某氮肥厂场地土壤PAHs污染特征研究

采用现场采样及室内测试方法对广州某氮肥厂原料车间和油库区土壤中16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量进行调查研究,分析了EPAHs含量及其组成特征和垂直分布特征,并在此基础上进行了源解析。结果表明,分析样品中∑PAHs范围在10-7795μg·kg,原料车间土壤中的∑PAHs小于油库区土壤中的,菲、芘、荧蒽、并（b）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘为主要污染物;油库土壤0-40cm的样品中16种PAHs均有检出,∑PAHs和单体分布基本一致;原料车间土壤∑PAHs和单体浓度随着地面深度的增加而减少。通过对单组分比值（菲／蒽,荧蒽／芘）的分析可以看出油库区土壤中PAHs来源于石油和燃烧源,而原料车间污染源主要为燃烧源。     

农药企业搬迁土地多环芳烃的风险评价

以常州市某农药厂搬迁土地为研究对象,在监测分析土壤中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的基础上,对该区域土壤进行健康风险和生态风险评价。结果表明,研究区域土壤中∑PAHs的含量范围为0～1.546mg·kg-1,优势化合物中萘、菲等低环化合物含量大于高环的荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽和芘等化合物,且土壤中PAHs可能来源于石油源。健康风险评价结果在可接受的10-6～10-4范围内,而生态风险评价表明,尽管研究区域土壤中的多环芳烃不存在严重的生态风险,但是化合物苊和芴含量超出了风险评价低值（ER-L和ISQV-L）,存在着对生物的潜在危害。     

北京市东南郊再生水灌区地下水多环芳烃污染风险评估

为研究污染物随再生水进入地下环境后其迁移衰减情况及对地下水的潜在危害性,以Multi-cell模型为基础,结合污染物质量守恒、在水土中吸附再分配、生物降解等机理,针对地下水污染风险评估构建了计算污染物随水在土壤剖面的垂向迁移衰减一维模型,并以北京通州大兴再生水灌区为研究区域,以再生水中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃萘和菲为研究对象,根据当地钻孔资料及灌溉水水质、地下水水质资料,应用该模型进行试算。结果表明,经过多年连续灌溉后,通州大兴大部分地区进入潜水含水层的萘、菲浓度较低,整体污染风险较低,仅在通州区潞城镇等个别地区萘、菲浓度较高,应引起重视;由于大兴区整体包气带较厚,其污染风险低于通州区。土壤粘土层是萘、菲积累的主要层位,其吸附容量远大于细砂等粗颗粒介质,在土壤表层低环多环芳烃迁移性更强。应用这一模型,能够较为宏观地掌握通州大兴再生水灌区不同区域地下水中多环芳烃萘和菲的污染风险差异。     

长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤多环芳烃分布特征与源解析

采集了长江三角洲地区苏州市的96个和嘉兴市的324个农田土壤样品,较为系统地分析了土壤中15种优控多环芳烃组成及含量,并运用比值法和主成分分析法判断了土壤中多环芳烃的来源。结果显示,苏州和嘉兴农田土壤中15种多环芳烃的总量范围分别为45.4~3 703μg kg-1和9.0~2 421μg kg-1,其平均值分别为312.5μg kg-1和152.4μg kg-1。苏州农田土壤苯并[a]芘含量平均值达21.4μg kg-1,超过了前苏联制定的土壤苯并[a]芘最高允许值(20.0μg kg-1)。苏州农田土壤中多环芳烃的含量从南部的吴江到北部的相城呈不断增加的趋势。嘉兴农田土壤多环芳烃含量远低于苏州,而在嘉兴毗邻吴江和上海的嘉善县土壤中多环芳烃含量较高。菲、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘是苏州土壤中多环芳烃的主要成分,而嘉兴土壤中多环芳烃的主要成分为菲、荧蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、芘、屈。两个地区农田土壤多环芳烃的来源较为相似,主要为生物质和煤的燃烧以及石油源。     

火干扰后土壤多环芳烃时空分布特征

采集马尾松次生林的灰烬、0~3 cm和3~10 cm深度的土壤样品,研究了火干扰后多环芳烃的时空分布特征。结果表明:火干扰样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ土壤的多环芳烃总浓度介于757.8~1718 ng g-1,平均浓度为74.2 ng g-1,是对照样地的10倍以上。火后1个月土壤多环芳烃成分以萘、荧蒽、芘、蒽、芴、菲、苊烯为主,火后6个月以菲、荧蒽、芘为主,火后12个月也以菲、荧蒽、芘为主;样地Ⅳ和Ⅴ0~3 cm土层各多环芳烃含量是3~10 cm土层的3~4倍,轻多环芳烃(含2~4环)的含量比重多环芳烃(含5~6环)高;火干扰后6和12个月,土壤多环芳烃总浓度下降显著(P0.05),含2~环的多环芳烃含量下降,含4~6环的多环芳烃比例增加;灰烬中轻多环芳烃含量比较高、重多环芳烃含量较少,灰烬中多环芳烃含量高于相应的土壤样本;多环芳烃总量和含2环或3环多环芳烃与土壤有机质及其他化学性质指标显著相关。     

混合菌降解土壤中多环芳烃的试验研究

PAHs生物降解程度受多种因素影响。通过筛选驯化PAHs降解菌,研究混合菌对土壤中菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的生物降解性能,并考察污染时间对土壤中PAHs降解效果的影响。结果表明,筛选的混合菌具有很强的PAHs降解能力,缩短了PAHs生物降解的半衰期,且PAHs起始降解速率较快,之后趋于平缓。27d内土壤中的菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的平均降解率分别为98.14%、89.97%、88.47%、63.55%、65.24%、60.49%,其中菲在5d之内的降解率高于93%。污染210d的土壤中各PAHs的起始降解速率高于污染50d的土壤,因此污染时间越长,PAHs生物降解的停滞期越短。     

珠江三角洲典型城市蔬菜中多环芳烃分布特征

在东莞市采集77个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对其16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析.结果表明:东莞市蔬菜中16种PAHs含量在26.35 ～ 3748 μg/kg 之间,平均含量为656.3 μg/kg;蔬菜中PAHs含量以3环和4环PAHs为主,单个PAHs以荧蒽、芘和菲含量最高;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较果菜类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征;东莞市的蔬菜受到一定程度的PAHs污染.     

南京有机污染风险区农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况研究

采集南京地区不同有机污染风险区农田表层土壤,用超快速液相色谱仪检测样品中15种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量。结果表明,被检农田土壤多环芳烃总量分布于306.0~1251.3μg kg~(-1)之间,均值682.0μg kg~(-1),四环以上高环多环芳烃占较大比例(80%)。根据欧洲土壤质量标准,所检土壤样本已达污染水平。不同风险污染区农田土壤PAHs的含量由高至低为:钢铁工业区、有机垃圾处理区、化工工业区及炼油工业区。钢铁工业区附近主要的污染物为荧蒽、芘、屈和苯并[a]蒽,分别占到污染物总量的16%、13%、10%和10%。采用荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)与茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝)比值对各地污染物来源进行分析,结果发现调查区域的PAHs污染物以燃烧源为主,生物质燃料为主要污染物,部分地区同时有石油燃烧污染。     

土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其来源分析

利用气相色谱法分析了南充市10个不同功能区表层土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和组分特征,运用同分异构体比率揭示了其污染来源。研究表明,该区土壤中PAHs的含量在9.1～2269.1μg·kg-1之间,而且工业区的残留量大于农业区和居民区的残留量。按PAHs的环数来分,在工业污染区PAHs的含量总的趋势是四环〉二环〉三环〉五环〉六环;农业和居民区二环〉三环〉五环〉四环〉六环。该污染状况与国内外相关研究比较,处于中等污染水平。煤、木材和化石的燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,苯并（a）蒽和菲是主要的超标化合物。     

产漆酶真菌筛选及其对PAHs污染土壤修复的初步研究

真菌漆酶可以高效转化多环芳烃(PAHs),因此,产漆酶真菌在PAHs污染土壤修复中极具应用前景。根据漆酶可将愈创木酚氧化为红色物质的特性,成功从土壤中筛选出一株能够分泌漆酶的真菌菌株F-1,初步鉴定该菌为疣孢漆斑菌(Myrothecium verrucaria)。通过Plackett-Burman试验对菌株F-1的产酶能力进行了分析,发现特定培养条件组合可将其酶活提高近300倍,达5628 U L-1,表明F-1的漆酶活性受到环境条件的显著影响。应用菌株F-1对PAHs污染土壤进行了初步修复研究,结果表明,接种F-1对菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)蒽、屈、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚苯(1,2,3-cd)芘等11种PAHs均有不同程度的降解,提示产漆酶真菌在PAHs污染土壤修复中的应用潜力。     

湿热灭菌和氯化汞灭菌对双液相体系中PAHs降解的影响

A two-liquid-phase(TLP) soil slurry system was employed to quantify the efficiencies of autoclaving and mercuric chloride sterilization in the dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).The fates of 11 PAHs(naphthalene,fluorene,phenanthrene,anthracene,fluoranthene,pyrene,benzo(a)anthracene,benzo(a)pyrene,benzo(b)fluoranthene,benzo(k)fluoranthene,dibenzo(a,h)anthracene) were recorded over 113 days of incubation.No microorganisms were detected in the HgCl 2-sterilized soil slurries during the whole incubation period,indicating very effective sterilization.However,about 2%-36% losses of PAHs were observed in the HgCl 2 sterilized slurry.In contrast to the HgCl 2-sterilized soil slurry,some microorganisms survived in the autoclaved soil slurries.Moreover,significant biodegradation of 6 PAHs(naphthalene,fluorene,phenanthrene,anthracene,fluoranthene and pyrene) was observed in the autoclaved soil slurries.This indicated that biodegradation results of PAHs in the soil slurries,calculated on basis of the autoclaved control,would be underestimated.It could be concluded that the sterilization efficiency and effectiveness of HgCl 2 on soil slurry was much higher than those of autoclaving at 121℃ for 45 min.     

Microtox技术检测多环芳烃生物毒性的研究

利用Microtox技术检测 5种多环芳烃化合物生物毒性结果表明 ,二甲亚砜配制的测试液中萘、菲及荧蒽均对发光细菌具有一定生物毒性 ,且随浓度的增大而增强 ,相同浓度下毒性菲 >萘 ;测试液中当萘浓度小于其溶解度时即产生 10 0 %的抑光率 ,萘EC50 为 4 .32mg/L ,而菲及荧蒽浓度近其溶解度时所产生的最大抑光率分别为 <5 0 %和15 %左右 ;芘及蒽最大浓度时则对发光细菌无生物毒性显示。表明Microtox技术可有效检测低环化合物萘的生物毒性 ,但对高环化合物 (≥ 3环 )的检测因受其低水溶性的限制而灵敏度降低 ,利用二甲亚砜获取多环芳烃污染物提取液的生物毒性主要与低分子化合物萘及菲有关     

苏丹草对土壤中菲芘的修复作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了苏丹草对土壤中菲、芘的去除效果,及植物和微生物在去除土壤菲、芘中的交互效应。结果显示,在试验浓度范围（0-322．06mg·kg^-1内,土壤～苏丹草系统（TR,）对菲、芘的去除效果明显。种植苏丹草60d后,土壤菲、芘去除率分别为73．07％-83．92％、63％～77．62％;平均去除率分别比对照1（无植物,不加0．1％NaN3）高55．58％、50．71％,比对照2（无植物,加0．1％NaN3）高72．71％、66．57％,说明种植苏丹草可以促进微生物对土壤中芘、菲降解。土壤酶活性测定结果也显示,酶活性越高,污染物降解率越高,反之亦然。因此,植物一微生物间的交互效应是土壤中多环芳烃降解的主要途径。     

Characterization and Sources of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Environments of Sevilla (Southern Spain)

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of PAH contamination and the association of PAHs with metals in urban soil samples from Sevilla (Spain). Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene) and seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) have been evaluated in representative urban soil samples. Forty-one top soils (0–10 cm) under different land use (garden, roadside, riverbank and agricultural allotment) were selected. PAHs from soil samples were extracted by sonication using dichloromethane. The simultaneous quantification of 15 different PAH compounds were carried out by HPLC using multiple wavelength shift in the fluorescence detector. For qualitative analysis a photo diode-array detector was used. Metal (pseudo-total) analysis was carried out by digestion of the soils with aqua regia in microwave oven. The mean concentration of each PAH in urban soils of Sevilla showed a wide range, they are not considered highly contaminated. The results of the sum of 15 PAHs in Sevilla soils are in the range 89.5–4004.2 μg kg^?1, but there seems not to be a correlation between the concentration of PAHs and the land use. Of the 15 PAHs examined, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were present at the highest concentrations, being the sum of these PAHs about 40% of the total content. Although metal content were not especially high in most soils, there are significant hints of moderate pollution in some particular spots. Such spots are mainly related with some gardens within the historic quarters of the city. The associations among metals and PAHs content in the soil samples was checked by principal components analysis (PCA). The largest values both for ‘urban’ metals (Pb, Cu and Zn) and for PAHs were mainly found in sites close to the historic quarters of the city in which a heavy traffic of motor vehicles is suffered from years.     

Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in northern and middle taiga soils

An integrated study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric precipitation-soil-lysimetric water system was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that the accumulation of low-molecular PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, and chrysene) in soils is due to the transformation of organic matter and the regional transport and deposition of PAHs with atmospheric precipitation on the underlying surface. High-molecular polyarenes (benz[b]fluoranthene, benz[k]fluoranthene, benz[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[ghi]perylene, and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) mainly result from the decomposition of soil organic matter.     

Polyzyklische Aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAKs) in den Böden der Rieselfelder der Stadt Münster (Westfalen)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of the Münster (Westfalia) irrigation fields From 1901 to 1975 municipal sewage waters with a daily amount of finally about 40.000 m³ were seeped in the irrigation fields of the city of Münster (Westfalia). Soil samples of former seeped sites and non-seeped neighbour sites have been examined with regard to 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of the German “drinking water regulation”. The irrigation caused an enrichment of PAH in the topsoils of the former irrigation basins up to an average concentration of 0,57 mg PAH/kg soil, while the topsoils outside of the irrigation fields show an average concentration of only 0,14 mg PAH/kg soil. Significant correlations between different soil properties, e.g. the organic matter content, and the concentration of PAHs are not evident. After termination the irrigation of sewage water, single irrigation bassins were filled with substratum, which is contaminated with scoriaceous materials. The average PAH concentration of such an area amounts to 7 mg PAH/kg topsoil. The PAH distribution in a soil profile shows a decreasing concentration by depth but a clear enrichment in oxidized gleyic horizons (Go) of different age. Probably the PAHs were leached under recent conditions by chemical bond to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and finally adsorbed by Fe oxides. Since the end of irrigation Fluoranthene, the most mobile PAH compound, was leached down to 110 cm depth. A contamination of the superficial groundwater at such sites cannot be excluded.