黑土区田块土壤有机质空间分异及分布研究

本文选取东北典型黑土区田块为研究区,实测获取土壤样点数据,基于遥感影像和地形数据,分别利用单一地统计、混合地统计和遥感反演方法预测土壤有机质(SOM)空间分布。结果表明:研究区SOM含量变异系数为31.897%呈中等程度变异,且存在强烈空间自相关性;对光谱反射率进行数学运算得到的光谱指数"Tan345"(Landsat8影像345波段夹角正切值)与SOM极显著相关,相关系数最高达0.570;以光谱指数"Tan345"与地形因子"G"(高程)为输入量、利用回归克里格法预测的SOM精度最高;研究区SOM含量西高东低,沟底和平缓的坡顶含量较高。研究结果对于促进精准农业、估算土壤碳库有着重要的意义,并为小尺度SOM预测提供借鉴。     

基于TM数据的黑土有机质含量空间格局反演研究

以吉林省黑土区为例,采集区域土壤样本,获取Landsat TM遥感影像,基于有机质含量(SOM)与土壤反射率的定量关系,筛选出与土壤有机质分布相关的波段TM1、TM5,建立区域土壤有机质遥感预测模型。结果表明,表层土壤有机质含量的对数值与TM1、TM5的灰度值(Digital Number,DN)呈显著负相关关系,满足二次多项式回归关系,基于TM1、TM5波段DN值的回归模型预测研究区表层土壤有机质含量,结果可靠。研究区表层土壤有机质含量15 g kg-1的区域主要分布在东部地区,含量在15~20 g kg-1的区域主要分布在中部地区,含量在20~25 g kg-1的土壤主要集中在西部地区。调查表明东部地区和中部地区主要是典型黑土,地形部位较高,排水条件较好;西部地区主要是草甸黑土,地势平坦,地下水位适中,水分条件充足,有机质含量较高。     

干旱区典型绿洲土壤有机质的反演及影响因素研究

为了大面积、高精度地反演土壤有机质含量,为农业可持续发展提供数据支撑。以新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,采用波段平均法将实测高光谱窄波段拟合为Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像的宽波段,建立土壤有机质含量的估算模型,并将最优估算模型应用到经过波段校正的Landsat 8OLI遥感影像中。结果表明:(1)反射率进行倒数、对数、平方、一阶微分等数学变换后与有机质含量的相关性显著提高;(2)土壤有机质的高光谱估算模型拟合度较高,最优估算模型的决定系数R2为0.852,采用比值法对多光谱波段反射率进行校正,校正后的遥感影像反演结果得到了较大提高,检验样本的决定系数R2从0.711提升至0.849。从反演结果来看,将高光谱估算模型应用到经过订正的多光谱影像,土壤有机质反演模型的精度得到了大幅度提高,运用此方法可以实现高精度的土壤有机质区域化反演。(3)有机质的分布受土地利用类型、土壤颗粒组成、土壤质地的影响,其中土壤质地对有机质的空间分布影响最为显著。     

基于多光谱数据的荒漠矿区土壤有机质估算模型

目前运用高光谱数据估算土壤有机质的模型精度已经可以达到精准农业的要求,但其数据的整理和运算过程较为复杂且观测尺度较小.为节省资源,提高效率并为多光谱遥感估算土壤有机质积累经验,该文将Landsat8_OLI多光谱遥感影像各波段的反射率数据与地面土壤有机质SOM(soil organic matter)实测数据相结合,利用SPSS软件及多元线性回归分析方法建立基于反射率R、反射率倒数1/R、反射率倒数对数LN(1/R)、反射率一阶导数FDR(first derivative reflectance)的土壤有机质定量估算模型,精度检验后择取最优模型通过多光谱遥感波段运算的方式推广至整个研究区.结果表明:FDR模型的精度更高,RMSE为0.215,F检验结果为4.072,预测值与实际值之间的决定系数R2为0.963.基于该模型估算研究区空间范围的土壤有机质含量,得出土壤有机质含量在0～5 g/kg之间的面积占总研究区的84.065％,＞10 g/kg的面积仅仅为0.001 5％.在4种土地类型中工矿用地SOM平均含量为最高的7.35 g/kg,受开采的煤炭中有机质影响较大.裸地面积2 674.44 km2,占研究区面积的63％,SOM平均含量6.12 g/kg;盐渍地和荒漠林地SOM含量偏低.总之,运用多光谱遥感数据估算干旱区土壤有机质的方法可行,也为遥感估算其他地表参数提供参考.     

星载高分五号高光谱耕地主要土壤类型土壤有机质含量 估测——以黑龙江省建三江农垦区为例

为了评价国产星载高分五号(GF-5)高光谱影像估测土壤有机质(SOM)含量的潜力,以及不同土壤类型对SOM含量光谱估测精度的影响,本研究以黑龙江省建三江农垦区为研究对象,获取了覆盖研究区域的GF-5高光谱影像和188个土壤样本。对提取的样点GF-5光谱反射率数据进行了反射率倒数、对数、一阶微分等9种光谱数学变换,并采用相关系数法确定了SOM含量的光谱敏感波段。采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)线性统计建模方法,对研究区域全部土壤类型以及草甸土、沼泽土、黑土等主要土壤类型,分别构建了光谱全波段和敏感波段的SOM含量估测模型,并进行了精度评价。结果表明,基于GF-5光谱数据的研究区域全部土壤类型的SOM含量估测精度不理想,最优模型精度决定系数(R2)为0.265,均方根误差(RMSE)为4.647%,相对分析误差(RPD)为1.135;不同类型土壤在SOM含量光谱估测精度差异较大,草甸土和沼泽土的SOM含量估测精度不高,但黑土的SOM含量估测精度较高,其中全波段光谱反射率对数一阶微分(LnR)′的SOM含量估测精度最高,R~2=0.729,RMSE=1.065%,RPD=1.850,SOM含量估测模型可用。按照不同土壤类型构建SOM含量估测模型可以进一步挖掘GF-5高光谱遥感估测SOM含量的潜力。     

引入时相信息的耕地土壤有机质遥感反演模型

土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)是土壤质量评价的重要指标。监测SOM含量及其空间分布对土壤利用与保护、土壤有机碳库估算等具有重要意义。该文以松嫩平原典型区为研究区,采集4种主要土壤类型样本共147个,获取裸土期多时相MODIS地表反射率8 d合成产品,以单期、多期影像所构建光谱指数作为输入量,构建包含含水量变化与有机质含量信息的多光谱指数,建立SOM线性回归遥感反演模型,揭示SOM空间分布规律。结果表明:由于土壤含水量空间差异随时间变化,基于单期影像构建的模型主要输入量发生规律性改变,其中年积日137 d裸土条件最好,反演模型最优;比值光谱指数R61与SOM显著相关,而和含水量相关性极小,适于作为反演模型输入量;基于多期影像构建的模型引入时相信息后,精度与稳定性较单期影像模型显著提高,其中基于年积日137、105 d两期影像光谱指数所建立的多元线性模型最优;松嫩平原SOM呈现由东北向西南递减趋势。     

不同降噪方式下基于高分五号影像的土壤有机质反演

通过遥感技术预测土壤有机质(Soil Organic Matter,SOM)的空间分布是精准农业和土地资源管理研究的重要内容,与粮食安全及环境监测密切相关。该研究主要研究采用高分五号(GF-5)反演土壤有机质的最佳降噪方式。以黑龙江省典型黑土区明水县为研究对象,获取GF-5高光谱遥感影像,对影像进行不同降噪处理,包括奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD),离散小波变换(Discrete Wavelet Transform,DWT)及中值滤波(Median Filtering,MF)降噪。然而,分别结合二维光谱指数,应用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)方法预测不同降噪方式的SOM含量。结果表明:1)所选择的不同降噪方法中,与SOM含量的相关性由高到低依次为DWT、SVD、MF,其中,基于MF降噪后的光谱反射率与SOM含量相关性低于原始反射率与SOM含量的相关性。2)基于降噪方式下的光谱曲线更加平滑,且不同有机质含量对应的光谱曲线形状相似。3)采用DWT降噪方式,基于影像波段和光谱指数,以RF为预测模型的SOM最优反演模型精度R~2为0.69,均方根误差为2.26%。研究成果可为利用高光谱卫星数据实现大尺度范围内SOM的数字土壤制图提供参考,为实时定量监测土壤肥力变化提供依据。     

HJ-1A高光谱影像的表层土壤游离氧化铁含量反演

实时监测土壤游离氧化铁含量对于获取区域土壤理化特征数据、监测区域土壤环境具有重要意义。该试验基于HJ-1A 高光谱遥感影像，结合研究区土壤采样的游离氧化铁含量化验数据，分析遥感影像的反射率与土壤游离氧化铁含量的相关性，建立土壤游离氧化铁含量的多元线性反演模型，反演研究区表层土壤游离氧化铁含量。研究结果表明，HJ-1A高光谱遥感影像的反射率与研究区土壤游离氧化铁含量呈负相关性，且在第104波段达到峰值，相关系数为-0.455；利用反射率指数变换建立的反演模型Y=34.11-0.079X23+0.151X72-0.072X79-0.017X90，模型的决定系数为0.837，均方根误差为1.59 g/kg；土壤中有机质对游离氧化铁含量反演精度影响的检验结果显示，研究区土壤的有机质对游离氧化铁含量的反演精度无显著影响。该试验为土壤游离氧化铁的光谱分析提供借鉴，为区域土壤生态环境监测提供数据支持。     

基于多光谱遥感图像的青海湖流域土壤有机质估算初探

土壤有机质是土壤固相部分的重要组成成分,也是陆地表层重要的碳库,其含量的快速、准确测定关乎农牧业生产活动安排与地表过程研究中关键参数的获取效率。为了探寻适合青藏高原高寒地区土壤有机质遥感反演的响应波段及遥感模型,实现区域像元尺度上的土壤表层有机质估算,本文利用Landsat8-OLI多光谱遥感数据与实地采样数据对青海湖流域表层(0～20 cm)土壤进行了有机质含量反演研究。结果表明:Landsat8-OLI影像的第5、6和7波段是青海湖流域土壤有机质含量的特征波段,基于这3个波段构建的土壤有机质遥感反演三元回归模型(R~2=0.704,P0.001),经实测点验证(RMSE=8.66)与相关文献研究结果验证(RMSE=8.85),精度高、稳定性强、预测趋势平稳。本研究不仅为高寒地区土壤有机质含量快速测定提供了一定的技术支持,也为高寒地区的碳库计算、土壤肥力评价、土壤碳循环、农作物估产、草地退化监测等提供了参考。     

基于高光谱的三江源区土壤有机质含量反演

土壤有机质（SOM）是指土壤中各种含碳有机化合物的总称，其动态变化不仅影响农业生态系统的稳定，而且与大气圈和生物圈的碳循环密切相关，对土壤有机碳的大规模快速监测和碳储量核算具有重要意义。本研究于2017年、2018年7月在三江源区野外采集了145个土壤样品，检测了土壤光谱信息。然后将原始光谱反射率数据及其不同数据变换形式下的光谱分别与土壤有机质（SOM）含量进行相关分析，并选取了特征波段，此外利用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、支持向量机（SVM）和随机森林（RF）模型对三江源区SOM含量进行建模估算。结果表明，不同深度土壤有机质含量差异明显，且呈逐层下降趋势。而三种建模方法的检验精度分别为:RF > SVM > PLSR，其中RF和一阶微分（FD）组合模拟最好（建模集和验证集的R2、RMSE分别为0.9678、8.9132和0.7841、20.9787）。对于三江源土壤有机质含量反演，不同模型的最佳数据变换方法不同。本研究成果能为后续的高光谱遥感反演提供理论支撑，从而实现三江源区土壤有机质含量的快速检测和实时动态监测。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.