施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦产量、品质的影响

利用布置在河北玉田县的一个钾肥定位试验，研究了在施用氮磷化肥的基础上，施用钾肥和有机肥对小麦子粒产量、17种氨基酸、粗蛋白和粗淀粉含量的影响。结果表明，施用钾肥明显提高了小麦子粒产量，同时提高了天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和赖氨酸的含量；施用有机肥明显提高了蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸的含量；钾肥和有机肥配合施用明显提高了产量、天门冬氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸和赖氨酸的含量，对上述氨基酸的提高幅度均在10％以上。施用钾肥和(或)有机肥提高了小麦子粒的氨基酸总量、粗蛋白含量，但降低了粗淀粉含量。     

氮肥用量对普通玉米产量和营养品质的影响

利用田间试验研究了施用氮肥对玉米黔兴2302产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥不仅显著提高了子粒产量,增产9.59%~23.14%,且不同程度上增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量;但不改变直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比值,对玉米口感无不良影响。在玉米子粒中,蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、亚麻酸含量比较稳定,主要受遗传基因的控制,难于因施肥而改变;其余营养成分,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、直链和支链淀粉、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量因施用氮肥而发生变化,它们的含量既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用氮肥的影响。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,本试验条件下,黔兴2302玉米较为适宜的氮肥用量约为N 150 kg/hm2。     

氮、磷营养对黄土高原旱地玉米产量、品质的影响机理研究

田间裂区试验研究了不同氮磷施用水平对旱地玉米子粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,增施氮、磷肥,能增加子粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸含量和子粒容重,降低粗淀粉的含量,提高玉米产量和水分利用效率,且氮肥效果优于磷肥。施用氮、磷肥能够增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷的浓度,有利于玉米根系对氮磷营养的吸收;在促进根系生长的同时,提高玉米的生物产量,增加植株茎秆、叶片对氮素、磷素的吸收、转化以及向穗轴、子粒的输送,显著提高子粒的灌浆强度,促进灌浆中后期子粒氮、磷的积累,增大粒重,改善子粒品质。     

硫素营养对小麦子粒氨基酸含量的影响

通过在缺硫农田进行2个品种的冬小麦试验,研究不同土壤供硫水平对冬小麦植株养分吸收及小麦子粒氨基酸和面筋含量的影响。结果表明,收获时小麦植株体内氮、硫的累积吸收量都受硫肥施用量的影响,但京冬8号氮、硫累积量随施硫量的变化趋势相反;而北农10号氮、硫累积量随施硫量的变化趋势一致;小麦子粒面筋几乎不受施硫水平的影响。北农10号小麦的17种氨基酸总量因施硫而明显提高,最高可提高1.97个百分点;当施硫量为60kg/hm2时,含硫的蛋氨酸含量比对照(不施硫肥)增加0.5个百分点。不含硫的天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等含量因硫肥的施用而有所提高,但是达到最大含量的硫肥用量差别很大;京冬8号小麦的17种测定氨基酸中,含硫的胱氨酸含量增加百分率幅度最大,达7%～28%。     

砂姜黑土强筋小麦施肥技术研究

通过田间试验研究了施用不同肥料和不同施肥方法等对强筋小麦养分吸收和产量品质的影响。结果表明:在氮肥用量相同时,氮肥后移小麦产量和品质均好于全部基施(习惯施肥)处理;高氮和硫酸铵处理能提高强筋小麦的品质。磷酸二铵提高小麦产量效果好于过磷酸钙,而对子粒品质影响则过磷酸钙好于磷酸二铵;高量磷肥虽然不能进一步提高小麦产量,但能改善小麦的品质。增施有机肥和钾肥可促进小麦对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高小麦产量和品质,是砂姜黑土区优质高产强筋小麦重要施肥技术。锌肥能提高小麦产量和品质,含硫肥料有改善小麦品质的作用。试验表明,在砂姜黑土上,施用有机肥,稳定磷肥用量,加大氮、钾肥用量,配施锌肥和硫肥,分期施用氮肥(追肥量占总氮量比例在40%以上)有利于强筋小麦的优质高产。     

锌、锰与含氯氮肥配施对冬小麦子粒营养品质的影响

采用田间试验与盆栽试验相结合的方法，研究了N、Zn、Mn平衡施用和含Cl氮肥（NH4Cl）中Cl对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸营养品质的影响。结果表明，施N提高了小麦子粒粗蛋白质和各种氨基酸含量，但必需氨基酸在蛋白质中的比率下降。施适量的Zn能增加小麦子粒粗蛋白质和必需氨基酸含量，提高了小麦子粒的营养价值。施Mn对小麦子粒粗蛋白质和氨基酸总含量影响不大，但提高了必需氨基酸含量，对小麦子粒品质有一定的改良作用。N－Zn、N－Mn和Zn－Mn对小麦粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量的影响均为正连应。N、Zn、Mn平衡施用既能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸总含量，又提高了蛋白质中必需氨基酸的比例，改善了小麦子粒的营养品质。含氯氮肥中适量Cl能增加小麦子粒蛋白质和氨基酸含量，且不影响蛋白质的营养价值。     

不同施肥处理对莴笋营养效应的研究

采用田间试验研究了不同施肥处理对莴笋产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在CK(N15P5K10)基础上分别增施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、硼肥或有机肥可使莴笋增产19.4%~66.4%,以施用有机肥菜籽粕增产作用最大。有机肥泥炭和菜籽粕处理使莴笋茎硝酸盐含量分别降低9.3%和18.0%。不同施肥处理均提高了莴笋叶和茎维生素C含量,菜籽粕处理莴笋叶维生素C含量增幅最大(为16.5%),泥炭和菜籽粕处理莴笋茎维生素C含量均显著高于其他处理。增施钾肥处理对提高莴笋叶还原糖含量作用最大(达10.0%),增施磷肥处理对提高莴笋茎还原糖含量效果显著。不同施肥处理均提高了莴笋叶必需氨基酸含量,硼肥( B)处理莴笋叶蛋氨酸/亮氨酸比值最高;泥炭处理对提高莴笋茎蛋氨酸/亮氨酸比值及甜味、鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例效果最佳。菜籽粕处理莴笋施肥利润最高,增施钾肥处理产投比高于其他处理。     

氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响

施用氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质有明显的影响。氮磷钾营养平衡施用(NPK)较不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)显著增加优质玉米产量,使高油玉米(农大115)分别增产15.9%、6.9%和12.1%,使高淀粉玉米(白玉109)依次增产20.3%、8.6%和12.7%。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量;施磷或施钾能增加高油玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量以及氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,而对高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质及其组分含量基本无或较小影响。施氮使高油玉米子粒氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量提高0.83和0.41个百分点,使高淀粉玉米提高1.18和0.36个百分点;施氮、施磷和施钾增加高油和高淀粉玉米淀粉总量和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量,使高油玉米分别增加0.83、0.41和0.30个百分点,使高淀粉玉米分别增加0.34、0.18和0.13个百分点,而施磷或施钾对两品种子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量的影响不明显。     

氮钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量品质及蚕茧质量的影响

通过连续4年田间施肥试验和一季养蚕试验,研究了氮肥和钾肥配合施用对桑叶产量、品质及相应桑叶喂饲家蚕对蚕生长及蚕茧品质的影响。结果表明,桑园施用氮钾肥显著提高桑叶产量,在氮钾肥各养分配比中,以高氮高钾处理(N450K300)的产量最高,比N0K0处理年均增产35.2%,与其他各处理产量差异显著。桑叶品质分析结果表明,桑叶中必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量、粗蛋白、油脂含量随氮肥用量增加而提高,但单施氮肥会对蛋氨酸和油脂含量产生负面影响;施钾导致糖分含量下降,其他品质参数值随钾肥施用而提高,氮钾肥配合施用具有提高桑叶品质的作用。养蚕结果表明,桑园增施氮钾肥生产出的桑叶,有助于降低蚕茧的死笼率、具有提高全茧量和茧层率及提高蚕茧产量的作用。蚕茧上茧率、茧丝长、解舒率和茧丝净度随着钾肥用量的增加而提高,在施钾基础上增加氮肥用量有提高蚕茧品质的作用,但不施钾只施氮肥对上茧率有负面影响,说明氮钾肥配合施用能促进蚕茧质量的提高。     

灰漠土长期定位施肥对小麦品质和产量的影响

新疆灰漠土不同施肥制度的12年长期定位试验结果表明,N、NP、NK、NPK处理小麦某些品质指标较CK有不同程度的改善;长期不施氮肥(PK处理),小麦子粒的蛋白质含量、总氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量、面粉品质和面团品质中的多数指标明显低于CK和长期施用氮肥的处理,灰分含量增加;有机无机常量配施(NPK+M)小麦面粉与面团品质中的多数指标优于单施无机肥(N、NP、NK、PK、NPK)和CK处理。与CK相比,秸秆还田(NPK+S)处理的小麦千粒重、面团抗延伸性略有提高,其它品质指标则有不同程度的下降。生产中,N、P、K化肥与有机肥合理配合施用对培肥土壤、提高小麦产量和改善品质具有重要作用。     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

Amino acid content and composition of winter wheat affected by Nitrogen Fertilization

The protein quality of wheat is closely correlated with its amino composition. Consequently, when conducting a N fertilization experiment, it is important to know how the ratio of essential amino acids determining the nutritional quality, especially that of the most important limiting amino acids of wheat within the increased protein content, works out. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied at different times and/or doses (0–200 kg/ha) was investigated on grain protein and amino acid contents and yields of a Hungarian bread wheat variety on a soil type of medium ? status (eutric cambisol) in Western Hungary for three years. 160 kg N/ha was necessary to reach the highest possible crude protein content and the split application of this dose proved to be the most beneficial to the crude protein yield on the three years’ average. Though most of the treatments seemed to be disadvantageous from the point of view of amino acid composition considering the nutritional quality, the amount of essential amino acids, especially that of lysine harvested per hectare showed a considerable increase (up to 28.4%).     

Effect of peduncle‐perfused nitrogen,sucrose, and growth regulators on barley and wheat amino acid composition

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) or growth regulator application to small grain cereals near anthesis has been demonstrated to alter grain fill and grain yield, the protein yield and nutritional quality may also be modified by these management factors. The objective of this study was to determine whether delivery of N, growth regulator, or sucrose solutions into greenhouse‐grown barley (Hordeurn vulgare L. cv. Leger) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa), plants through peduncle perfusion altered the amino acid composition of the grain. The following treatments were tested: N (25 and 50 mM), chlormequat (30 μM), ethephon (15 μM), N + chlormequat, N + ethephon, detillering + N, sucrose (250 mM), distilled water check, and non‐perfused check. Perfusion lasted 30 d beginning 5 to 8 d after spike emergence. Addition of N via peduncle perfusion increased protein concentrations and concentrations of all amino acids in both barley and wheat when expressed in terms of grain dry matter. Protein yield and lysine content were also increased. However, the increase in essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, arginine, and leucine was relatively small, and the proportions of these amino acids in the grain protein were actually reduced. The sucrose treatment only affected wheat, increasing lysine concentration and decreasing the total protein concentration. Growth regulators used in this study did not alter protein yield or amino acid composition in either crop.     

施肥和秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量及春小麦品质的影响

通过在青海省河湟灌区栗钙土上连续19年的春小麦连作长期定位试验,研究了施用化肥与秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量及春小麦产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在施氮、磷化肥的基础上增施钾肥和或秸秆还田可降低土壤容重1.2%～7.1%,提高土壤含水量4.7%～13.5%,增加土壤＞0.25mm团聚体的数量,促进团聚体的稳定性;对土壤轻组有机质、有机质、土壤氮、磷、钾养分含量的提高也有明显的作用,尤其是提高土壤速效钾含量最高达2.6倍;对春小麦产量和品质也有一定的维持和促进作用。在施氮、磷的基础上增施适量无机钾肥或秸秆还田能够改善农田土壤肥力及质量状况,稳定和提高春小麦产量和品质。考虑矿质钾肥成本较高和资源有效利用,当地农业生产在氮、磷肥基础上半量秸秆还田可以替代无机钾肥。     

Environmentally induced changes in amino acid composition in the grain of durum wheat grown under different water and temperature regimes in a Mediterranean environment

Amino acid composition is an important feature in determining the nutritional value of wheat grain for human and animal diets. Environmental conditions are known to influence protein quantity as well as grain production and, in turn, amino acid composition. In this study, grain yield, protein content, and amino acid composition were determined in 10 durum wheat genotypes under three water and temperature regimes in a Mediterranean environment. The highest value for grain-protein content (15.7%) was found in the warmer and driest environment and the lowest (12.8%) in the irrigated environment. Although amino acid composition showed significant variation for all genotypes, with the exception of arginine and cysteine, major changes in amino acid composition were caused by environmental conditions and in particular by water availability and temperature during the grain-filling period, which significantly altered the duration of grain development. The amino acids with the highest percentage of variation between environments were tyrosine (26.4%), lysine (23.7%), methionine (20.3%), threonine (19.3%), and valine (15.6%), whereas phenylalanine (5.1%), glycine (6.4%), and aspartic acid (6.8%) showed the least variation between environments. Whereas the content of glutamine, phenylalanine, and proline increased with the decrease in grain-filling duration, the remaining amino acids tended to diminish, presumably because high temperature and drought favored the deposition of gliadins (proteins particularly rich in glutamine and proline), to the detriment of albumins and globulins (proteins especially rich in threonine, lysine, methionine, valine, and histidine). Despite the negative correlations found between the percentage of protein and its content in essential amino acids, the results indicate that reductions in lysine per unit of food were not very pronounced (0.32 to 0.29 g/100 g of flour) with increases of up 22.7% in grain-protein content, whereas threonine did not change and valine even slightly increased.     

Long-term residual effects of feedlot manure application on crop yield and soil surface chemistry

Crop response to manure application may extend beyond the year of application due to residual nutrient availability. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate feedlot manure application (at 0 22.5, 45, 90 and 180 Mg ha^?1) and subsequent residual effects (24-yr) on wheat and sorghum grain yields. Sorghum grain yields increased significantly with manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. However, winter wheat grain yield showed no consistent response to manure and fertilizer application in the 9-yr when manure was applied. Averaged across the subsequent 24 years, residual feedlot manure and annual N fertilizer application significantly increased sorghum and winter wheat grain production. Application of cattle manure did increase soil organic matter content, pH and plant available soil nutrients. Our finding showed that growers could take advantage of the long-term benefits of nutrients supplied from manure application to bolster crop production, improve soil quality and reduce fertilizer input cost.     

不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响

【目的】 综合分析不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦籽粒、面粉、面团品质指标的影响,为提升小麦品质提供有机肥科学施用基础。 【方法】 以鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪为供试有机肥料,冬小麦品种济麦22为供试作物进行了田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm2前提下,设单施化肥（尿素）、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪处理,及三种有机肥各自分别以25%、50%和75%配合75%、50%、25%的化肥处理,以及化肥、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪施肥料量加倍处理,共18个处理。小麦收获后,分析了3个籽粒品质指标、5个面粉品质指标、7个面团品质指标,运用多元统计分析方法评价了三种有机肥的不同利用方式和用量对小麦品质的影响。 【结果】 施N 225 kg/hm2条件下,单施鸡粪、猪粪对小麦各品质指标的提升作用与单施化肥处理相当,明显优于牛粪;与单施牛粪处理相比,单施鸡粪、猪粪、化肥处理的平均面团形成时间延长了50.85%,平均粉质指数提高了25.75%,平均湿面筋含量提升了19.71%,平均沉淀值提升了18.17%,平均粗蛋白含量提升了14.37%,面团拉伸比降低了36.84%。增加肥料用量一倍对小麦品质指标的提升作用不显著。常量处理中,25%有机肥+75%化肥最有利于籽粒蛋白含量的提高。将15个品质指标分为3个主成分组,以湿面筋为代表的第一主成分方差贡献率占到60.2%,代表了大部分的数据信息。根据各施肥处理对品质指标影响的相似性,将18种施肥方式聚为四类:1)不施肥;2)单施常量、加倍牛粪处理;3)常量鸡粪、猪粪、化肥单施及常量配施处理;4)加倍化肥、加倍鸡粪和加倍猪粪处理,从1）至4）小麦多数品质指标呈现依次升高的趋势。 【结论】 以常规施氮量(225 kg/hm2)为前提,鸡粪、猪粪配施少量或者不配施化肥,牛粪配施75%化肥都可以显著提升小麦品质,单施牛粪提升小麦品质作用不显著。因此,在有机肥源充足的条件下,在总施氮量不增加的前提下,鸡粪、猪粪氮的施用比例可提高至75%,牛粪的实用比例控制在25%,以获得优质的小麦籽粒品质。     

黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响

通过定位试验研究了长期施肥对小麦子粒、秸杆养分吸收和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,合理施用化肥不但增产幅度大,还在一定程度上增加了小麦N、P、K养分浓度。单施氮、单施磷肥能增加小麦子粒和秸杆的N、P、K吸收量,氮磷肥配施增加效果显著,其子粒吸收N、P、K增加了153.2%、157.1%和162.4%。施有机肥能补充土壤中的N、P、K含量,增加小麦子粒中的养分含量,使品质有大幅度的提高。单施磷肥的土壤有机质、全P、速效P含量增加,土壤全N、速效N含量减少,N素亏缺。氮磷肥配施加剧了土壤K的亏缺。有机肥培肥作用显著,有机肥和氮、磷肥配施的土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K分别增加了69.0%5、7.5%、54.8%、73.1%、830.5%和119.1%。