高价格下我国钾肥的应变策略

在国际市场钾肥价格居高不下的情况下,从我国钾肥的供需形势、钾肥需求的弹性分析人手,阐述了我国近期钾肥的应变措施为合理养分比例、加强秸秆资源利用和短期内减少钾肥的施用等.从中长期角度,我国钾肥的战略应是加强资源勘查,积极扩大国内钾盐供应,建立国家钾肥战略贮备制度,调节钾肥市场,加强钾肥循环利用并加强技术支撑研究,提高我国钾肥生产的可持续发展能力.     

施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响

采用大田试验研究了施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥施用量对烤烟致香物质和评吸质量的影响.结果表明,施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥不会降低烟叶中主要致香物质含量和总致香物质含量,以减少化学钾肥14％的处理烟叶总致香物质含量和主要致香物质含量较高;施用生物钾肥后减少化学钾肥处理烤烟评吸质量较好,经济效益较高.但研究也发现,上述结果具有不稳定性,因此,针对不同烟区生物钾肥的研制和施用还有待于进一步的研究.     

广西钟山主要水稻土肥力变化浅析

连续十年定位监测结果表明,土壤有机质、钾素养分含量逐年下降,土壤氮素、磷素养分含量则逐年上升.主要原因是有机肥和钾肥投入量少,钾肥施用比例低.钾肥施用比例与作物产量呈极显著正相关,增施钾肥和有机肥是改善水稻土肥力的主要措施.     

云母类矿物钾肥的施用效应

我国钾资源贫乏,目前使用的钾肥主要靠国外进口,通过物理、化学和生物的方法,对云母矿石进行活化而制成云母类矿物钾肥,不失为解决我国南方土壤钾素缺乏问题的一条有效途径,本文对中科院地化所提供的通过活化处理制取的云母类矿物钾肥进行了肥效试验。结果表明,施用云母类矿物钾肥与施用等钾量的氯化钾相比,无论是作物的吸钾能力,还是土壤的供钾能力,前者都比后者显著提高,因此,开发云母类矿物以资源具有广阔的前景。     

二种含腐植酸钾肥的制备方法及对甘薯、生姜的增产效果

腐植酸是一种有良好生物活性的有机高分子物质,风化煤中含有丰富的腐植酸.根据薯芋作物需钾较多的营养特性,应用风化煤、氢氧化钾、硫酸钾等制备了2种含腐植酸钾肥;通过田间试验,就2种肥料对甘薯、生姜的增产效果进行了研究.试验结果表明:与施用硫酸钾比较,甘薯施用含普通腐植酸钾肥,结薯数相似,平均薯块重显著增加,块根产量提高8.12%;施用含活性腐植酸钾肥,结薯数显著增多,平均薯块重相似,块根产量提高9.52%.生姜施用含普通腐植酸钾肥和含活性腐植酸钾肥,根茎产量分别提高5.28%和12.05%,含活性腐植酸钾肥的增产效果优于含普通腐植酸钾肥.因此,在利用风化煤生产含腐植酸钾肥时,应根据作物类型选择工艺路线.     

测土配方施肥方法研究

通过田间试验与土壤测试得出:玉米施用钾肥的效应函数及其最佳用量;玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量用量同钾肥增产绝对值、相对值与效益值均存在直线正相关;玉米钾肥最佳用量同土壤有效钾测定值存在着密切的直线负相关。在明确上述问题的基础上,提出应用土壤有效钾测定值直接推荐玉米施用钾肥的最佳用量方法。同时,依据土壤有效钾测得值与玉米钾肥最佳用量的相关模式,提出了土壤有效钾在不同含量水平条件下,玉米施用钾肥最大效益与最高产量的推荐量。     

水泥窰灰钾肥试验简报

水泥窑灰钾肥为水泥制造工业的一项重要副产品,是一种具有较高肥效的混合钾肥.为了进—步扩大水泥窑灰钾肥的施用范围,探索其在水稻生产中的作用,我站从1965年度开始进行了早稻施用水泥窑灰钾肥的试验,以测定水泥窑灰钾肥的肥效并鉴定其推广价值.     

施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦产量、品质的影响

利用布置在河北玉田县的一个钾肥定位试验,研究了在施用氮磷化肥的基础上,施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦子粒产量、17种氨基酸、粗蛋白和粗淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥明显提高了小麦子粒产量,同时提高了天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和赖氨酸的含量;施用有机肥明显提高了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸的含量;钾肥和有机肥配合施用明显提高了产量、天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和赖氨酸的含量,对上述氨基酸的提高幅度均在10%以上。施用钾肥和(或)有机肥提高了小麦子粒的氨基酸总量、粗蛋白含量,但降低了粗淀粉含量。     

江苏不同土壤上钾肥肥效的研究

在无产阶级文化大革命和批林批孔运动的推动下,我国钾肥的施用和研究近年来有了很大的发展。     

钾肥与我国主要作物品质关系的整合分析

  【目的】   钾是重要的品质元素，明确钾肥施用对不同作物品质的影响，为合理施用钾肥提高作物的产量和品质提供依据。   【方法】   本研究以“钾”和“品质”为主要关键词，在"中国知网"检索1989年以来公开发表的文献，共筛选出符合Meta分析标准的文献92篇，获得数据147组。将文献中的作物按照粮食作物、蔬菜、水果、油料作物和纤维作物进行分组，以不施钾肥为对照，应用Meta-analysis方法整合分析了钾肥施用及钾肥用量和类型对作物共性品质指标的影响；进一步根据作物类型，分类分析了钾肥施用对不同类型作物特性品质的综合效应。   【结果】   与不施钾相比，钾肥施用能够改善作物的维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、蛋白质和淀粉含量5种共性品质，增长率分别为18.6%、19.3%、8.7%、7.3%和5.2%。与适宜钾肥用量相比，钾肥不合理施用会造成品质增长率的降低；硫酸钾对作物品质的改善效果整体上优于氯化钾。施用钾肥不仅改善了作物的共性品质，对于作物的特性品质也有一定的改善效果。对于粮食作物，钾肥施用能够降低水稻的垩白度 (16.7%) 和垩白粒率 (12.5%)，提高小麦的湿面筋含量 (4.2%) 和沉降值 (5.4%)、玉米的氨基酸含量 (25.3%) 和脂肪含量 (5.0%) 以及薯类单薯重 (26.6%)；对于蔬菜类作物，钾肥施用降低其硝酸盐的含量 (23.7%)；对于水果类作物，施用钾肥能够提高水果的糖酸比 (20.5%)、单果重 (11.1%) 和硬度 (3.3%)，降低可滴定酸的含量 (5.5%)；对于油料作物，钾肥施用能够提高其含油率 (3.7%)；对于纤维作物，施用钾肥则提高了其纺纱均匀度指数 (6.2%)、纤维长度 (2.2%)、伸长率 (5.3%)、断裂比强度 (3.3%) 和马克隆值 (2.6%)。   【结论】   施用钾肥能够显著改善作物品质，不同钾肥用量和类型对作物品质的改善效果不同。钾肥的合理施用不仅需要根据土壤钾素丰缺状况和作物对钾的需求确定适宜的钾肥用量，还要根据作物自身的品质特征完善钾肥适宜用量和施用方法，同时兼顾钾肥与其它肥料配合施用，保证各种养分的协调供应，从而实现作物的高产高效和优质。     

THE POTASSIUM STATUS OF MALAWI SOILS

Twenty surface soils from four main Soil Groups in Malawi and their sub-soils were divided into three groups based on cation exchange capacity (group I, CEC < 50; group II, 50–100; and group III > 100μeq g^–1). In each soil group the maximum amounts of K removed by successive extraction with 0.005 M CaCl₂ solution were well related to the potassium potential pK–0.5p(Ca + Mg), exchangeable K, ‘step K’, and the quotient ‘step K’/CR.K, where CR.K is ‘constant-rate’potassium. In Group III soils only, ‘step K’/CR.K values were significantly correlated with pH, clay, and CEC, and this suggested that the soils were relatively rich in K⁺ specific binding sites. In 27 soils from an NPK factorial experiment on tea, the rate of depletion of extractable K reserve increased with ammonium sulphate treatment, whereas K fertilizers tended to off-set significantly (P= 0.001) the depletion of K reserve. The values for the change in free energy ΔG =RT In a_K/ (a_(Ca+Mg)) ^½, ranged from –12 to –16 kJ mol^–1, and field observations showed that tea plants growing on soils having ΔG values less than –15 kJ mol^–1 responded to K fertilizers. The investigation has indicated that heavily cropped soils are likely to show crop responses if the intensive cropping system does not include supplementation of K.     

土壤有效钾的吸附特征与钾肥有效性的研究

应用化学分析、吸附试验和生物诊断方法及田间验证,系统研究了3种土壤钾的丰缺状况及钾的有效性和利用率。结果表明,3种土壤有效钾含量和对钾吸附能力为黑土＞淡黑钙土＞风砂土。由于土壤有效钾含量和吸附反应不同,钾生物有效性表现出较大差异。施钾风砂土增产49.4％,淡黑钙上增产273％,黑土增产13.1％。田间试验亦有相同趋势,在风砂土、淡黑钙土和黑土试验地上施用钾肥分别使玉米增产39.1％、24.5％和14.9％。最大产量钾肥施用量,黑土和谈黑钙土为100kg／hm2,其利用率为33.1％和38.9％,风砂土为50kg／hm2,其利用率为61.0％。     

施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究施肥对喀斯特地区植草土壤不同活性有机碳组分和牧草固碳的影响。试验处理包括CK（不施肥）、 N1 （N 150 mg/kg）、 N2 （N 250 mg/kg）、 N1P1 （P2O5100 mg/kg）、 N2P2 （P2O5150 mg/kg）、 N1P1K1 （K2O 70 mg/kg）、 N1P1K2 （K2O 105 mg/kg）和N2P2K1和N2P2K2。结果表明,与对照（不施肥）相比,施肥处理增加植草土壤有机碳、 微生物量碳和易氧化碳,有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量以及牧草固碳量。其中N1P1K1处理土壤有机碳和易氧化碳最高,N1P1处理土壤微生物量碳最高,N2P2K1处理土壤可溶性碳最高,N2P2K2处理牧草地上部及根系固碳量、 有机碳日矿化量和累积矿化量均最高。综上,低量氮磷钾肥配施有利于土壤活性有机碳的积累,高量氮磷钾平衡配施牧草固碳效果最佳。     

生物钾肥的增产作用及对土壤钾平衡的影响

生物钾肥是指具有高钾低氮磷养分组成的植物的绿色体或秸杆。生物钾肥作用的实质是:植物不断吸收并活化土壤钾,富集土壤和水体中钾,通过以绿色体或秸秆形式归还,促进土壤钾的良性循环和再利用。生物钾肥中钾的溶解度和利用率都较高,其供钾性能类似矿质钾肥。在等钾量下,各种生物钾肥的增产效果和矿质钾肥接近。     

Beziehung zwischen dem durch K-Düngung erzielbaren Mehrertrag und dem K-Gehalt der Böden nach Feldversuchen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Relationship between the maximum yield increase from K fertilization and the K content of the soils after field trials in the Federal Republic of Germany Several hundred long term potassium field experiments with crop rotation and with plant residues like straw and sugar beet leaves removed from the fields, on different soils of the FRG were evaluated. The K content in the top soil was determined by the DL and CAL methods (K(lact)), given in mg K₂O/100g soil. No relationship could be found between K(lact) and the maximum possible yield increase for wheat, barley, sugar beets, and potatoes, if K(1act) was >5 mg/100g. It seems unnecessary, therefore, raise the K content of the soils. Occasional significant positive yield response should be less emphazised than average yields. Economical average yield increases on K fertilization were found with sugar beets and potatoes, rarely with barley but never with wheat. In all longterm trials the K amount of fertilizer required for maximum possible yield increase was above the amount of K removed by the crop. 7 to 27year field trials on clayer soils show that the K content of the soil may drop to 5-10mg K20(CAL) without causing increased yield response to K fertilization. The yield responses to K fertilizer are dependent to a high degree on the season (weather conditions), as was shown by high yield increases in exceptionally dry seasons. The large content of plant available Kin the top soils was due to high K fertilization during the past decades and the illitic nature of the soils. From the results of the field trials it may be concluded that an amount of K fertilizer which replaces K removed by the crop is sufficient for all soils with 5-10mg K₂O; for > lOmg K₂O(lact) K fertilization can be less than actual K removal. Because of large variations, the K(lact) figures (chapter 5),are of very limited value for predicting fertilizer requirements. The average K fertilizer consumption used (1981/82) of the FRG was higher than the K removed from soils by 79 kg K₂O/ha (in 1982). Official recommendations of K fertilizer in the FRG as well as the amounts of K actually applied are both in disagreement with the results of fertilizer experiments in the field.     

林分类型和氮添加对亚热带森林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

为揭示亚热带森林土壤N₂O排放对林分类型和氮添加的响应特征,选取位于福建省三明市的中亚热带米槠次生林、杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤为研究对象,分别设置无氮添加(N0 mg/kg)、低氮添加(N10 mg/kg)、中氮添加(N25 mg/kg)和高氮添加(N50 mg/kg)4个氮添加水平,进行微宇宙培养试验,测定土壤N₂O排放。结果表明：与无氮添加处理相比,氮添加整体上降低3种林分土壤pH,增加土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量。无氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为9.67和9.62 mg/kg,显著高于米槠次生林土壤N₂O累积排放量6.81 mg/kg。低氮添加处理中杉木人工林和马尾松人工林土壤N₂O累积排放量显著高于米槠次生林。但在中氮和高氮添加处理中,3种林分土壤N₂O累积排放量均无显著性差异。不同氮添加处理均促进3种林分土壤N     

Bio-extraction of Potassium from Glauconite Nano-particle in an Alfisols of Southern India

ABSTRACT

Glauconite is a potassium (K) bearing mineral, which generally contains 6–10% K₂O and mostly available in various natural deposits in India. Glauconite mineral was converted to nano-particle form by grinding in a high-energy ball mill. The release of K from glauconite nano-particle in soil was studied in a pot culture experiment. Five different treatments viz., 0 mg K₂O kg^?1, 100 mg K₂O kg^?1, 150 mg K₂O kg^?1, 200 mg K₂O kg^?1 used glauconite nano-particle (GNP) as a K source and 100 mg K₂O kg^?1 from muriate of potash (MOP), were applied in soil to grow maize (Zea mays L.) plant. The highest K⁺ concentration was observed in shoot at the application of 200 mg K₂O kg^?1 through GNP and recorded 2 times more K⁺ concentration in shoots as compared to 0 mg K₂O kg^?1 treatment whereas 1.1 times more than the MOP treated soil at 5^th harvesting stage. Selected plant physiological parameters namely electrical conductivity of plant cell, height, leaf area and nitrate reductase activity were also recorded maximum at 200 mg K₂O kg^?1 GNP treated soil. Overall, glauconite nano-particle could supply K throughout the growth period and enhanced biomass yield of maize plant without showing any K deficiency symptom.     

IMPACT OF CONTINUOUS SUGAR BEET CROPPING ON POTASSIUM QUANTITY-INTENSITY PARAMETERS IN CALCAREOUS SOILS

One hundred-eighteen surface soil samples (59 samples from cultivated areas and 59 samples from virgin soils) were studied to ascertain if potassium (K) quantity-intensity (Q/I) parameters of the soils are being changed by long-term sugar beet cropping. Long-term cultivation resulted in a significant decline in the equilibrium activity ratio (AR_e ^K) values from 0.012 to 0.0047 (moles/L)^1/2 (a drop of 61%) and from 0.013 to 0.008 (a drop of 38%) in Typic calcixerpts and Typic endoaquepts, respectively. Paired t-test revealed that continuous sugar beet cultivation led to significant changes in the easily exchangeable K (ΔK₀) values from ?0.69 to ?0.28 cmol_c/kg (a rise of 59%) the Typic calcixerepts soils. The highest values for PBC^K were associated with the soil types which had the greatest clay contents and smectite clay minerals. Results suggest that continuous sugar beet cropping caused a great decline in K supplying power of the soils.     

不同浸提剂处理森林土壤溶解性有机碳含量比较

为了解亚热带森林土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)的特征规律,采用培养离心的方法获取土壤溶液测得DOC含量,对比传统水溶性有机碳(WSOC)提取法间的差异。选取湖南大山冲森林公园保存完好的3种亚热带典型次生林地,按10cm一层采集剖面土壤,采用不同方法提取测定土壤DOC和WSOC含量,分析与土壤理化指标的相关性及方法间的显著性关系。结果表明:①典型森林土壤DOC或WSOC含量随土壤剖面深度的增加,呈显著下降趋势。培养离心提取测得的土壤DOC含量明显较低,仅0.82～9.52 mg/kg,超纯水浸提的风干土WSOC含量达10.56～249.19 mg/kg,而0.5 mol/L K_2SO_4提取的鲜土WSOC含量达155.70～576.94 mg/kg,0.5mol/L K_2SO_4浸提的干土WSOC含量最高,达158.94～797.56 mg/kg,含量表现为:DOC干土超纯水浸提WSOC鲜土K_2SO_4浸提WSOC干土K_2SO_4浸提WSOC;②3种次生林土壤DOC或WSOC含量存在显著差异,不同方法测定的含量均表现为针叶林常绿阔叶林落叶林;③培养离心法测得土壤DOC含量与其他测定方法间存在极显著正相关(P0.01),并且土壤DOC和WSOC均与土壤pH、总有机碳、胡敏酸、富啡酸、全氮、全磷、速效态氮以及微生物生物量碳氮达到极显著相关(P0.01),与土壤含水率和容重显著相关(P0.05)。培养离心法测得土壤DOC含量远低于水溶液提取WSOC含量,该方法下的测得值更接近于原位土壤溶解性有机碳实际值。     

黄土区土壤钾的形态及其释放

本文研究了黄土区（陕西部分）土壤钾的形态,按毫克/100克土计,有机钾0.36-5.04,水溶性钾0.24-2.37,代换性钾3.61-16.96,有效钾3.85-19.33,非代换性钾64.45-149.77,结构钾1,840.3-2.538.3,全钾为1.920-2.640。有效钾为非代换性钾的11.42%,结构钾的0.53%和全钾的0.51%。水溶性钾和代换性钾分别是有效钾的8.2%和91.8%。通过主成分分析可知,土壤各种形态的钾与有机质呈正相关:水溶性钾、代换性钾、非代换性钾与有机态钾,代换性钾和非代换性钾与粉粒和粘粒也呈正相关,但都与沙粒呈负相关.钾的释放符合于幂回归方程（y=ax^-b）.释放量从北向南是逐渐增加的.幼年土壤和轻黑垆土耕作层释放量高于其他层次,但是粘黑垆土和黑土的粘化层的释放量高于其它层次。