不同母质发育紫色土团粒结构的分形特征研究

运用分形模型对不同紫色母质发育的土壤团聚体特征进行研究,结果表明:土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数与土壤团聚体结构破坏率存在极显著正相关(r=0.961**,n=8),与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量存在极显著负相关(r=-0.958**,n=8);不同紫色母质发育的土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数存在差异,棕紫泥土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数最高,暗紫泥土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数最低。土壤团聚体粒径分布的分形维数是评价土壤物理肥力和土壤抗蚀性的一个新指标。     

汶川震区不同植被下土壤组成及其分型特征

目前关于植被恢复对震区土壤颗粒、团聚体、微团聚体粒径分布的影响研究很少,故本文以植被恢复下汶川震区土壤为研究对象,采用土壤粒径分形维数的计算方法,研究了植被恢复类型下对土壤组成及分形特征的影响。结果表明:震区土壤风干团聚体以5mm的大粒径团聚体为主,湿筛后,土壤团聚体粒径分布中0.25mm粒径的团聚体为优势粒径,与对照样地相比,裸地、草地、灌木、经果林和玉米类型样地的土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD分别减小74.88%,40.30%,40.73%,46.98%和47.65%。震区土壤微团聚体组成以1~0.25mm粒径为优势粒级,0.25~0.05mm为粒径次优势粒级,该震区土壤微团聚体变化范围为2.327~2.853,呈现如下规律:玉米经果林灌木裸地草地对照样地;震区土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤砂粒(1~0.05mm)呈负相关性(D=2.926~0.002 X_(砂粒)),与土壤粉粒(0.05~0.002mm)呈显著负相关性(D=3.05~0.008 X_(粉粒),p0.01),与土壤黏粒(0.002mm)呈极显著正相关性(D=2.595+0.009 X_(黏粒),p0.01)。震区土壤遭受的扰动较大,导致震区土壤碎石含量增多,土壤微团聚体和土壤颗粒分形维数增大,通过对震区土壤结构特征的研究,可为震区灾后治理提供参考。     

闽北典型毛竹林土壤微团聚体分形特征研究

以中亚带常绿阔叶林和杉木林为对照,对闽北典型竹林土壤微团聚体分形维数变化特征及其与土壤物理性质、化学性质、土壤酶活性及微生物数量的关系进行了研究,结果表明:>0.25 mm和0.05~0.01 mm颗粒含量越高,0.25~0.05 mm,0.005~0.001 mm和<0.001 mm颗粒含量越低,分形维数越小。土壤肥力与土壤分型维数有显著的相关性,土壤微团聚体分形维数与上述颗粒含量之间存在极显著或显著的回归关系;分形维数还与20个土壤肥力指标(土壤理化性质和生物活性指标)中的11个指标存在极显著负线性相关,与土壤容重极显著正相关,与毛管孔隙度、水解氮含量和过氧化氢酶活性之间存在显著的线性关系。说明土壤微团聚体分形维数能很好地表征试验林分的土壤理化性质和土壤生物活性,可作为评价土壤肥力的一项综合性定量指标。     

黄土区不同施肥对土壤颗粒及微团聚体组成的影响

采用野外采样与室内分析方法,运用颗粒体积分形理论,研究了15年长期不同施肥处理对黄土区农田土壤颗粒组成、 微团聚体分布及有机碳的影响。结果表明,施肥处理对020 cm土层影响较大,不同施肥处理土壤颗粒及微团聚体的优势粒级均为0.02~0.05 mm。有机肥（M）、 磷肥（P）、 有机肥和氮肥配施（MN）、 有机肥、 氮肥和磷肥配施（MNP）处理可显著提高020 cm土层0.1~0.2 mm土壤颗粒的百分含量,有机肥和磷肥配施（MP）以及MNP处理有利于该土层大粒径土壤微团聚体的形成。氮肥和磷肥配施（NP）处理的土壤分散率最大,M处理最小。不同施肥处理土壤颗粒体积分形维数差异不显著。相关性分析表明, 020 cm及2040 cm土层土壤颗粒体积分形维数与粘粒（0.002 mm）和细粉粒 （0.002~0.02 mm） 呈极显著正相关,与粗粉粒 （0.02~0.05 mm） 和细砂粒 （0.05~0.2 mm）极显著负相关; 土壤团聚度与0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著负相关,与 0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著正相关。020 cm土层土壤有机碳与0.01~0.05 mm各粒径土壤团聚体显著或极显著负相关,与0.1~0.5 mm各粒径土壤团聚体极显著正相关。     

长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以连续种植花生26年的旱地红壤为研究对象,选取了有机无机配施试验区的NPK(对照),NPK+花生秸秆(还田)、NPK+稻秆(稻秆)、NPK+鲜萝卜菜(绿肥)及NPK+猪厩肥(厩肥)等5个肥料处理土壤,采用吸管法逐级提取了大小粒级微团聚体土壤样品,分析了各粒级微团聚体的有机碳含量变化及其对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,探讨了微团聚体的粒级组成与土壤有机碳含量及分形维数的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥未能显著改变旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体比例的分布格局,即0.25~0.05 mm2~0.25 mm0.05~0.01 mm(0.005 mm)0.01~0.005 mm,其中优势粒径0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体所占比例为44.3%~50.0%。配施有机肥可以显著增加旱地红壤2~0.25 mm,0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,提高特征微团聚体比例,增大分形维数,且随着0.05 mm粒级微团聚体数量的增多,分形维数均显著增大。各粒级团聚体有机碳的平均含量大小依次为:(0.005 mm)0.25~0.05 mm(2~0.25 mm)0.05~0.01 mm0.01~0.005 mm,其中0.25~0.05mm与0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳受施肥的影响差异显著。土壤有机碳总量与2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,其中0.25~0.05 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率为55.4%,显著高于其它粒级微团聚体。     

川中丘陵区不同治理模式对土壤微团聚体分形特征的影响

探讨川中丘陵区不同小流域治理模式对土壤微团聚体分形特征的影响,可为该区植被恢复与水土流失治理模式提供科学依据。本文通过室内分析,研究了5种不同小流域治理模式下的土壤微团聚体粒径组成、分形维数特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系。1该区土壤微团聚体组成以0.01~0.05 mm粒径为优势粒径,含量在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层分别达28.63%和28.04%;0.001~0.005 mm粒径为次优势粒径,在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层含量分别达25.90%和26.33%;各土层不同治理模式下各粒径微团聚体含量差异显著。2该区土壤微团聚体分形维数变化范围为2.643~2.717,不同治理模式土壤微团聚体分形维数呈现水保林甜橙林核桃林裸地坡改梯坡减缓的规律,分形维数与各粒径微团聚体含量呈线性关系。3相关性分析表明,土壤微团聚体分形维数与速效钾、全钾呈正相关,与土壤总孔隙、碱解氮、全氮、有机质呈负相关关系。土壤微团聚体分形维数能较好地反映川中丘陵区土壤的理化结构,是表征该区土壤理化性质的重要指标,林地是该区植被恢复与水土流失治理选择的最优模式。     

网格式生物埂对坡面土壤颗粒分形特征的时间效应

为研究网格式生物埂护坡的时间效应,以无生物埂护坡的裸坡为对照,运用分形学原理,对实施年限为1～4年的黄花生物埂坡面土壤机械组成及微团聚体分形维数特征进行研究,并将两者的分形维数与土壤理化性质之间的关系进行拟合.结果表明:(1)各实施年限土壤机械组成分形维数介于2.634～2.786之间,且表现为T4＞T3＞T2＞T1＞CK,与＜0.05 mm粒级颗粒含量呈显著的线性关系;(2)各实施年限土壤微团聚体分形维数介于2.486～2.602之间,且表现为CK＞T1＞T2＞T3＞T4,与＜0.01 mm粒级颗粒含量呈显著的线性关系;(3)坡位对土壤机械组成及微团聚体分形维数的影响明显,1～4年的黄花生物埂土壤机械组成分形维数值表现为坡上＞坡中＞坡下,微团聚体分形维数值表现为坡上＜坡中＜坡下,而作为对照的裸坡分别表现出与之相反的规律;(4)土壤机械组成、微团聚体分形维数与土壤基本理化性质均极显著相关.     

PLA平铺沙障对沙丘土壤颗粒分形特征的影响

采用室外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,统计分析了毛乌素沙地PLA沙障铺设5年后的土壤颗粒粒径组成、分形维数及其与土壤砂粒(0.05 mm)、粉粒(0.05~0.002 mm)和黏粒(0.002 mm)含量的之间的关系。结果表明:研究区沙物质颗粒主要以粒径大于0.05 mm的细沙、极细沙为主。设置PLA沙障后,导致沙丘中粗沙含量减少,黏粒物质增加。沙障规格对土壤分形维数的影响表现为规格越小,土壤分形维数越大。沙丘表层分形维数与砂粒含量(0.05 mm)呈极显著的负相关关系,而与黏粒含量呈极显著的正相关关系。该地区颗粒分形维数的临界粒径为0.05 mm粒径物质,低于0.05 mm的颗粒含量越多,分形维数越高,反之则越低。设置PLA沙障后,黏粒物质聚集和沙粒物质的降低共同导致分形维数的增加。     

重庆四面山不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀的关系

通过对重庆四面山的槲栎林、川柯林、柳杉林和毛竹林4种林地土壤颗粒状况的分析,探讨不同林地土壤颗粒特征及其与土壤侵蚀之间的关系。结果表明：除柳杉林以外,其他林地土壤均属于级配良好土壤,毛竹林表层土壤颗粒的分散度较低、偏度较大,土壤颗粒分布不均衡,土壤流失程度较高。不同林地土壤的微团聚体分形维数表现为川柯林40-60cm层最小,柳杉林0-20cm层最大,微团聚体分形维数与〈0.001mm粒级微团聚体含量成正比,与0.25～0.05mm粒级微团聚体含量成反比。川柯林土壤团聚状况最高（19.38%）,分散率最低（32.13%）;柳杉林土壤团聚状况最低（10.88%）,分散率最高（74.41%）。     

不同土地利用方式的土壤团粒及微团粒的分形特征

 为研究不同土地利用方式对土壤团粒和微团粒的影响,探索土壤质量、结构的定量化描述,在宁夏固原上黄试验区,对灌木林地、农地、天然草地、果园和人工草地5种利用方式土壤的团粒结构和微团聚体结构及其分形特征进行分析和研究。结果表明:土壤团聚体总量为天然草地>灌木林地>果园>农地>人工草地,而且这5种土地利用方式土壤团粒结构分形维数在2.36～2.84之间,表现为团聚体总量越低,其结构的粒径分布的分形维数越高;其中天然草地和灌木林地有助于土壤微团聚体的形成,其他利用方式较差,同时发现>0.005mm粒级的微团聚体与分形维数表现为极显著负相关,而<0.005粒级（黏粒）的微团聚体表现为极显著正相关;土壤团聚体和微团聚体的分形维数可以表明土壤物理性质的好坏。不合理的土地利用方式是土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因,因此,合理利用土地势在必行。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.