白浆土NH_4~+吸附特征的影响因素

为探究白浆土对氮素的吸附规律及其影响因素,有效指导白浆土氮肥的科学施用,本研究采用平衡吸附法,研究了温度、有机质含量、振荡时间和离子强度等因素对白浆土吸附NH4+的影响,结果表明:(1)随初始NH+4浓度(0~1 000 mg/L)的增加,白浆土对其吸附量也增加,当NH+4浓度≥600 mg/L时,吸附渐趋饱和,温度升高(293~313 K)有利于该吸附反应的进行,表观热力学参数(ΔG0、ΔH0、ΔS0)的变化表明,NH+4在白浆土表面的吸附是自发、吸热且混乱度增加的过程。(2)剖面层次所引起的有机质含量递减亦会对白浆土吸附NH+4的数量有所抑制。(3)振荡时间影响白浆土吸附NH+4的动力学过程,该过程可分为起始的快速反应阶段及经过360 min后的慢速反应阶段,所选用的4个动力学方程均能较好拟合这一动态过程。应用过渡态理论所计算的活化热力学参数(ΔG≠0,ΔH≠0,ΔS≠0)表明,NH+4在白浆土上的动力学吸附过程是耗能且体系有序度增高的过程。(4)共存Na+在其不同浓度范围内对白浆土吸附NH+4的影响机制各有不同,当Na+≥0.4 mol/L时,提升其浓度有利于NH+4在白浆土上的吸附。综上所述,在较高土壤养分含量条件下,后移施用氮肥则更有利于其利用率的提升。     

莠去津在吉林省不同土壤类型中的解吸特征

为了探究莠去津污染土壤中莠去津的解吸特性,通过批量平衡法,研究了莠去津在白浆土、黑土、盐碱土上的解吸特征及影响因子。结果表明:3种土壤类型中莠去津的解吸过程经历了快速解吸、慢速解吸、最终达到解吸平衡3个阶段,平衡时间为720min;采用准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好。Freundlich方程可以较好地描述莠去津在3种土壤中的解吸等温曲线(R~20.969)。ΔG0,ΔH0,ΔS0说明其解吸为自发吸热且无序的过程。莠去津在盐碱土中的解吸率最高,其次为黑土,白浆土解吸率最低。土壤pH升高或添加生物炭均能够降低莠去津在土壤中的解吸。     

湖库底泥对重金属Pb吸附特性的研究

为了探究Pb在底泥和土壤中的吸附行为,通过OECD guideline 106平衡吸附法,来探讨Pb在底泥和土壤中的吸附特性以及不同pH、有机质和N、P含量对Pb吸附特性的影响。结果表明:Temkin模型能够更好地拟合底泥对Pb的吸附,R2=0.925;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合土壤对Pb的吸附,r=0.971。Pb在15,25,35℃下吸附条件下,温度升高会促进底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附,ΔG0,ΔH0,说明底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附为自发的吸热反应;在pH为3~11的条件下,Pb的吸附量随pH的升高呈现出先升高后逐渐趋于平缓的趋势,当pH=5时吸附效果最好。去除有机质后,底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,分别减少了121.6,87.4mg/kg。随着溶液中N、P浓度的增加底泥和土壤对Pb的吸附量逐渐减小,推断是因为N、P加入时携带加入K+,K+与Pb产生了竞争吸附导致Pb的吸附量的降低。     

白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附等温线和动力学研究

白浆土是吉林省和黑龙江省东部地区的主要农田土壤之一,研究白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附作用,可为探究白浆土的固碳潜力提供理论依据。采用批量平衡法,分析不同有机碳含量的白浆土及其组分(包括去有机质土壤、粉粒、黏粒)对腐殖酸的吸附动力学和等温吸附特性。结果表明:随吸附时间的延长,白浆土及其各组分对腐殖酸的吸附量逐渐增加;整个吸附动力学过程可划分为快速(0～30 min)和慢速(30～480 min)反应阶段,伪二级动力学方程的拟合效果优于Elovich、双常数和伪一级动力学方程。白浆土及其各组分对腐殖酸的吸附量随腐殖酸初始浓度的增加逐渐增大,Langmuir方程的拟合效果通常优于Freundlich方程和Temkin方程。随白浆土有机碳含量的增加,其对腐殖酸的最大吸附量分别为26.9,24.1,15.6 mg/g。而白浆土不同组分相比,最大吸附量的顺序依次为黏粒>去有机质土壤>粉粒,黏粒对腐殖酸的吸附量分别是原土的2.15～3.88倍,去有机质土壤的1.61～2.21倍,粉粒土壤的7.90～8.65倍。有机碳含量低的白浆土对腐殖酸具有更强的吸附能力,黏粒含量高的白浆土对腐殖酸的吸附潜力更大。     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳（DOC）的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系。结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序：酸性紫色土〉中性紫色土〉石灰性紫色土。石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视。紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0~0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4~6 h内基本达到吸附平衡。土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素。通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量〉土壤pH值〉有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量〉粘粒〉有机质。多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化。     

施硅对水稻土磷素吸附与解吸特性的影响研究

研究了水稻土中施Si对P吸附与解吸特性的影响。结果表明 ,由于土壤中Si、P存在着竞争性吸附 ,当Si施入土壤时 ,它必然占据一部分Si、P共用的吸附点位 ,降低了土壤中P的吸附量。施Si对P解吸量的影响比较复杂 ,在低P浓度 (10、20、30mg/kg)时 ,施Si增加了P的解吸量 ;在高磷浓度 (40mg/kg)时 ,施Si后P的解吸量变化不大 ,而P浓度为 50mg/kg时 ,P的解吸量随Si的施加呈下降趋势。表明Si减少P吸附量的同时 ,也由于降低了土壤对P的吸附结合能 ,而增加了易解吸P的含量。施Si明显的提高了土壤P的解吸率     

长期施磷黑土中磷的吸附–解吸特征及其影响因素

  【目的】  比较长期不施磷与施磷黑土对外源磷的吸附–解吸特征,为黑土区磷素管理提供理论基础。  【方法】  供试黑土长期定位试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年。2018年选择其中不施肥(CK),施氮钾肥(NK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK)和氮磷钾+有机肥(NPK+M) 4个处理小区,采集0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层的土壤样品,分析了土壤理化性质,采用恒温平衡法测定了土壤磷的吸附–解吸特征,并由此计算得到磷最大吸附量(Q_m)、吸附亲和力常数(K_Q)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)、最大解吸量(D_m)和解吸率(D_r)。  【结果】  随着平衡溶液中磷浓度的增加,磷的吸附量与解吸量均呈先快速增加后逐渐趋于平衡的过程。与不施磷处理(CK和NK)土壤相比,施磷处理(NPK、NPK+M)减少了磷的吸附量,增加了磷的解吸量。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理在0—60 cm剖面上的Q_m和MBC值分别降低了4.94%～63.46%和15.90%～75.18%,D_r值增加了8.52%～474.0%,以NPK+M处理变化量最大。施磷处理比不施磷处理在0—60 cm土壤剖面上全磷和有机质含量分别增加了34.40%～145.5%和12.77%～50.07%,游离态铁铝氧化物(Fe_d+Al_d)含量降低了5.14%～11.35%。冗余分析表明,不施磷处理土壤的有机质、Fe_d+Al_d和全磷,以及施磷处理中的Fe_d+Al_d、络合态铁铝氧化物(Fe_p+Al_p)、pH和有机质是影响磷吸附解吸特征参数的主要土壤因子,分别解释了不施磷和施磷处理全部变异的77.59%和90.62%。土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)相关关系表明,所研究的黑土DPS环境界限值为8%左右,NPK+M处理中3个土层的DPS_M-P值(由Mehlich-3 浸提的磷、铁和铝计算)为7.77%～25.96%,DPS_O-P值(由Olsen-P和Q_m计算)为17.24%～24.75%,均高于此环境界限值,具有磷素流失的风险。  【结论】  长期施磷降低了黑土对外源磷的吸附量,增加了磷解吸量。长期不施磷肥,土壤对磷的吸附和解吸主要受有机质、游离态铁铝氧化物的影响。而长期施肥,特别是有机肥与化肥配合处理,土壤中游离态和络合态铁铝氧化物、有机质及pH是影响磷吸附解吸特征的主要因素。     

土壤对铜的吸附-解吸特征及对土地利用的响应

用吸附平衡法研究黄河三角洲地区土壤对Cu2+的吸附和解吸特征,对比了农田和未利用地土壤吸附与解吸能力的差异,并分析了差异形成的原因。结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随着平衡液Cu2+质量浓度的增加而增加,其吸附作用可用Langmuir,Temkin和Freundlich方程来拟合,以Langmuir方程拟合结果最佳。根据Langmuir方程计算出的两种土壤最大吸附量分别为3 961mg/kg和3 521mg/kg,农田土壤对Cu2+的吸附能力强于未利用地土壤;土壤Cu2+的解吸量远远小于土壤对Cu2+的吸附量,与农田土壤相比,未利用地土壤Cu2+的解吸有滞后现象;农田土壤和未利用地土壤Cu2+的解吸率变化范围分别为0.1%～0.35%和0.15%～1.8%,农田土壤的解吸率明显低于未利用地土壤。综合分析认为,两种土壤吸附—解吸特征的差异与农田土壤具有较高的有机质含量,从而在土壤胶体表面形成较多的吸附位点有关。     

蒙山茶园土壤组分对铝吸附解吸热力学特征的影响

采用间歇法和振荡平衡法,通过实验室模拟,研究了蒙山茶园土壤(紫色土和黄壤)原土及各粒级组分对铝吸附解吸的热力学特征,并分析土壤有机质、游离氧化铁和CEC对其吸附解吸的影响。结果表明:(1)不同土壤原土及各粒级组分对铝的吸附量都随铝离子浓度的增大而增加,且各粒级土壤对铝的吸附量不同,表现为土壤颗粒比表面越大,有机质、游离氧化铁和CEC越高,其吸附量越大。紫色土原土及各粒级组分对铝的等温吸附过程用Freundlich方程描述最佳,说明紫色土对铝的吸附是多层吸附;而黄壤原土及各粒级组分对铝的等温吸附过程则用Langmuir方程描述最佳,说明黄壤对铝的吸附以单层吸附为主。(2)紫色土原土及各粒级组分对铝的解吸率表现出以下关系:粗砂粒原土细砂粒粉粒粘粒,黄壤原土及各粒级组分对铝的解吸率则表现出以下关系:细砂粒粗砂粒原土粉粒粘粒,两者解吸率的大小关系均与其有机质及游离氧化铁相反,表明两种土壤的原土及各粒级组分中有机质和游离氧化铁越高,其专性吸附率就越高,从而解吸率越小,说明土壤有机质和游离氧化铁影响土壤对铝的固持能力。(3)土壤最大吸附量与有机质、游离氧化铁含量和CEC都表现出显著或极显著的正相关关系,而其最大解吸率也均与有机质、游离氧化铁含量和CEC表现出显著或极显著的负相关关系。     

川西山地黄壤组分对氟的吸附-解吸特征研究

以川西山地黄壤为例,采用选择溶解和模拟试验方法,研究黄壤各组分对F-的吸附与解吸特性。结果表明:黄壤各组分对F-的吸附可分为快速和慢速两个阶段,去除土壤相关组分后,平衡时间缩短,平均吸附速率变大,最大吸附量显著下降。随着初始浓度增大,吸附量呈增加趋势,吸附平衡液pH值上升。与未去除组分相比,经处理的样品对F-的吸附量均有一定程度的降低,其降低量由小到大的顺序为去无定形氧化铁/铝>去有机质>去游离氧化铁/铝。Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin方程均可较好的拟合样品对F-的吸附,以Langmuir方程最佳。黄壤吸附的F-可为0.02 mol L-1的KCl大部分解吸,去除土壤组分后,黄壤对氟的专性吸附降低,缓冲能力减弱,解吸率增大,解吸率大小顺序为去游离氧化铁/铝>去有机质>去无定形氧化铁/铝>原土,显示了土壤各组分在F-吸附中的重要性差异。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.