喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对产流产沙过程的影响

为明确喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对坡面产流产沙过程的影响,在6个岩石与坡面夹角(30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,180°)、3个坡度(10°,15°,20°)和3个流量(5,7.5,10 L/min)组合条件下,开展室内放水冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)地表产流率随冲刷历时呈先增加后稳定的趋势,而含沙量和地表产沙率随冲刷历时均呈波动性减小趋势;(2)各岩石与坡面夹角下,地表产流率无显著差异(P＞0.05);但含沙量与地表产沙率均差异显著(P＜0.05),表现为含沙量和地表产沙率在60°夹角下与30°和120°夹角下差异不显著(P＞0.05),但显著高于90°,150°和180°条件下的含沙量和地表产沙率(P＜0.05);(3)地表产流率与含沙量在60°,90°,120°夹角下均呈显著幂函数正相关(R²=0.32~0.56,P＜0.05),而在其他夹角下二者关系不显著(P>0.05)。地表产流率与地表产沙率在60°,90°,120°,150°,180°夹角下呈显著线性正相关(R²=0.35~0.86,P＜0.05)。研究表明喀[JP]斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面呈一定夹角时,可加剧坡面产沙,并改变产流与产沙关系。     

晋西黄土区极端降雨后浅层滑坡调查及影响因素分析

极端降雨引发的浅层滑坡,造成了严重的环境破坏与社会经济损失。为探究极端降雨条件下土地利用、植被类型和地形因素对浅层滑坡的影响,通过对山西省吉县蔡家川流域2021年10月3—6日极端降雨引发的浅层滑坡进行实地调查,分析了极端降雨的特征与过程,不同土地利用和植被状况条件下、不同地形条件下浅层滑坡的数量与破损面积。结果表明:(1)极端降雨降雨量为年平均降雨量的31.2%,达到了161.3 mm,降雨历时84 h,峰值降雨强度7 mm/h,平均降雨强度2.1 mm/h,发生该种程度降雨的频率为0.16%,为625年一遇的极端降雨。(2)蔡家川流域内的农地小流域、人工林小流域和次生林小流域共计发生浅层滑坡479处,破损面积达183 881 m²,90%的浅层滑坡面积小于885 m²。(3)单位面积上浅层滑坡的数量与破损面积均表现为农地小流域(214个/km²,109 241 m²/km²)>人工林小流域(163个/km²,48 779 m²/km²)>次生林小流域(42个/km²,17 176 m²/km²),在小流域尺度上森林植被对浅层滑坡的防治作用显著高于农地,且次生林地预防浅层滑坡的作用优于人工林地。(4)浅层滑坡发生的坡面坡度为10°~80°,浅层滑坡数量与破损面积均随着坡度的增大而增大,在40°~50°达到峰值,坡度>50°后,浅层滑坡数量与破损面积随坡度增大而减少,坡度是影响浅层滑坡的主导因素。(5)浅层滑坡发生在坡向为22.5°~337.5°的坡面上,浅层滑坡数量和破损面积随坡向变化并未表现出明显的规律性,坡向对浅层滑坡的影响不大。     

地表坡度对雨滴溅蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的试验方法,分别研究了地表坡度对向上坡,侧坡及下坡溅蚀量的影响。结果表明:向上坡、侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度的关系大致为抛物线型,临界坡度在10°～15°与20°～25°之间,但当i=2.037mm/min时,向侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度为幂函数关系,临界坡度消失。向下坡溅蚀量与地表坡度成线性递增关系,其递增速率随雨强的增加而增大。最后给出了雨滴溅蚀总量与EI及地表坡度S的复因子关系式。ST=5.985（EI）^0.544S^0.471式中:ST=——单位面积上的溅蚀总量（g）;E——雨滴动能（J/m²）;I——降雨强度（mm/min）;S——地表坡度（°）     

坡形对黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀的模型模拟研究

为探究黑土区不同坡形下的土壤侵蚀特征,基于黑龙江省粮食沟小流域9个耕地径流场侵蚀产沙数据,采用WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project)模型进行土壤侵蚀预报与情景模拟。结果表明:径流量和产沙的整体模拟效果较好,径流量决定系数(R²)与纳什系数(NSE)分别为0.71和0.60,产沙决定系数(R²)与纳什系数(NSE)分别为0.61和0.50,表明该模型对该区土壤侵蚀模拟具有较好的适用性。而模型模拟精度则随坡度增大而减小,在3°,5°和8°坡度下,泥沙模拟的NSE分别为0.60,0.55和0.48,R²分别为0.65,0.61和0.60,这与较陡坡度条件下坡面细沟发育有关;径流量在不同坡度坡形下无明显差异,相同降雨、不同坡形下的径流差异普遍在10%以内,而产沙量在不同坡度坡形上呈现较大差异,相同降雨、不同坡形下的产沙差异普遍在20%左右,最高可达到90%以上;同一坡度条件下,直形坡的土壤侵蚀强度最大,次之为凸形坡,而"S"形坡的土壤侵蚀强度最小。该研究结果可以为我国东北黑土区水土保持措施提供科学依据。     

高分子聚合物防治坡地土壤侵蚀模拟试验研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验，研究了坡面施加不同浓度的聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、脲醛树脂3种聚合物对防治土壤侵蚀的效果。结果表明：高分子聚合物能推迟坡面产流时间、降低产流速率；与对照坡面相比，径流量减少42.05%、土壤侵蚀量减少58%以上；试验确定了3种聚合物有效施用浓度范围分别为：116～145 mL/m²，36～40 g/m²，180.0～240.0 mL/m²，并筛选出聚丙烯酸为综合作用效果最佳的高分子聚合物。上述3种高分子聚合物在防治水土流失方面有广泛的应用前景，今后还需对其效果持续性、最佳施用量等进一步研究。     

土工格室防护边坡抗冲刷规律试验研究

采用变坡试验水槽对土工格室防护坡面的侵蚀规律进行了试验研究。试验坡度为5°~35°,放水流量1~2m³/h。基于传统的径流量和产沙量测定方法,分析了土工格室边坡坡面的产流产沙演化规律。研究结果表明：土工格室的存在形成一系列沿格室边缘菱形分布的纹沟,与自然坡面的冲刷形态有本质区别;累计侵蚀量随坡度、流量的增大而增大;土工格室坡面的侵蚀主要发生在前10min,相同时段内的侵蚀量逐渐减小;同一流量条件下,土工格室坡面冲刷的侵蚀模数与边坡坡度之间呈良好的幂函数正相关关系。     

半干旱区微集水系统土壤水分调控效果研究

分析了定西市安定区以隔坡水平阶为主体的径流调控工程和梯田(对照)的土壤水分与植被生长状况及11a累积土壤水分水量平衡特征。结果表明,隔坡水平阶工程保存完好,产流区(25m²)年均产流0.3m³,产沙3.96kg,被蓄水区全部拦蓄,有效控制了水土流失,增加了水资源量,缓解了林草植被水分供应不足状况。2m土层含水量与植被生长成反比。梯田土壤含水率最高,但农作物受旱减产最大;隔坡水平阶产流区土壤含水率较低,紫花苜蓿减产较大,蓄水区土壤含水率最低,但侧柏林生长旺盛。隔坡水平阶(林草带状混交)年均蒸散量为428.6mm,较梯田高2.2mm。     

黄土坡面下坡位片蚀过程试验研究

坡面片蚀强度具有沿程空间变化性,阐明坡面不同坡位的片蚀过程对于完善坡面土壤侵蚀理论具有重要意义。采用组合小区模拟降雨试验方法对黄土坡面下坡位片蚀过程进行了研究,结果表明：（1）坡面下坡位片蚀特征与坡面上坡位及全坡面片蚀特征存在差异,下坡位片蚀规律性较差;（2）坡面下坡位片蚀随降雨过程、雨强和坡度的变化均呈现波动性,总体上随降雨过程先增大后稳定,随雨强及坡度的增大而增大;（3）坡面下坡位片蚀随雨强和坡度的变化可用二元线性方程描述,雨强的影响远大于坡度;（4）坡面上坡位汇流和下坡位产流及上坡位输沙对下坡位片蚀的影响可用二元线性方程描述,其中前者贡献率为56.9%,后者贡献率为25.4%,水的作用显著大于沙的作用。采取增加坡面入渗、减少径流的水保措施可有效防治坡面下坡位片蚀。     

大渡河干旱河谷区横垄坡面产流产沙特征及水保效益

为弄清干旱河谷区横垄坡面水土流失特征及水保效益,采用野外调查与室内人工模拟降雨相结合的方法,以坡耕地平作坡面为对照,开展了4种降雨强度(30,60,90,120 mm/h)和4种坡度(10°,15°,20°,25°)条件下横垄坡面产流产沙特征及减流减沙效益。结果表明:(1)横垄坡面产流时间随降雨强度和坡度的增大而提前,且受坡度影响远小于降雨强度;同等条件下,横垄坡面产流时间滞后平作坡面8.14%~55.60%。(2)随着降雨强度和坡度的增大,横垄坡面产流率和产沙率均表现为增加趋势。(3)坡度与横垄坡面减流减沙效益随降雨强度的增大由正相关关系转变为负相关关系,而降雨强度与横垄坡面减流减沙效益关系复杂,无明显变化规律。降雨强度和坡度对横垄坡面产流产沙过程和减流减沙效益有重要影响,横垄坡面能够延长坡面径流形成时间,有效减少坡面产沙率,但横垄坡面减流减沙作用存在临界条件。研究结果可为区域坡耕地横垄措施合理布设和水土流失有效防控提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

乌拉山废弃矿区坡长对客土坡面产流产沙与沟蚀特征的影响

为研究不同坡长客土坡面产流产沙及沟蚀特征差异变化,通过设计2个坡度(15°,20°)下不同坡长(2,4,6,8,10 m)的野外径流小区进行冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)初始产流时间变化范围与产流停止时间均随坡长增加而增大,产流率初期快速增加,达到初次峰值后呈现不规律波动,累积产流量随坡长增加而增多;产流率、累积产流量与坡长、产流时间及其交互作用呈极显著相关(p＜0.01),累积产流量在2种坡度下均与坡长、产流时间呈幂函数相关。(2)产沙率初期快速增加,达到初次峰值后随冲刷时间逐渐下降,其均值随坡长增加而增大,总累积产沙量随坡长增加而增多;累积产沙量与坡长、产流时间的交互作用呈极显著相关(p＜0.01),累积产沙量在2种坡度下均与坡长、产流产流时间呈幂函数相关。(3)侵蚀沟平均横截面积自顶端呈现沿坡面减小,以及减小—增加—再减小2种趋势。累积产沙量与估算沟蚀量具有极显著相关性(p<0.01),其差值随坡长的增加而增加,其比率随坡长增加呈先上升后下降趋势,最大值出现在6 m坡长。研究结果为矿山修复客土坡面水土流失防治及侵蚀模型建立提供技术支持。     

利用PAM防治松散扰动沙土风蚀效果的风洞试验研究

翻耕农地和建设工地的扰动松散土是沙尘的重要来源。防止扰动土风蚀是保护生态环境的重要内容。该研究通过室内风洞模拟试验，研究了PAM对于提高松散扰动土起动风速、防止风蚀的效果。试验分别采用0°、10°、20°、30°不同的吹角，地表处理为：喷施PAM（用量分别为0.5，1，2，4 g/m²）、喷施清水和未加处理的自然松散扰动（沙）土。试验结果表明：通过表面喷洒PAM溶液可以显著地提高松散扰动土的起动风速，达到控制风蚀的目的；仅喷洒清水处理也可以在一定程度上提高沙尘的起动风速，但其效果甚微；如果松散(沙)土喷施PAM的表面不被扰动（无裂纹），用于松散土风蚀防治时PAM用量控制在1 g/m²以上就可以有效防止风蚀发生，试样经受风速为14 m/s左右的大风、历时30 min而未产生风蚀。     

黄土高原南部地区人工模拟暴雨条件下不同坡度谷子坡耕地产流产沙过程

以谷子坡耕地为研究对象,通过人工模拟降雨试验,探究不同生育期谷子在不同坡度下对坡耕地坡面侵蚀过程的影响,揭示黄土高原地区坡耕地侵蚀过程特征和机理。根据试验区现行退耕还林(草)政策、降雨特点及谷子生长特性,在80 mm/h降雨强度和4个坡度(3°,5°,10°,15°)条件下分别对4个生育期(幼苗期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期)的谷子种植坡面进行人工模拟降雨。结果表明:种植谷子对坡耕地坡面侵蚀过程有明显影响,随着谷子的生长,坡面初始产流时间不断延长,坡面产流曲线更快趋于平稳,坡面平均产流产沙强度逐渐降低,谷子的减流效应和减沙效益逐渐提高。3°与15°坡面初始产流时间由裸地5.25,1.40 min分别延长至灌浆期12.70,7.63 min; 3°与15°坡面平均产流强度在灌浆期分别降低至0.52,0.78 L/(m~2·min),平均产沙强度在灌浆期分别降低至0.83,2.07 g/(m~2·min);与裸地相比,谷子由幼苗期生长至灌浆期,坡面径流量减少12.27%～48.24%,产沙量减少19.90%～84.00%。研究结果为揭示黄土高原谷子坡耕地侵蚀机理提供参考,并为区域高质量发展供科学依据。     

黑土坡面垄侧少耕措施的土壤侵蚀特征分析

为探究黑土区坡耕地垄侧少耕措施对土壤侵蚀特征的影响,在5°和7°坡面开展人工模拟降雨试验,降雨强度为75,100 mm/h,横垄处理方式包括全松（土壤容重均为1.00 g/cm³）、上松下实（土壤容重分别为1.00,1.20 g/cm³）、上实下松（土壤容重分别为1.20,1.00 g/cm³）及全实（土壤容重均为1.20 g/cm³）4种。结果表明：垄侧少耕措施有助于延缓横垄溢流时间,具有明显的调控土壤侵蚀作用。土壤侵蚀量大小总体表现为全松>上松下实>全实>上实下松。除75 mm/h降雨强度下的5°坡面外,与全松处理相比,上实下松和全实处理的径流量分别减少16.1%~19.4%和6.6%~11.4%,土壤侵蚀量分别减少25.0%~52.5%和17.9%~31.6%,且上实下松和全实处理的径流率和土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时的变化相对比较平稳。可见,垄侧少耕措施在调控总径流量和土壤侵蚀量的同时,也具有较好地调控径流侵蚀过程的作用。因此,建议根据黑土区坡耕地具体降雨特征和地形坡度等因素科学选用垄侧少耕措施。     

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）对黄土坡地降雨产流产沙过程的影响

从防治水土流失和提高降水资源利用率的角度出发，为使PAM能在黄土地区广泛使用，该文通过室内人工模拟降雨和冲刷试验，研究了黄土坡地土壤表层施加PAM对产流产沙过程的影响，分析了产流、径流累计量、泥沙累计量随时间的变化过程，建立了相应的相关关系。比较了不同PAM用量的作用效果及不同土壤对PAM施用效果的影响。试验结果表明，当坡度为15°，雨强1.2 mm/min，降雨历时为30 min时，每平方米土壤表层施加0.8 g PAM后的产流量减少16%，产沙量不到1 kg，减沙率达87.87%；连续冲刷试验结果表明PAM施放在(土娄)土上的效果远优于黄绵土。     

Soil Erosion as A ffected by Polyacrylamide Application Under Simulated Furrow Irrigation with Saline Water

The reduction of soil and water losses under furrow irrigation with saline water is important to environmental protection and agricultural production.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of polyacrylamide(PAM)application on soil infiltration and erosion under simulated furrow irrigation with saline water.Polyacrylamide was applied by dissolving it in irrigation water at the rates of 1.5,7.5,and 15.0 mg L^-1 or spreading it as a powder on soil surface at the rates of 0.3,1.5,3.0,and 6.0 g m^-2,respectively.The effectrolyte concentration of tested irrigation water was 10 and 30 mmolc L^-1 and its sodium adsorption ratio(SAR)was 0.5,10.0,and 20.0(mmol_c L^-1)_0.5.Distilled water was used as a control for irrigation water quality.Results indicated that the effectrolyte concentration and SAR generally did not significantly affect soil and water losses after PAM application.Infiltration rate and total infiltration volume decreased with the increase of PAM application rate.Polyacrylamide application in both methods significantly reduced soil erosion,but PAM application rate did not significantly affect it.The solution PAM application was more effective in controlling soil erosion than the powdered PAM application,but the former exerted a greater adverse influence on soil infiltration than the latter.Under the same total amounts,the powdered PAM application resulted in a 38.2%-139.6% greater infiltration volume but a soil mass loss of 1.3-3.4 times greater than the solution PAM application.     

Loss of soil resources from water‐eroded versus uneroded cropland sites under simulated rainfall

Soil erosion is widespread in agricultural lands of the US Corn Belt. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of antecedent erosion on loss of soil under laboratory simulated rainfall. The soil was obtained from the surface layer of eroded (ER) and uneroded (UN) sites within a conservation agro‐ecosystem in central Ohio, USA. Air‐dried soil was subjected to a rainfall simulation for 60 min (dry run), and to another simulation (wet run) 24 h after the dry run. In the dry run, the cumulative water runoff, sediment yield, and soil organic carbon loss were higher in ER (12.3 L/m², 169.3 g/m², and 5.6 g/m², respectively) than in the UN (7.3 L/m², 22.6 g/m², and 0.9 g/m² respectively). An opposite trend was observed for the cumulative water infiltration (0.9 and 3.9 L/m², respectively). In the wet run, despite a similar cumulative water runoff from the two erosional phases (20.1 and 19.6 L/m² in ER and UN respectively), sediment yield and soil organic carbon loss were higher in ER (484.4 g/m², and 16.3 g/m² respectively) than in the UN (146.6 g/m², and 5.3 g/m² respectively). Also for the wet run, an opposite trend was observed for the cumulative infiltration (0.8 and 5.8 L/m² respectively). This study suggests that past erosional processes increase the susceptibility of remaining soil to accelerated erosion.     

红壤坡地新开发果园土壤有机碳迁移对不同管理措施的响应

为探究在南方红壤区不同管理措施对于新开发果园土壤有机碳迁移的影响,以典型红壤坡地柑橘园(建园2年)为研究对象,监测评估自然降雨背景下清耕(CB)、稻草全覆盖(CS)、萝卜花生轮作(CRP)、三叶草条带覆盖(CCS)、三叶草全覆盖(CC)和苔藓覆盖(CT)6种管理措施对开发初期果园水土流失和土壤有机碳迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)6种管理措施CB、CS、CRP、CCS、CC和CT的径流量分别为7.88,4.45,4.64,3.24,3.25,4.70 m³,与CB相比,CS、CRP、CCS、CC和CT措施下截流效益分别为43.51%,41.10%,58.94%,58.82%,40.38%,产沙量分别为71.35,21.27,31.03,14.24,14.18,35.05 kg,产沙量与CB相比分别减少70.18%,56.51%,80.04%,80.13%,50.87%;(2)泥沙有机碳流失强度分别为CB(20.75 g/m²),CS(4.78 g/m²),CRP(8.68 g/m²),CCS(3.52 g/m²),CC(3.38 g/m²),CT(9.94 g/m²),相比于对照组CB分别减少76.94%,58.16%,83.01%,83.71%,52.11%;(3)泥沙有机碳和DOC流失强度均与径流量呈显著正相关关系(R²分别为0.412和0.419)。地面管理措施主要通过调控地表径流的产生来影响红壤坡地新开发果园土壤有机碳的迁移。综合来看,三叶草条带覆盖和全覆盖在抑制土壤侵蚀和土壤有机碳迁移损失方面效果较明显。研究结果可为南方红壤区新开发果园水土流失和土壤有机碳迁移损失的防控提供科学依据。     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

Quantifying spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion in a loess at different slopes using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry

The spatial distribution of interrill and rill erosion is essential for unravelling soil erosion principles and the application of soil and water conservation practices. To quantify interrill and rill erosion and their spatial development, four 30-min rainfalls at 90 mm h^?1 intensity were consecutively simulated on runoff plots packed with a loess at six slopes of 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°. The soil surface was measured using the structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry upon each simulation run, and the runoff and sediment samples were collected and measured at every 10 min. Rills did not develop until the third simulation run. During the initial two runs, the lower third section was more severely eroded than the upper and middle thirds along the slope direction, yet the interrill erosion was statistically uniform from left to right. Rills tended to emerge by both sidewalls and in the lower portion in the third run. The corresponding rill erosion increased with slope from 10° to 20° and then decreased for the slopes steeper, which was consistent with the slope trend of the sediment yield directly measured. The rills expanded substantially primarily via head retreat and to a lesser extent via sideward erosion after receiving another 30-min rainfall. Rill erosion contributed 69.3% of the total erosion loss, and shifted the critical slope corresponding to the maximum loss from 20° to 25°. These findings demonstrate the significance of rill erosion not only in total soil loss but also in its relation to slope, as well as the effectiveness of SfM photogrammetry in quantifying interrill and rill erosion.     

PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对降雨入渗和土壤侵蚀的影响

土壤中施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以提高降雨入渗率,减少土壤侵蚀量。PAM大多施用于土壤表面。为了研究PAM与不同土壤调理剂混合施用对入渗率和侵蚀量的影响,对PAM(22.5kg/hm2)与保水剂(45kg/hm2)、粉煤灰(1 500kg/hm2)、腐殖酸(900kg/hm2)混合的6种施用方法进行了试验。结果表明,施加了PAM的土壤调理剂均能显著提高降雨入渗率和减少土壤侵蚀量。与对照相比,施加了PAM处理的降雨入渗率较对照试验提高了1.8～2.7倍,土壤侵蚀量减少约50%～70%,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用提高降雨入渗率效果最为显著,PAM和保水剂混合施用减少土壤侵蚀量最多,PAM与粉煤灰和腐殖酸混合施用相比单独施用PAM均没有显著性差异。综合比较结果发现,PAM与粉煤灰混合施用增加降雨入渗率和减少径流的效果最好,PAM与保水剂混合施用抗土壤侵蚀效果最好。