超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定克氏原螯虾和养殖水体中双唑草腈残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定克氏原螯虾和养殖水体中双唑草腈残留的方法。以乙腈提取样品中的双唑草腈,水样提取液无需净化,克氏原螯虾提取液经正己烷去脂,采用ESI离子源正离子模式进行扫描测定。结果表明,克氏原螯虾中双唑草腈在0.5、2.5、10μg/kg加标水平下,回收率为83.6%~92.3%,相对标准偏差为7.6%~11.4%(n=6);水样中双唑草腈在0.5、2.5、10μg/L加标水平下,回收率为96.4%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~2.8%(n=6)。双唑草腈的质量浓度与其色谱峰面积在0.5~50μg/L范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数R²>0.9998,方法定量限分别为0.5μg/kg(克氏原螯虾)、0.5μg/L(水样)。该方法操作简便、快速,结果稳定,可用于克氏原螯虾和养殖水体中双唑草腈残留的检测。     

元素分析仪和全自动凯氏定氮仪测定土壤全氮之比较

土壤全氮含量反映土壤中氮循环的状况,是评价土壤肥力与土壤资源的一项重要指标。选择黑土和潮土,分别利用元素分析仪(杜马斯催化燃烧法)和全自动凯氏定氮仪(凯氏消煮蒸馏法)测定土壤全氮含量,以揭示两种仪器测定结果的可比性,每个样品每种方法重复测定5次。结果表明:元素分析仪和全自动凯氏定氮仪测定的黑土全氮含量(平均值±标准偏差)分别为(1.37±0.01)g/kg和(1.36±0.01)g/kg,潮土全氮含量分别为(0.75±0.02)g/kg和(0.78±0.03)g/kg,t检测表明,两种仪器测定结果之间无显著性差异。两种仪器土壤全氮测定结果精确度均较高,稳定性较好,相对标准偏差均小于5%。本研究结果可为采用仪器方法测定土壤全氮含量及评价土壤氮库变化提供参考。     

应用间隔流动分析仪测定土壤硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量

使用SAN++间隔流动分析仪,研究了测定土壤硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的新方法。结果表明,SAN++间隔流动分析仪在测定土壤中NO-3-N和NO-2-N含量时标准曲线相关系数均在0.999 5以上,检测限分别为N 0.20 mg/kg和20.00μg/kg,回收率在98.0%~101.8%之间,相对标准偏差在0.95%~2.25%之间,具有较高的精密度、准确度。该方法使用2.0 mol/L KCl溶液作为浸提剂,适用于吉林省不同土壤类型,并具有线性范围宽、分析速度快、样品用量少、自动化程度高和同时测定土壤中NO-3-N和NO-2-N等优点。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测牛奶中地塞米松残留

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用检测牛奶中地塞米松残留的方法。牛奶样品经乙酸乙酯提取,固相萃取柱净化,浓缩过滤后上机测定,标准加入法定量。结果显示,地塞米松在1~50 ng/mL范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数r大于0.999, 3个水平的平均加标回收率为65.7%~85.7%,相对标准偏差小于10%,方法定量限和检出限分别为0.25μg/kg和0.08μg/kg。方法具有安全可靠、分析速度快、稳定性好等优点,可用于测定牛奶中的地塞米松残留。     

施氮量与灌水上下限对黄秋葵产量和养分吸收的交互作用

探讨施氮量与灌水上下限对黄秋葵养分吸收的交互作用,为黄秋葵的水肥管理提供理论及参数依据。采用土壤盆栽试验,设置田间持水量的45%~55%即45%~55% FC(W1)、35%~65% FC(W2)、25%~75% FC(W3) 3种灌水上下限及0 kg/hm²(N0)、110 kg/hm²(N1)、330 kg/hm²(N2) 3个氮水平,观测不同施氮量和灌水上下限对黄秋葵生长发育、生理响应及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,相同施氮水平下,黄秋葵不同器官生物量、果实产量、灌溉水分生产率及氮磷钾养分积累量以W1最高。相同灌水上下限,黄秋葵不同器官生物量、果实产量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、灌溉水分生产率及氮肥偏生产力以N1最高,各处理之间差异显著。水、氮之间表现显著的互作效应,N1W1处理的黄秋葵总生物量、果实产量、灌溉水分生产率和氮肥偏生产力最高,分别为446.4 g、201.3 g、6.9 g/kg和108.7 kg/kg,显著高于最低处理N2W3(190.3 g、64.9 g、2.4 g/kg和11.7 kg/kg),分别提高了57.4%、67.8%、65.2%和89.2%。综合分析表明,高氮高水处理(N2W3)显著降低黄秋葵产量及水肥利用效率,黄秋葵产量、灌溉水分生产率及养分吸收综合体现的最优模式为110 kg/hm²的施氮量、45%~55%FC的灌水上下限(N1W1),此研究可为丰富黄秋葵高产栽培提供理论依据。     

茶珍中As、Pb的氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定

本文研究了酸度、KBH4浓度、载气流速、基体改进剂等条件对荧光信号强度的影响,建立了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定茶珍中微量As和Pb的方法。结果表明,在优化实验条件下,测定方法对As和Pb的检出限分别为0.024和0.83μg/L,相对标准偏差分别为0.734%和2.063%(As4μg/L,Pb2μg/L,n=11),二者加标回收率分别为As 89%~102%,Pb 91%~109%。该方法具有操作简便、快速、灵敏度高等优点,可用于茶珍中微量As和Pb的测定。     

基于工业分析指标的生物质秸秆热值模型构建

为了探讨利用生物质秸秆工业分析指标预测生物质秸秆热值的可行性,建立高、低位热值的预测模型,采集了油菜、小麦、玉米和水稻4种不同作物秸秆总计172个样品,这4种作物秸秆的数量分别为31、36、86和19,按照美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）的标准方法分别测定样本的水分、挥发分、灰分和固定碳等工业分析指标,采用IKA C2000型量热仪测定热值。通过数据统计分析,挥发分和固定碳对热值有极显著的正相关性,而灰分对热值有极显著的负相关,并且水分、挥发分、灰分和固定碳等4项指标之间存在严重的共线性。利用主成分回归方法建立高、低位热值预测模型效果最优,高位热值预测模型的决定系数R2为0.91,预测值标准差SEP为0.20 kJ/g,相对标准差RSD为1.25%;低位热值预测模型的决定系数R2为0.91,预测值标准差SEP为0.20 kJ/g,相对标准差RSD为1.33%。并用20个样品对预测模型进行了外部验证,高位热值和低位热值预测值标准差SEP分别为0.18 kJ/g和0.19 kJ/g,相对标准差RSD分别为1.09%和1.29%,取得较理想的预测结果。试验结果表明,主成分回归方法建立的基于工业分析指标的生物质秸秆热值预测模型可以较准确地预测生物质秸秆热值,利用生物质秸秆工业分析指标预测生物质秸秆热值是可行的,该研究可为生物质秸秆能源化利用提供参考。     

土壤中土霉素残留的高效液相色谱检测方法

为有效测定土壤中土霉素残留量,建立了固相萃取－高效液相色谱法提取以及测定潮土、红壤、紫色土中土霉素残留量的方法。土壤中土霉素残留经提取缓冲溶液进行有效提取,经过DVB固相萃取小柱纯化、无水甲醇洗脱和氮气流浓缩后,经HPLC测定。对提取缓冲液、流动相以及流动相pH值、有机相与无机相的比例以及流速等测定条件进行优化研究。结果表明：提取液为Na2EDTA-Mcllvaine,流动相为乙腈∶0.01mol/L磷酸二氢钠（pH值2.5,V∶V=10∶90）,温度25℃,流速1.2ml/min,检测波长350nm对3种不同性质的土壤中土霉素残留量的测定最为合适。应用本方法进行土壤中土霉素残留量的测定,土霉素含量与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,相关系数（n=9）分别为红壤0.997,紫色土0.995,潮土0.987;检出限分别为红壤0.11mg/kg,紫色土0.17mg/kg,潮土0.09mg/kg;回收率(n=18)分别为红壤80.7%~128.8%,紫色土70.5%~100.0%,潮土61.5%~103.9%;相对标准偏差(RSD, n=18)分别为红壤7.1%~28.2%,紫色土11.9%~38.1%,潮土4.1%~17.0％。本方法简便、准确,适合于测定不同土壤中土霉素残留量,结果可靠。     

阿灭净在菠萝与土壤中的残留及消解动态研究

采用气相色谱(GC-NPD)分析技术测定除草剂阿灭净在菠萝与土壤中的残留及消解动态结果表明,GC-NPD方法的最小检出量为0.0232ng,菠萝及土壤的最小检出浓度分别为0.002mg/kg和0.005mg/kg,GC-NPD方法回收率分别为87.23%~92.10%和88.80%~93.77%。喷施阿灭净80%WP4800g(a.i/)hm2,处理检测出菠萝与土壤中原始沉积量分别为0.1448~0.1646mg/kg和3.3318~3.5536mg/kg,消解半衰期分别为29.17~29.45d和25.75~30.68d,按阿灭净用量4800g(a.i/)hm2施药菠萝1次,间隔期为10d,菠萝果实残留量2年分别为0.1646mg/kg和0.1448mg/kg,参照欧共体的MRL值0.2mg/kg,按上述阿灭净剂量方法施用菠萝是安全的。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定饲料中康力龙

本文建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)联用技术测定饲料中康力龙的检测方法。饲料样品经乙醇提取,Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取柱净化后,液质联用仪测定,基质标准曲线校正。结果表明,康力龙在0.5ng/mL~20 ng/mL内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,饲料样品在0.05 mg/kg~500 mg/kg添加浓度范围内,其回收率为76.7%~104.5%,批内、批间相对标准偏差均20%,检测限为20μg/kg,定量限为50μg/kg。该方法适用于饲料中康力龙的测定。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI