是挥发酚、NH4+-N、CODMn和BOD5,2002～2007年几种主要污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势,综合污染指数也呈总体下降趋势,但污染形势仍然严重。2007年宁夏引黄灌区主要排水沟水质为劣Ⅴ类污染水质,断面超标率100%,主要污染物为NH4+-N、CODCr、BOD5。针对黄河宁夏段水体污染状况,对宁夏引黄灌区水体农业非点源污染源进行解析,结果显示,TN、NH4+-N污染主要来自种植业,其次是养殖业和黄河取水;TP污染主要来自于种植业与养殖业,COD主要来自养殖业。农田退水携带的大量污染物是导致灌区水体恶化的重要因素之一。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

四川丘陵农区地表水水质时空变化与污染现状评价

为分析四川丘陵典型农区种养格局对地表水水质的影响,于2013年3月至2015年2月,在四川丘陵区中江县选择响滩河7个监测断面和流域内4个研究点,研究了种植区、养殖区和种养混合区的地表水水体CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP的季节性变化规律与空间变化特征,并对地表水质污染现状进行评价。结果表明:响滩河7个监测断面枯水期主要污染物为CODCr、NH4+-N和TP,且分别比年平均值提高15.67%、59.35%和12.83%;丰水期主要污染物为TN,比年平均值提高19.27%。种养格局影响地表水中TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度的空间分布特征,不同区域之间养殖区种养混合区种植区;与种植区相比,生猪规模化养殖废污排放是造成种养混合区地表水污染的根本原因,其CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度分别提高了17.79%、198.15%、132.10%、219.85%、567.57%。规模化养殖显著提高了地表水总污染指数,改变了地表水污染类型,种植区地表水污染类型为兼有CODCr污染的总氮污染型,而养殖区和种养结合区地表水均为兼有总磷污染的总氮污染型;种植区和种养混合区水质均达到劣Ⅴ类水质标准,种植区地表水为轻度污染,养殖区和受养殖业污染影响的种养混合区的地表水均为恶性污染,生猪集中养殖特别是规模化生猪养殖场废污排放加剧了受纳水体的污染程度。从水体污染治理角度,在种植区开展水土养分流失特别是氮素流失控制的同时,亟需加强区域生猪规模化养殖业粪污的无害化资源化循环利用技术研究与应用,以促进四川丘陵区规模养殖业健康发展与长江上游生态环境保护。     

滇中红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型坡地氮磷流失特征

为揭示红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型坡地径流及氮磷流失特征,以滇中仓房小流域3种土地利用类型(林地、灌草地、农地)为研究对象,通过测定2018年雨季自然降雨过程中不同土地利用类型径流量、氮磷流失形态、质量浓度及流失量,研究了红壤丘陵区径流及氮磷流失特征。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用类型下径流量与降雨量和降雨强度均呈显著正相关,总径流量表现为:林地(20.12 L/m~2)灌草地(23.80 L/m~2)农地(34.34 L/m~2),各土地利用类型的变异系数为0.14～0.64,差异较大;(2)自然降雨条件下TN,NO~-_3-N和NH~+_4-N质量浓度均值表现为林地(3.20,2.08,0.50 mg/L)灌草地(4.09,2.57,0.58 mg/L)农地(4.95,3.16,0.88 mg/L),TP和PO~-_4-P质量浓度均值表现为林地(3.43,1.95 mg/L)灌草地(4.33,2.57 mg/L)农地(5.82,3.61 mg/L);(3)溶解态氮磷是径流水体中氮磷污染的主要污染物,其中NO~-_3-N和PO~-_4-P为径流氮磷流失的主要形态(56.81%～77.41%和50.12%～76.64%);(4)不同土地利用类型下TN和TP流失总量表现为林地(59.96,65.47 mg/m~2)灌草地(98.92,102.95 mg/m~2)农地(170.28,200.94 mg/m~2)。因此,通过在流域内增加林地和灌草地面积,开展退耕还林还草工程,可减少该流域氮磷流失量,从而减缓和防治云南红壤丘陵区水土流失。     

滇中尖山河流域不同土地利用类型产流及氮磷流失特征

地表径流造成土壤养分流失及土地生产力衰退,径流产生特征与土地利用类型密切相关,深入研究其作用机制可为水土流失治理、流域内水体保护及氮磷迁移规律提供科学依据。以滇中尖山河流域不同土地利用类型(人工林、灌木林、次生林、坡耕地)为研究对象,定量监测了2017年雨季(5月—10月)降雨过程中产流量、氮磷流失的形态、浓度、流失量及动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着降雨量的增大,不同土地利用类型下径流小区的径流量逐渐增大,降雨量与径流量之间相关性显著,各径流小区径流量均表现为:灌木林次生林人工林坡耕地;(2)不同土地利用类型在各降雨条件下TN和TP浓度分别表现为:人工林(2.39 mg/L)次生林(2.63 mg/L)灌木林(2.64 mg/L)坡耕地(4.00 mg/L)、灌木林(2.53 mg/L)次生林(4.07 mg/L)人工林(5.72 mg/L)坡耕地(6.47 mg/L),坡耕地显著增加了径流中不同形态氮磷的浓度;(3)溶解态氮磷是径流水体中氮磷污染的主要污染物,其中NO~-_3-N为径流氮素流失的主要形态,PO~-_4-P占TP浓度的比例为50.91%～77.87%;(4) TN,TP总流失量均表现为:灌木林(0.76,0.61 mg/m~2)次生林(1.04,1.65 mg/m~2)人工林(1.36,3.60 mg/m~2)坡耕地(7.91,15.12 mg/m~2)。为了减缓尖山河流域水体污染问题,可调整尖山河流域沿线土地利用类型,在降雨前应减少和避免农事活动,增加灌木林地面积,在流域出口处布设灌木林来减少流域氮磷的流失。     

亚热带典型农业小流域井水水质季节 变化与空间分布特征

井水是亚热带农业区域农民的饮用水源,其水质状况直接影响到当地农民的身体健康。本文选取亚热带典型农业小流域中井水铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为研究对象,采用地统计学方法,分析其季节变化和空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区农户井水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在全年4个季节的平均值分别为0.05~0.10 mg(N)·L-1、3.0~4.9 mg(N)·L-1、3.4~5.1 mg(N)·L-1和0.03~0.17 mg(P)·L-1,超标率分别为2.3%、10.4%、9.5%和7.9%。在季节动态变化上,NH4+-N在全年变化不显著(P0.05),这主要与土壤的吸附有关;而NO3--N、TN和TP均在夏季达到最高,春季最低,并且两个季节之间的变化具有显著性(P0.05),这主要与农业施肥活动和降水条件有关。在空间变异性上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在各季节的块金值与基台值的比值都为0,并且各变量在各季节的变程各不相同,说明这4个变量在各季节分别在不同尺度范围内表现出较强的空间自相关性。在空间分布上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量都具有斑块状分布,而斑块的位置、大小和形状各不相同。NO3--N和TN在全年的空间分布与研究区地形和土地利用方式有关,在东南部和西南部地势较低的水稻种植区含量较高,而在北部地势较高的林地含量较低。而NH4+-N和TP的空间变异系数高于NO3--N和TN,这主要是由于NH4+-N易被土壤吸附,而磷素在土壤中易被固定,迁移较困难,导致NH4+-N和TP在不同地方的含量差异比较大。地形、水文气候条件、土壤类型、土地利用方式和农业施肥等是造成亚热带农业区域井水水质季节动态变化和空间分布格局差异的主要因素。     

沣河水污染特征及非点源污染负荷估算分析

沣河流域的主要污染指标为COD、BOD5、NH4+-N等,非点源污染负荷的定量化对流域水污染控制和水环境综合治理意义重大。结合沣河1986-2009年水量、含沙量及水质状况监测数据进行有机污染综合指数及相关分析,并采用平均浓度法对流域的非点源污染负荷和点源污染负荷进行了研究。结果表明:(1)有机污染综合指数(A值)呈抛物线趋势,径流量与沣河水质呈负相关性,含沙量与沣河水质呈正相关性。通过产业结构调整等措施,近年来沣河水质有明显改善;(2)沣河的污染负荷大部分来自降雨径流引起的非点源污染,在沣河水污染中TN的非点源污染负荷比例在56%以上,TP的非点源污染负荷比例在68%以上,NH4+-N的非点源污染负荷比例在63%以上,比重较大,非点源污染对沣河水质的影响不容忽视,而且TP受到的影响相对最大,可通过合理配置水土保持措施,有效防治非点源污染。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI