Erodibility and infiltration characteristics of five major soils of southwest Spain

Equations used to calculate erodibility in the Water Erosion Prediction Project soil erosion model (WEPP) are based on erodibility studies in the USA and may not function well in another region. This study was conducted to: (i) analyze erodibility and infiltration characteristics of some predominant soils of southern Spain, and (ii) test equations used to calculate interrill erodibility in the WEPP model on these soils. The five soils chosen for this study in Andalusia, southwest Spain, were: two terrace soils (referred to as ‘Red and Yellow Alfisols’), an alluvial soil (‘Fluvent’), a shallow hillside soil (‘Inceptisol’), and a cracking clay soil (‘Vertisol’). A static, solenoid operated rainfall simulator was operated at an intensity of approximately 60 mm h⁻¹ during a 60-min dry run followed by a 30-min wet run the next day on 0.75 m² plots with 30% ridge slopes. Infiltration rates were high (always exceeding 50% except for the wet run of the Fluvent). The Fluvent had the lowest infiltration rate (0.00 mm min⁻¹ at the end of the wet run) and highest soil loss (985 g m⁻² h⁻¹ in the dry run and 1557 g m⁻² h⁻¹ in the wet run). The Vertisol, Inceptisol and Red Alfisol had low soil loss (415, 605, and 527 g m⁻² h⁻¹ in the dry run and 824, 762 and 629 g m⁻² h⁻¹ in the wet run, respectively). Soil loss of the Vertisol doubled between dry and wet run and infiltration rate did not stabilize, suggesting that erodibility of Vertisols increases when they are wet. The Yellow Alfisol had lower final infiltration rate in the dry run (0.33 mm min⁻¹) than in the wet run (0.58 mm min⁻¹) and higher soil loss in dry run (1203 g m⁻² h⁻¹) than in wet run (961 g m⁻² h⁻¹), the reason still being unclear. Soil loss was significantly correlated to silt+very fine sand content (r=0.96), indicating that erodibility of these soils is determined by similar properties as soils in these soil orders in the USA. However, the equation for WEPP-interrill erodibility overestimated erodibility significantly (two to four times), indicating the need to develop new erodibility equations for the Mediterranean region. Infiltration rates were generally high and soil loss rates low compared to reports from the USA, suggesting that limited runoff generation is a primary reason for low erodibility of these soils.     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对三峡库区紫色土坡面片蚀的影响

设置不同PAM施加量(0,0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²),在不同坡度(15°,20°,25°)条件下开展不同雨强(60,90,120 mm/h)的模拟降雨试验。研究不同PAM施加量紫色土坡面片蚀产流产沙过程及其对产流产沙量的影响程度和主要因素,并分析了PAM对坡面片蚀可蚀性的影响。结果表明:坡面产流过程呈现先持续增加后趋于波动稳定的变化趋势,产沙过程则呈现先迅速减少并趋于稳定的变化趋势,PAM对片蚀的产流产沙过程变化趋势没有影响。和空白对照组相比,PAM施加量为0.4,0.8,1.6 g/m²的产流总量平均分别减小7.71%,35.16%,21.12%,产沙总量平均分别减小35.80%,49.39%,17.85%,PAM施加量为0.8 g/m²时产流总量和产沙总量最小。同种雨强下,不同施加量减流效益的大小顺序为0.8 g/m²>1.6 g/m²>0.4 g/m²,而减沙效益则受到坡度影响,在15°坡面减沙效益大小顺序是0.8 g/m²>1.6 g/m²>0.4 g/m²,在20°和25°坡面减沙效益大小顺序为0.8 g/m²>0.4 g/m²>1.6 g/m²。施加PAM能有效降低片蚀可蚀性,与空白对照组相比,施加PAM后降低效果依次为0.8 g/m²>0.4 g/m²>1.6 g/m²,片蚀可蚀性依次降低54.40%,40.94%,18.21%。     

红壤坡地新开发果园土壤有机碳迁移对不同管理措施的响应

为探究在南方红壤区不同管理措施对于新开发果园土壤有机碳迁移的影响,以典型红壤坡地柑橘园(建园2年)为研究对象,监测评估自然降雨背景下清耕(CB)、稻草全覆盖(CS)、萝卜花生轮作(CRP)、三叶草条带覆盖(CCS)、三叶草全覆盖(CC)和苔藓覆盖(CT)6种管理措施对开发初期果园水土流失和土壤有机碳迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)6种管理措施CB、CS、CRP、CCS、CC和CT的径流量分别为7.88,4.45,4.64,3.24,3.25,4.70 m³,与CB相比,CS、CRP、CCS、CC和CT措施下截流效益分别为43.51%,41.10%,58.94%,58.82%,40.38%,产沙量分别为71.35,21.27,31.03,14.24,14.18,35.05 kg,产沙量与CB相比分别减少70.18%,56.51%,80.04%,80.13%,50.87%;(2)泥沙有机碳流失强度分别为CB(20.75 g/m²),CS(4.78 g/m²),CRP(8.68 g/m²),CCS(3.52 g/m²),CC(3.38 g/m²),CT(9.94 g/m²),相比于对照组CB分别减少76.94%,58.16%,83.01%,83.71%,52.11%;(3)泥沙有机碳和DOC流失强度均与径流量呈显著正相关关系(R²分别为0.412和0.419)。地面管理措施主要通过调控地表径流的产生来影响红壤坡地新开发果园土壤有机碳的迁移。综合来看,三叶草条带覆盖和全覆盖在抑制土壤侵蚀和土壤有机碳迁移损失方面效果较明显。研究结果可为南方红壤区新开发果园水土流失和土壤有机碳迁移损失的防控提供科学依据。     

农林复合措施保土保肥试验分析

在安徽省开展了4组农林复合间作试验.结果表明,等高种植和棉花可明显降低径流中氮、磷的流失,其中等高种植山芋的径流中全氮、全磷分别为10.481mg/L和0.122mg/L,顺坡种植山芋的径流中全氮、全磷则分别为43.112mg/L和0.285mg/L;等高种植棉花的径流中全氮、全磷分别为3.779mg/L和0.109mg/L,顺坡种植棉花的径流中全氮全磷则分别为38.980mg/L和0.288mg/L.沟渠拦截了径流和泥沙,也拦截了水土携带的氮、磷,观察期间,沟渠拦截1号至4号地块径流中氮素总量分别为575.09,631.18,199.45,710.05 mg,磷素总量分别为54.54,21.42,23.24,30.13 mg;沟渠拦截1号至4号地块流失泥沙中氮素总量分别为3.00,2.95,1.07,3.35 g,磷素总量分别为0.80,0.67,0.21,0.69 g.山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作明显降低了农田水土和氮、磷流失量,观察期间,山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作的径流量和流失泥沙盆分别为2 623 cm3/m2和17.31 g/m2,而单一山芋种植下为3 138 cm3/m2和19.76 g/m2,单一棉花种植下为2 658 cm3 /m2和17.87 g/m;山芋和棉花单位面积产生径流中氮磷平均值分别为17.88 mg/m2和0.25 mg/m2,泥沙中氮磷平均值分别为21.30 mg/m2和5.24 mg/m2,而山芋-杨树-棉花-杨树复合间作的对应径流和泥沙中氮磷值分别为14.23,0.22,20.08,4.85 mg/m2.农林复合生产与沟渠拦截对保土保肥和防控农业面源污染,具有重要的作用.     

不同人工植被群落对铅锌矿废弃地径流重金属流失特征的影响

研究不同人工植被群落及土壤改良对铅锌矿废弃地径流重金属流失特征的影响,为矿区废弃地的生态恢复提供前期修复思路。采用径流小区试验,通过混合施加有机肥和钙肥对土壤进行改良,在自然降雨条件下,分别在铅锌矿废弃地原状土及改良土上构建不同人工植被群落(草、灌—草、乔—灌—草),对地表径流的产生量与径流中泥沙、Cd、Pb、As的含量和流失量进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)原状土下,乔—灌—草模式相较于草模式和灌—草模式,累计径流产生量分别减少11.3%和0.8%,同一人工植被群落,改良土相较于原状土累计径流产生量减少3.2%~18.8%;原状土下,灌—草模式相较于草模式、乔—灌—草模式,累计泥沙量分别减少28.9%,14.0%,同一人工植被群落,改良土相较于原状土累计泥沙量减少40.0%~63.3%。(2)原状土下,不同人工植被群落溶解态Cd、Pb、As累计流失量分别为2.7~7.2,104.3~295.1,1.4~5.4 mg/m²,改良土相较于原状土,不同人工植被群落溶解态Cd、Pb、As累计流失量分别减少47.7%~61.0%,43.8%~64.6%,43.8%~63.8%。(3)原状土下,不同人工植被群落颗粒态Cd、Pb、As累计流失量分别为2.5~9.0 g/m²,437.5~1347.2,16.2~89.9 mg/m²;改良土相较于原状土,不同人工植被群落颗粒态Cd、Pb、As累计流失量分别减少53.7%~72.0%,55.4%~65.8%,60.2%~71.1%。(4)颗粒态Cd、Pb、As流失量分别占总流失量的99.8%~99.9%,77.1%~84.1%,85.1%~96.7%。综上所述,人工植被群落越复杂,径流量、泥沙和重金属的流失量越低;施加改良剂能进一步强化植被群落的截流功能;重金属的流失主要以颗粒态为主。     

放水冲刷对红壤坡面侵蚀过程及溶质迁移特征的影响研究

坡面薄层水流侵蚀不仅造成土壤养分流失,土壤质量恶化,同时对水体污染等环境问题造成一定影响。为了分析上方来水流量对红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中泥沙的迁移规律及土壤溶质运移特征的影响,本试验利用室内放水冲刷试验,采用3个不同上方来水流量（10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1）对第四纪黏土发育红壤坡面径流侵蚀过程中坡面径流泥沙和径流中非吸附性离子（Br-）迁移过程进行了研究。结果表明：不同上方来水条件下,放水初期产流量迅速增大,后期趋于稳定,累积径流量与产流时间成显著的线性关系,10 L min-1、15 L min-1、20 L min-1三种上方来水流量下累积径流量分别为263.2 L、295.1 L、291.04 L;上方来水流量越大,薄层径流冲刷作用越强烈,径流含沙量随时间变化波动越剧烈,累积泥沙量随产流时间呈幂函数变化,15 L min-1、20 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量分别为10 L min-1流量下累积泥沙量的1.42倍、4.25倍;径流Br-浓度随产流时间呈幂函数衰减,反映了土壤溶质随径流迁移量变化主要受水流与土壤接触时间和作用程度的影响。研究表明放水冲刷对土壤侵蚀及溶质运移有重要作用,试验结果对有效预测与控制红壤坡面侵蚀及养分流失具有重要实际意义。     

灌木式屋顶绿化设计及对屋面初期雨水的净化

[目的]探讨灌木式屋顶绿化屋面承载力及对屋面初期雨水径流污染物的净化效果,为屋顶绿化设计及雨水资源化利用提供一定的理论指导。[方法]根据屋面所能承受承载力大小及屋面雨水径流的特点设计灌木式屋顶绿化结构,采用蛭石、珍珠岩作为吸水剂,与红壤土、腐殖土按一定比例复配为屋顶灌木绿化的种植基质。通过将收集到的屋面雨水模拟降雨,淋洒屋顶灌木,对其干、湿重荷载和对雨水去除效果进行研究。[结果]1m3复配的人工土壤的饱和吸水量为0.65m^3,种植基质湿容重为1 190kg/m^3,灌木式屋顶绿化的干、湿重荷载分别为261,529kg/m^2。对屋面初期雨水中的SS,COD,TN,TP的削减量分别在60.1%~71.3%,50.0%~61.8%,49.2%~53.2%和55.6%~67.7%之间。[结论]灌木式屋顶绿化能满足一般建筑物屋顶的荷载要求,同时对初期雨水径流具有较好的净化效果。     

南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究

基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程.     

高分子聚合物对土壤物理及坡面产流产沙特征的影响

 为研究高分子聚合物对土壤改良和防治水土流失的作用,选择聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、脲醛树脂3种高分子聚合物,通过室内试验和人工模拟降雨试验,以不同浓度施入土壤,观察其对土壤物理及坡面产流产沙特性的影响。结果表明:1)3种高分子聚合物均是较好的土壤结构改良剂,经聚合物处理后的土壤水稳性团粒含量平均增加17.27%,渗透性能提高41.81%,密度减小11.18%,土壤持水能力较对照提高2.8倍。2)坡地喷施上述高分子聚合物能显著推迟产流时间,降低产流速度,与对照相比,施加聚合物的坡地减少径流量42.05%、土壤侵蚀量58%以上。3)根据其对土壤改良、减流减沙、防治土壤侵蚀效果的影响,确定3种高分子聚合物最佳施用浓度范围分别为116～145mL/m2,36～40 g/m2,180.0～240.0mL/m2,其中聚丙烯酸为作用效果最显著的高分子聚合物。上述3种高分子聚合物在改良土壤,防治水土流失方面有广泛的应用前景,今后还需对其效果持续性、最佳施用量等进一步研究。     

连续模拟降雨下岩溶区含砾石堆积体坡面径流产沙特征

为明确砾石含量对岩溶区石灰土质堆积体坡面径流产沙特征的影响,以土质坡面为对照,采用室内模拟降雨试验方法,研究了递增型降雨(0.5,1.0,2.0,2.5,3.0 mm/min)条件下偏土质(砾石含量30%)和偏石质(砾石含量70%)石灰土坡面的径流特性及侵蚀特征。结果表明:(1)随雨强增大,各坡面径流率呈稳定增长—波动的变化趋势,且土质坡面径流率整体小于2种含砾石坡面;偏土质、偏石质坡面累计产流量较土质坡面增加了0.49,0.37倍;(2)1.0~3.0 mm/min雨强下,土质坡面侵蚀速率在0.16~5.4 g/(m^2·s)范围内波动,整体呈稳定—波动增加的变化趋势;偏土质和偏石质坡面分别为0.16~5.4,0.06~0.74 g/(m^2·s),前者侵蚀速率变化范围大且波动剧烈,后者变化范围小且稳定;随砾石含量的增加,各坡面累计侵蚀量呈先增后减的变化趋势,偏土质坡面侵蚀量较土质坡面增加2.5倍,偏石质坡面较其减少了0.9倍;(3)土质、偏土质和偏石质坡面的侵蚀速率与径流率分别呈极显著正相关幂函数、线性函数和线性函数关系。研究结果可为桂西北岩溶区弃渣场水土流失治理提供一定的科学依据。     

Impacts of rainstorms on soil erosion and organic matter for different cover crop systems in the western coast agricultural region of Syria

More and more cultivated coastal territories of Syria are being affected by increasing land degradation processes, specifically, by soil erosion due to non‐sustainable soil management. The use of cover crops can be considered an ideal solution to reduce the negative impacts of extreme rainfall events on soil erosion. However, there is no enough information about the main cultivated areas of Syria due to the current conflicts and the very few types of research conducted there. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to assess soil erosion (soil loss and sediment concentration) and hydrological response (run‐off and infiltration) considering the impact of different types of cropping systems on soil organic matter. To achieve this goal, using erosion plots, five grouped natural rainfall events and soil samples were collected, and infiltration measurements were performed between November 2012 and April 2013 (rainy season) on three different cropping systems (wheat, vetch, bean and control) with different sloping gradients (8% and 20%) in Tartous governorate (W Syria). Our results showed a cumulative rainfall amount from 68.8 to 201 mm during the study period. The highest sediment yield was generated in the control and wheat plots, registering 0.468 and 0.368 kg m^?2, respectively, with an inclination of 8%. For an inclination of 20%, the control and wheat plots registered 1.145 and 0.967 kg m^?2, respectively. In comparison with the control plots, there was a decrease in the total eroded organic matter, which ranged from 0.0579 (control) to 0.0289 (bean) kg m^?2 year^?1 in the plots with 20% inclination, and from 0.0233 (control) to 0.0069 (bean) kg m^?2 year^?1 with 8% inclination. To sum up, bean and vetch play an effective role to mitigate soil erosion, delay run‐off and reduce sediment yield. The output of this research provides first insights into the impact of different land uses on soil loss. Also, it could help rural inhabitants and farmers to correctly manage their soils against soil erosion processes.     

EFFECT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY,SLOPE, LAND USE AND ANTECEDENT SOIL MOISTURE ON SOIL EROSION IN AN ARID ENVIRONMENT

Most climate change scenarios predict a significant increase in the frequency of high intensity rainfall events especially in the dry areas, which will increase runoff and soil erosion. Understanding the factors that control soil erosion is crucial to recommending appropriate measures to protect soils and reduce their vulnerability. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of rainfall intensity, slope, land use and antecedent soil moisture on soil erosion and runoff. Twelve sites from Al‐Muwaqqar watershed, Jordan, were selected to represent six slope angles: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9%. Two sites, one cultivated with barley and one as rangeland, were selected within each slope. Erosion was measured under three rainfall intensities: 3, 5 and 10 mm h⁻¹; and three different antecedent soil moisture contents: dry, wet and very wet; using a rotating disk rainfall simulator. Regression equations indicated that rainfall intensity was the most important factor affecting soil erosion and that erosion could occur at a relatively small intensity on wet soils as a result of subsequent rainfall events. Soil erosion on cultivated land was primarily affected by moisture content, while on uncultivated land, it was mostly affected by slope steepness. Rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture explained 84–89 and 59–66% of the variation in runoff and soil loss, respectively. The results indicated the significant influence of cultivating the land on soil erosion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variability of soil physical quality and erodibility in a water-eroded cropland

Physical degradation of the soil increases its susceptibility to erosion by water action. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the opposite, i.e., the impact of water erosion on soil erodibility. This study was conducted in a corn field in Ohio. Some sites within the field have experienced water-induced soil erosion following heavy rainstorms. Physical characteristics of the soil were compared between eroded (ER) and un-eroded sites (UN). Compared with ER, the soil in UN had lower penetration resistance (4.87 vs. 4.53 MPa), bulk density (1.45 vs. 1.33 Mg m^?3), and sand content (17.4 vs. 14.2%), and higher shear strength (80.1 vs. 125.3 KPa), hydraulic conductivity (3.0 vs. 3.4 cm h^?1), intrinsic permeability (31.9 vs. 36.4 × 10^?10 cm²), and contents of soil organic carbon (36.1 vs. 32.1 g kg^?1), total nitrogen (3.3 vs. 3.1 g kg^?1), clay (25.2 vs. 24.2%), silt (60.5 vs. 58.4%), and very fine sand (3.4 vs. 1.1%). Also Munsell's variables differed between ER and UN (1.24 vs. 0.54 for hue, 4.59 vs. 4.35 for value, and 1.99 vs. 1.79 for chroma, respectively). The erodibility factor (K) was lower in UN than in ER (0.00327 vs. 0.00354 Mg ha h ha^?1 MJ^?1 mm^?1, respectively). Hence, it is suggested the ER sites within the corn field agroecosystem are more susceptible to accelerated erosion as compared with UN sites.     

植被斑块格局对砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的影响

选取水力侵蚀极其剧烈的砒砂岩区为研究对象,基于野外径流小区的连续监测试验,采用三维激光扫描、无人机航拍与方差均值比率法相结合,对比分析砒砂岩坡面3种典型自然植被格局(聚集分布、均匀分布、随机分布)下的产流产沙特征与坡面微地形的演变规律。结果表明:(1)均匀分布格局对减缓水力侵蚀条件下砒砂岩坡面土壤侵蚀强度的效果最明显,与裸坡相比,减流率达到64%,减沙率达到72%,土壤流失量最少,为0.05 kg/m²。径流泥沙量之间存在多项式曲线关系,拟合函数为y=-0.0462X²+0.5355X-0.865,R²=0.736。(2)均匀分布格局的侵蚀区面积最小,为12.28 m²;沉积区面积最大,为3.44 m²,土壤侵蚀强度较其他坡面弱,以轻度侵蚀为主。(3)均匀分布格局的径流泥沙量与平均沉积深度之间的相关性较强,与径流量呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),相关系数为0.603;与泥沙量呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),相关系数为0.771。     

陕北多沙粗沙区乡村聚落土壤侵蚀及防治对策

通过定位观测和实地调查,对陕北多沙粗沙区已建乡村聚落的水力侵蚀,新建窑洞(房)过程中的弃土侵蚀及窑洞坍塌形成的侵蚀进行了研究。(1)观测期间(200406—200410),乡村聚落的平均水力侵蚀强度为5 434.3 t/km2,已达到强度级侵蚀,其中户间道路为7 348.0 t/km2,户间空地为6 873.2 t/km2,院落为2 081.7 t/km2;(2)新建1孔(间)窑洞或平房,平均弃土34.9 m3,相当于动土量的23.6%;延安以北丘陵区近20 a新建窑(房)平均每年弃土7.96×107m3,弃土年流失量约为5.17×106m3(7.76×106t/a);(3)在调查的102孔(间)塌窑所形成的松散堆积体中,平均每孔(间)窑(房)年流失泥沙46.3 m3。延安以北丘陵区因塌窑每年流失泥沙1.25×107m3(1.87×107t/a)。研究表明乡村聚落发展带来了较严重的土壤侵蚀,应加强研究与防治。     

Nutrient Losses by Runoff and Sediment from the Taluses of Orchard Terraces

The nutrient fluxes of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in runoff and sediments were evaluated over a two-year period (1999–2000) on the taluses of terraces, in a zone of intense subtropical orchard cultivation (SE Spain). The erosion plots were located on a terrace of 214% (65°) slope, at 180 m in altitude and with 16 m² (4 × 4 m) in area. Shrubby covers were tested for effectiveness in controlling the nutrient fluxes caused by runoff and sediments. Covers of Thymusserpylloides Bory sbsp. Gadorensis and Salvia officinalis L. reduced the NO₃ ^- runoff losses by 53 and 48%, with respect to the bare soil without natural vegetation, the NH_-4 ⁺ 61 and 56%; the PO₄ ^-3 65 and 56%; and K⁺ 58 and 46%, respectively. A greater proportion of NO₃ ^-, NH_-4 ⁺ and K⁺ were transported in runoff than in sediments. Thyme and sage with respect to the control reduced NO₃ ^- loss in sediments by 74 and 65%, NH_-4 ⁺ by 71 and 62%, P by 72 and 67%, and K by 69 and 61%, respectively. The total loss (runoff and sediments) in the bare-soil plot for NPK was 260, 39 and 888 mg m^-2 yr^-1, in the sage plot 119, 15 and 460 mg m^-2 yr^-1, and in the thyme plot 105, 12 and 360 mg m^-2 yr^-1, respectively. The results show the importance of the plant covers in soil conservation and in the recycling of nutrients on terrace slopes. This has far-reaching implications in the sense that the control of pollution from erosion is vital in reducing the eutrophication of both surface waters and groundwater located in lowlands.     

黑土坡面垄侧少耕措施的土壤侵蚀特征分析

为探究黑土区坡耕地垄侧少耕措施对土壤侵蚀特征的影响,在5°和7°坡面开展人工模拟降雨试验,降雨强度为75,100 mm/h,横垄处理方式包括全松（土壤容重均为1.00 g/cm³）、上松下实（土壤容重分别为1.00,1.20 g/cm³）、上实下松（土壤容重分别为1.20,1.00 g/cm³）及全实（土壤容重均为1.20 g/cm³）4种。结果表明：垄侧少耕措施有助于延缓横垄溢流时间,具有明显的调控土壤侵蚀作用。土壤侵蚀量大小总体表现为全松>上松下实>全实>上实下松。除75 mm/h降雨强度下的5°坡面外,与全松处理相比,上实下松和全实处理的径流量分别减少16.1%~19.4%和6.6%~11.4%,土壤侵蚀量分别减少25.0%~52.5%和17.9%~31.6%,且上实下松和全实处理的径流率和土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化相对比较平稳。可见,垄侧少耕措施在调控总径流量和土壤侵蚀量的同时,也具有较好地调控径流侵蚀过程的作用。因此,建议根据黑土区坡耕地具体降雨特征和地形坡度等因素科学选用垄侧少耕措施。     

不同自然植被管理措施对红壤丘陵果园水土流失的影响

丘陵是“山—丘—谷”的过渡地带，生态系统脆弱，一旦植被遭破坏，极易水土流失。在红壤丘陵园地应用除草剂调控水土流失试验结果表明：与传统的清耕法相比，克无踪、草甘膦、草草克、克克草和生草法可使地表径流量分别减少47.7%，20.8%，31.4%，41.3%和45.5%；可使土壤侵蚀量分别减少52.4%，39.0%，48.1%，50.7%和55.2%；可使土壤养分分别减少50.2%，37.0%，41.8%，45.8%和60.3%。除草剂对杂草再生率影响，与生草法比较，克无踪可达67.2%，草甘膦达30.3%，草草克36.8%，克克草51.2%和清耕法55.1%；克无踪调控杂草效果分别是草甘膦的2.2倍，清耕法的1.2倍。克无踪调控杂草效果显著，有望成为红壤丘陵园地培肥与水保相得益彰的有效措施。     

The enrichment of 137Cs in the soil loss from small agricultural watersheds

Enrichment ratios (ER) are widely used to predict loss of sorbed nutrients or pesticides with runoff sediment, while ER is frequently neglected in studies which quantify past erosion from global fallout ¹³⁷Cs losses. The ER of ¹³⁷Cs (ER- ¹³⁷Cs) in the soil loss and the subsequent depletion of ¹³⁷Cs at the soil surface were determined for eight small watersheds (1.6–16.8 ha) with different soils and land use. Due to preferential loss of the clay fraction, the upper 5 mm of the soil surface was significantly depleted of ¹³⁷Cs after a heavy storm. A total of 31 watershed-events were investigated with soil losses ranging between 1.2 and 480 kg-ha^?1 and sediment concentrations between 1.98 and 54.1 g?L^?1 The correspondent ER-¹³⁷Cs (mean: 1.72, range: 0.40–4.95) was positively correlated to the ER of clay, organic carbon, total nitrogen and calcium-acetate-lactate-extractable phosphorus (P_CAL). A close correlation between ER-¹³⁷Cs and ER-P_CAL was also found for sediment samples of detention ponds, where most of the ER values were less than 1.0 due to depletion. Therefore, ER-P_CAL seems to be a suitable estimate of ER-¹³⁷Cs for both, erosion and deposition processes. Our findings strongly support the need for considering ER-¹³⁷Cs, when ^,37Cs data are used to assess rates and pattern of soil redistribution. Otherwise, soil loss will be overestimated in a range of about factor 2 in many cases.     

蚯蚓粪对黄土区坡耕地径流产沙和硝态氮流失特征的影响

蚯蚓粪对土壤入渗和水稳性团聚体组成均有显著影响,通过在黄土区空闲农田坡耕地试验小区采用混施和层施的方式分别施入0,200,400,600,800 g/m^2 5个不同梯度的蚯蚓粪,研究其对降雨条件下坡面径流泥沙和养分流失的调控作用。结果表明:(1)2种施加方式均有效延缓了产流起始时间,且层施800 g/m^2处理下的产流起始时间较CK推迟了3.88 min,延缓效果最为明显;(2)层施800 g/m^2处理下可以显著减小产流前期的径流增大速率,并推迟进入稳定入渗阶段的时间,累积径流量随时间的变化均可以很好地用幂函数描述;(3)混施和层施800 g/m^2的2种处理下,稳定产沙率分别较CK显著减小79.61%和86.74%;累积泥沙量随时间变化均可以用幂函数描述,且初始产沙率均随蚯蚓粪施加量的增大呈显著减小趋势。(4)较混施而言,层施可以显著减小径流中硝态氮的浓度,且施加量越大,效果越明显。总之,蚯蚓粪施入均会对黄土区空闲坡耕地水土养分流失起到一定的调控作用,当施加量较大且施加方式为层施时,可以起到良好的保水控沙控肥效果。