氢化物发生--原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化,建立了氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽(As 0~100μg/L;Hg 0~10μg/L),检出限低(As 0.05μg/L和Hg 0.007μg/L)。无机肥料中As回收率为98.8%~100.4%,Hg回收率为98.9%~102.2%;有机肥料中As回收率为94.4%~105.6%,Hg回收率为97.6%~103.8%。     

氢化物发生原子荧光法同时测定土壤中砷和汞的含量

以(1+1)王水为溶剂浸提土壤样品,1.5%KBH4为还原剂,5%HCl为载流,建立了氢化物发生原子荧光法同时测定土壤中As和Hg含量的方法。该方法 As、Hg的检出限分别为0.0114μg/L、0.0294μg/L,RSD分别为1.11%、2.23%。As的加标回收率为90.9%和96.9%,Hg的为91.0%和111.4%。方法稳定性好、精密度高、操作简便、成本低,适用于大量土壤样品的As、Hg同测。     

氢化物发生——原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的研究

通过对消化体系的选择及双道原子荧光光度计测试条件的优化，建立了氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定肥料中砷、汞的方法。方法线性范围宽（As0-100μg／L；Hg0-10μg／L），检出限低（As0．05μg／L和Hg0.07μg／L）。无机肥料中As回收率为98．8％-100．4％，Hg回收率为98．9％-102．2％；有机肥料中As回收率为94．4％-105．6％，Hg回收率为97．6％-103．8％。     

氢化物发生—原子荧光法同时测定土壤中砷和汞

尝试一次性消解土壤样品,用氢化物发生—原子荧光光谱法同时测定As和Hg。选择了仪器工作参数;探讨了共存离子对测定的影响及干扰的消除;进行了方法精密度和回收率试验;研究了方法检出限;确立了样品消化和测定方法;分析了土壤标样。结果表明:用50g·L-1硫脲-抗坏血酸混合液能较好地消除共存离子的干扰;回收率在91.2%～107.0%之间,相对标准偏差低于10%;砷和汞检出限分别为0.5μg·L-1和0.06μg·L-1。土壤标样测定值与标准值相符,相对标准偏差也低于10%。方法可用于土壤中微量As和Hg的测定。     

我国主产烟区灌溉水中重金属含量调查及环境质量评价

为摸清我国主产烟区的烟田灌溉水中的重金属含量情况,从全国五大烟区的13个主要植烟省的种烟县市采集了151个灌溉水样,其中河渠水样111个,降雨水样14个,水库水样5个,地下水样21个,测定分析了其重金属Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb的含量。结果表明:我国主要烟区灌溉水中重金属含量Hg含量为0(未检出,下同)~0.61μg/L,平均为0.17μg/L;As含量为0~8.16μg/L,平均为0.98μg/L;Cd含量为0~0.58μg/L,平均为0.03μg/L;Cr含量为0~7.29μg/L,平均为0.46μg/L;Cu含量为0~7.50μg/L,平均为1.54μg/L;Pb含量为0~10.13μg/L,平均为2.60μg/L。均低于相应的国家限量标准。水库水样综合质量指数最高,为0.20,北方烟区灌溉水样综合质量指数最高,为0.18。综合来看,我国烟区灌溉水环境质量目前均处于清洁水平。     

茶珍中As、Pb的氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定

本文研究了酸度、KBH4浓度、载气流速、基体改进剂等条件对荧光信号强度的影响,建立了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定茶珍中微量As和Pb的方法。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,测定方法对As和Pb的检出限分别为0.024和0.83μg/L,相对标准偏差分别为0.734%和2.063%(As4μg/L,Pb2μg/L,n=11),二者加标回收率分别为As 89%~102%,Pb 91%~109%。该方法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高等优点,可用于茶珍中微量As和Pb的测定。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水稻中的5种砷形态

为对水稻中各种形态As进行全面分析,本文建立了同时测定水稻植株及稻米中亚砷酸根、砷酸根、一甲基胂酸、二甲基胂酸和阿散酸共5种砷形态的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析方法。样品经甲醇水提取,采用阴离子分析柱Hamilton PRP-X100 (25 mm×4.1 mm, 10μm i.d.), 20 mmol/L磷酸氢二铵溶液和5%甲醇作为流动相进行等度洗脱,高效液相色谱分离,电感耦合等离子体质谱进行定性和定量分析。在0~12.5 mg/L范围内各砷形态线性良好,相关系数R2均在0.999 5以上, 5种砷形态的检出限为0.15~0.36μg/L,定量限为0.50~1.20μg/L。两个添加水平进行了方法验证,平均回收率为84.8%~105.6%,相对标准偏差为0.7%~4.2%。结果表明,该方法回收率高、稳定、可靠,适用于水稻组织中砷形态的分析检测。     

长期施肥对土壤生物活性有机碳库的影响

采用土壤培养实验方法,研究了25年施肥对平凉黑垆土土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)的影响。结果表明:土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)以施用有机肥处理显著增大,其中以S+NP处理最高,达1071.00μg/g,M+NP处理为940.85μg/g,M处理为776.90μg/g,分别比CK增加1.86倍、1.51倍和1.07倍,单施N肥处理对土壤生物活性有机碳库影响不大,为399.10μg/g,仅比CK增加6.4%,NP配合处理为621.60μg/g,比CK增加65.76%。增施有机肥料可明显增大土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0),NP化肥配合施用也有良好效果,N肥单施无明显作用。土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)占土壤总有机碳(TOC)的百分比为2.70%～6.34%,生物活性有机碳库的周转速率(K)为0.0223～0.0301d-1,生物活性有机碳库在土壤中的半周转期(T1/2)为22.55～31.09d。土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)与土壤全氮呈极显著性正相关,与总有机碳(TOC)呈显著性正相关。     

土壤中总汞砷铅的氢化物发生-原子荧光法的研究

建立了用硼氢化钾还原,氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定土壤样品中总汞、砷和铅的分析方法,方法检出限Hg为0.02μg·L-1,As为0.02μg·L-1,Pb为0.12μg·L-1,方法简便,结果较好。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的总碘

采用碱液热浸提法处理土壤样品,通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中碘元素的总量。对前处理的3大参数——碱度、温度和时间进行试验摸索,得出适用于土壤的最佳浸提条件。测定结果显示,该方法的线性范围为0~500μg/L,线性相关系数0.999 8,方法检出限0.12μg/g,加标回收率为91.0%~104%,RSD均小于5%。综上,该法是一种能够快速、灵敏、准确地测定土壤样品中碘元素的先进方法。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI