镧对铜尾矿区黑麦草铜耐性与积累特性的影响

通过对铜陵铜尾矿库地区土壤添加不同浓度的La,研究了外源La处理对高浓度Cu胁迫下,黑麦草对Cu的耐性和积累特性的影响。结果表明:低浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发起到了促进作用,而高浓度La对黑麦草种子萌发有抑制作用。当La浓度达到100 mg kg-1时,La对黑麦草的发芽率、发芽指数、生物量和耐性指数较对照组均达到显著抑制水平(P<0.05)。黑麦草的茎叶重、根重、茎叶长、根长和耐性指数随着La浓度的增加而减少,平均抑制率分别为:11.90%、12.62%、7.21%、13.78%和13.33%。La对黑麦草的根生长的抑制作用大于茎叶。La对根重的平均抑制率比茎叶重高出2.77%;对根长的平均抑制率比茎叶长高出6.75%。黑麦草体内Cu含量随着添加La浓度的增加而增加,其中根系中Cu的含量平均上升了6.99%,地上部分Cu的含量平均上升了8.49%。显示出外源La处理增加了黑麦草对铜尾矿库区Cu的吸收和迁移。     

EDTA对铅污染土壤上芥菜生长及铅积累特性的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了EDTA对Pb污染土壤上芥菜生长及Pb积累特性的影响。结果表明,单独Pb处理对芥菜生物量没有明显的影响,但高Pb处理(2000mg kg-1 Pb)芥菜地上部含水量显著降低;Pb处理芥菜体内Pb含量随土壤Pb浓度的增加而明显增加,根系Pb含量高于地上部Pb含量;3mmol kg-1 EDTA处理能促进土壤Pb溶解,增加土壤有效Pb含量,影响芥菜的正常生长,芥菜地上部生物量下降,高Pb浓度处理比低Pb浓度处理更明显;EDTA处理14天芥菜地上部和根系Pb积累量都比不加EDTA的对照明显增加,地上部Pb总量增加到对照的13.1～80倍;EDTA处理芥菜地上部与根系Pb含量的比值上升,表明EDTA处理促进Pb向地上部运输,这种促进作用因土壤Pb浓度的不同而略有差异。     

紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和狼尾草对Cu、Pb复合污染土壤修复能力的研究

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前对于土壤重金属污染的治理主要以植物修复为主。为了寻找适宜修复Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的牧草,采用盆栽试验法,将试验的植物设置9组处理:1组对照组(CK),不添加任何重金属盐;4组单一污染,即单一Cu低(Cu1,200 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Cu2 400 mg×kg-1),单一Pb低(Pb1 300 mg×kg-1)、高浓度(Pb2 800 mg×kg-1);4组Cu、Pb复合污染(Cu1Pb1、Cu1Pb2、Cu2Pb1、Cu_2Pb_2)。通过比较紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)的适应能力和富集特征,研究了这3种常见牧草植物对受Cu、Pb复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿地上部和根部生物量均在Pb1处理组时最大,显著高于其他处理组;黑麦草地上部生物量在Cu1Pb1处理组最大,根部生物量在Pb1处理组最大;狼尾草地上部生物量在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,根部生物量在Cu2处理组最大。2)Cu单一污染下,狼尾草抗性系数最大;Pb单一污染下,紫花苜蓿抗性系数最大;Cu-Pb复合污染下,狼尾草的抗性系数较大。高浓度Cu处理组3种牧草植物的地上部生物量、根部生物量和抗性系数均呈现:狼尾草黑麦草紫花苜蓿,且狼尾草显著大于黑麦草和紫花苜蓿。3)种植3种牧草植物后,土壤重金属Cu、Pb含量均有所降低。在一定浓度下,土壤Cu-Pb重金属间会相互促进对方在牧草植物中的吸收。4)3种牧草中紫花苜蓿地上部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达1.61;黑麦草根部对Cu的富集系数在Cu_2Pb_2处理组最大,达3.80;3种牧草地上部和根部对Pb的富集系数只在黑麦草根部的Cu1Pb1处理组时大于1,达1.46。5)黑麦草对Pb的吸收能力较强,且主要积累在根系;紫花苜蓿对Cu-Pb复合污染综合修复效果最好。紫花苜蓿和黑麦草分别在Cu-Pb复合污染和Pb单一污染土壤中对Pb的转运系数大于1,分别为2.72和2.06,反映其对土壤中的Pb具有富集潜力。综合表明,黑麦草对重金属Pb具有较强的耐性,在Pb单一污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料;紫花苜蓿对重金属Cu、Pb均具有较强的耐性,在重金属Cu单一或Cu-Pb复合污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。     

丛枝菌根真菌对镉胁迫下黑麦草光合生理的响应

为探究镉(Cd)胁迫下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)光合生理的影响,盆栽条件下以Cd浓度为0、5、15和30 mg·kg-1分别对黑麦草接种AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉(FM)、变形球囊霉(GV)、混合处理(FM+GV)以及不接种对照(NM)共16个处理。结果表明,Cd降低了AM真菌侵染;接种AM真菌则提高了黑麦草株高、叶绿素含量、荧光参数、地上部和根系氮(N)、Cd含量,增强光合作用,显著提高植物体内生理活性。在Cd浓度为30 mg·kg-1水平下,FM+GV处理的菌根侵染率最大,为42.7%,与NM相比,FM+GV处理的黑麦草叶片叶绿素含量、地上部和根系N含量分别提高26.2%、70.6%和85.3%;株高和地上干重分别提高34.1%和18.8%;PSⅡ最大光化学效率和PSⅡ潜在活性分别提高4.9%和19.7%;净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度分别增加19.8%、28.3%和14.7%;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量分别是NM的1.3、1.5和1.8倍,丙二醛含量相较NM下降50.0%。土壤中Cd浓度与植株地上部和根内的Cd含量呈显著正相关,FM+GV处理的黑麦草地上部和根系Cd含量分别达到88.1和606.7 mg·kg-1。总体来看,FM+GV处理增加黑麦草光合生理抗性、吸收固持Cd能力的效果最为显著。     

城市污水再生水灌溉对黑麦草生长及土壤磷素转化的影响

为了进一步明确城市污水再生水的农业利用价值,在温室条件下采用盆栽试验方法种植黑麦草,以自来水(clean water,CW)灌溉为对照,分别进行全再生水(reclaimed municipal wastewater,RW)和混合再生水(自来水+再生水,CW+RW,1∶1)灌溉处理,研究了再生水灌溉对黑麦草生长和土壤磷素的转化特征。结果表明,城市污水再生水灌溉显著增加了黑麦草地上部和根系的生物量,CW+RW处理黑麦草地上部和根系生物量在播种55 d后分别较对照(CW)增加18.92%和6.42%,RW处理分别增加26.79%和10.55%;黑麦草地上部磷含量分别显著增加8.48%和10.93%。再生水灌溉土壤全磷含量变化不大并有减少趋势,但土壤速效磷含量CW+RW和RW处理分别较对照(CW)增加29.15%和43.80%;CW+RW和RW处理显著增加了土壤有机磷组分中的活性有机磷和中活性有机磷,与对照CW相比,其中活性有机磷增幅分别为50.30%和81.57%,中活性有机磷增幅分别为7.66%和13.68%;也显著增加了无机磷组分中的Ca2-P和Ca8-P,CW+RW和RW处理Ca2-P含量由对照的12.90 mg·kg-1分别增加到16.42 mg·kg-1和15.49 mg·kg-1,与对照相比,增幅分别为27.29%和19.38%,Ca8-P增幅分别为19.94%和16.03%。再生水灌溉显著降低了土壤pH并显著增加了土壤有机质含量,这可能是增加土壤磷活性的原因之一。再生水灌溉对提高土壤磷素利用率有促进作用。     

添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究

通过温室盆栽试验.开展了凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理对铜锌镉污染红壤的改良效应研究.结果表明:添加凹凸棒土和钠基蒙脱石处理能显著增加黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam)两茬的地上部生物量(鲜重).未施入改良剂时,两茬黑麦草地上部的生物量分别为是7.60 g/盆和5.67 g/盆,添加80 g/kg 凹凸棒土处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了184%和15%添加80 g/kg钠基蒙脱石处理的两茬地上部生物量分别增加了113%和99.3%.黏土矿物的加入使土壤的pH提高了0.26～1.02个单位.从而降低了植株对Cu、Zn、Cd的生物有效性.随着添加量从20 g/kg增加到80 g/kg,黑麦草地上部Cu、Zn、Cd的含量降低,钠基蒙脱石钝化Cu、Cd的效果好于凹凸棒土,但两者钝化Zn的效果没有显著差异性.添加40 g/kg和80 g/kg的凹凸棒土或钠基蒙脱石处理都显著降低了污染上壤TCLP提取液中Cu、Zn的浓度,对于TCLP提取液中Cd浓度的显著降低只有添加80 g/kg的凹凸棒上这一种处理达到.     

四种改良剂对铜和镉复合污染土壤的田间原位修复研究

研究了石灰、磷灰石、蒙脱石和凹凸棒石对冶炼厂周边Cu、Cd污染土壤的原位修复效果。以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)作为田间修复植物,采用植物重金属吸收性、土壤重金属化学提取性及土壤溶液重金属浓度变化等作指标来评价修复效果,并研究了黑麦草对Cu、Cd的吸收与土壤、土壤溶液中Cu、Cd含量的相关性。结果表明,石灰高添加剂量(石灰占污染土壤耕作层质量的0.4%)处理黑麦草对重金属的富集效果最好,显著降低了重金属毒性,促进了黑麦草的生长及其对重金属的富集;石灰和磷灰石各添加剂量均显著降低了污染土壤交换态Cu含量;石灰、磷灰石和蒙脱石各添加剂量均显著提高了土壤溶液pH并显著降低了其Cu、Cd浓度。黑麦草地上部、根中Cu浓度与土壤交换态Cu及土壤溶液Cu浓度呈显著或极显著正相关关系。     

铅锌矿区分离丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊生长与吸镉的影响

盆栽试验研究了土壤不同施Cd水平(0、20、50 mg kg-1)下,接种矿区污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对万寿菊根系侵染率、植株生物量及Cd吸收与分配的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌显著提高了Cd胁迫下万寿菊的根系侵染率和植株生物量;随着施Cd水平提高,各处理植株Cd浓度和Cd吸收量显著增加。各施Cd水平下万寿菊地上部Cd吸收量远远高于根系Cd吸收量,尤其在20 mg kg-1施Cd水平下,接种处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的3.90倍,对照处理地上部Cd吸收量是根系的2.33倍;同一施Cd水平下接种处理地上部Cd吸收量要显著高于对照。总体上,试验条件下污染土壤中分离的丛枝菌根真菌促进了万寿菊对土壤中Cd的吸收,并增加了Cd向地上部分的运转,表现出植物提取的应用潜力。     

Zn胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长、生理生化及Zn吸收的影响

采用营养液培养法，研究了不同Zn浓度(0，0.25，0.50，1.00，2.00 mmol/L)对黑麦草幼苗生长、过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、根系活力及Zn吸收的影响。结果表明，低锌胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长无抑制，过度锌胁迫(Zn≥2 mmol/L)将降低黑麦草地上部干质量。幼苗叶内游离脯氨酸含量随锌胁迫时间、锌浓度增加而增加。随Zn胁迫时间增加幼苗POD活性先降后升、根系活力先升后降，锌处理的植株地上部POD活性随锌浓度增加先降低，然后增加，而根系活力随锌浓度增加而增加。黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系Zn含量随Zn浓度的增加而增加，当Zn浓度为2.00 mmol/L时，地上部Zn含量最大值为775.0 mg/kg。     

~(13)C脉冲标记定量研究施氮量对光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中分布的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置两种施氮水平(50 mg kg-1和100 mg kg-1)处理(分别记为N50和N100),采用四次13C脉冲标记对不同生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期)水稻光合产物碳在水稻-根际土壤系统中的分配特征进行定量研究。结果表明,不同施氮水平下,N100处理的水稻地上部生物量显著高于N50处理(p0.05);生长后期N50处理促进根的生长,根冠比增加。N100处理四次脉冲标记总累积13C量达265.5 mg,较N50处理高出39%,分配到土壤中的13C量高出46%,说明适当增施氮肥,不仅可以提高作物产量,还能增加作物输入土壤的有机碳量。水稻早期光合碳主要运往地下部(21.7%~52.7%),灌浆期地下部分配比例大大降低(7.50%~8.90%)。两种施氮水平下,四次脉冲标记累积吸收的光合13C在植株和土壤中的分配比例大致相同,累积吸收的光合碳约72%在植株地上部,28%分配到地下部(根系7.21%~7.71%和根际土壤20.3%~21.2%)。     

Effects of Soil Amended with Cadmium and Lead on Growth,Yield, and Metal Accumulation and Distribution in Parsley

A greenhouse experiment was designed to determine the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) distribution and accumulation in parsley plants grown on soil amended with Cd and Pb. The soil was amended with 0, 5, 10 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd kg^?1 in the form of cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂] and 0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg Pb kg^?1 in the form of lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂]. The main soil properties; concentrations of the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals lead (Pb), Cd, copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) in soil; plant growth; and total contents of metals in shoots and roots were measured. The DTPA-extractable Cd was increased significantly by the addition of Cd. Despite the fact that Pb was not applied, its availability was significantly greater in treatments 40–100 mg Cd kg^?1 compared with the control. Fresh biomass was increased significantly in treatments of 5 and 10 mg Cd kg^?1 as compared to the control. Further addition of Cd reduced fresh weight but not significantly, although Cd concentration in shoots reached 26.5 mg kg^?1. Although Pb was not applied with Cd, its concentration in parsley increased significantly in treatments with 60, 80, and 100 mg Cd g^?1 compared with the others. Available soil Pb was increased significantly with Pb levels; nevertheless, the increase was small compared to the additions of Pb to soil. There were no significant differences in shoot and root fresh weights between treatments, although metal contents reached 20.0 mg Pb kg^?1 and 16.4 mg Pb kg^?1 respectively. Lead accumulation was enhanced by Pb treatments, but the positive effect on its uptake was not relative to the increase of Pb rates. Cadmium was not applied, and yet considerable uptake of Cd by control plants was evident. The interactive effects of Pb and Cd on their availability in soil and plants and their relation to other metals are also discussed.     

Copper Tolerance and Accumulation of Elsholtzia splendens Nakai in a Pot Environment

ABSTRACT

Elsholtzia splendens Naki has been identified as a copper (Cu) geobotanical indicator. In this study, the effects of Cu supply levels (control, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 mg kg¹) on the growth and Cu accumulation in E. splendens were studied in one pot experiment. The results showed that no reduction in shoot height and dry weight was noted when the plants were grown at Cu supply levels up to 1000 mg kg^?1 in soil. Slight stimulation on shoot growth was noted at Cu levels ≥ 100 mg kg^?1. Copper concentration in shoots and roots increased with increasing Cu levels, and reached a maximum of 1751 and 9.45 mg kg^?1 (DW) at 1200 mg Cu kg^?1. The amount of Cu accumulated in the roots and shoots were 313 and 22 μ g plant^?1 at external Cu levels of 1000 and 800 mg kg^?1, respectively. The shoot/root Cu ratios ranged from 0.005 to 0.008 and more than 92% of the total Cu taken up by E. splendens was accumulated in roots. Furthermore, Cu concentrations in roots and shoots were significant and positively correlated with total soil Cu, water, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), ammonium (NH₄)-acetate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extractable Cu. These results indicate that E. splendens can considered as a Cu tolerant and accumulated plant, and root is the major part for accumulation of Cu in E. splendens.     

Cadmium accumulation and distribution in sunflower plant

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation and distribution was studied in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., public line HA‐89) plant. From an uncontaminated sandy loam brown forest soil with 162 μg kg^‐1 HNO₃/H₂O₂ extractable Cd the HA‐89 sunflower public line accumulated 114 ug kg^‐1 Cd in its kernels under open field conditions. This value is rather low as compared to data found by others. Sandy loam brown forest soil was treated with 0, 1 or 10 mg kg^‐1 of Cd to study the interaction of this heavy metal with young sunflower plants in a greenhouse pot experiment. The fresh weight and dry matter accumulation of sunflower plant organs (roots, shoots, leaves or heads) was unaffected by cadmium treatment of soil. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), or zinc (Zn) uptake of sunflower plant organs was not influenced by lower or higher Cd‐doses, except sunflower heads where 10 mg kg^‐1 of Cd treatment of soil significantly reduced the uptake of Ca, Fe, and Mn. Although Cd reduced the Zn uptake of roots, its rate was statistically not significant. Cadmium was accumulated prevalently in roots (1.21 mg kg^‐1,4.97 mg kg^‐1, or 13.69 mg kg^‐1 depending on Cd‐dose), and its concentration increased also in shoots or leaves. In spite of the short interaction time, elevated concentrations of cadmium (0.78 mg kg^‐1, 1.34 mg kg^‐1, or 3.02 mg kg^‐1 depending on Cd‐dose) were detected in just emerged generative organs (heads) of young sunflower plants.     

Plant Response to Copper Toxicity as Affected by Plant Species and Soil Type

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the bioavailability of copper (Cu) in clay loam and sandy clay loam soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in pots for 45 d. When mature, plants were treated for 15 additional days with 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mg Cu kg^?1 as CuSO₄·5H₂O. After harvest, Cu in soils and plant tissues was determined. In soils, applied Cu raised total and EDTA-extractible Cu. Results also revealed that the amounts of Cu extracted from sandy clay loam soil (80%) were higher than those extracted from clay loam soil (70%). In plants, increasing soil Cu concentration increased plant concentration of the metal. Plant species vary in their capacity for Cu accumulation: Lettuce has a relatively higher potential for Cu uptake and translocation than does spinach. Cu accumulation also differs among plant organs. In lettuce, metal accumulation is higher in roots than in shoots, where 60% to 80% of the total Cu of the plant is located in the roots. However, in spinach, there is no significant difference in Cu content between roots and shoots. The transfer of the metal from soil to plant is higher for plants grown on sandy clay loam soil. For a given rate of applied Cu, metal content in plant tissues is higher on sandy clay loam soil due to its higher transfer coefficient (C_T) from soil to plant. Nevertheless, all crops studied showed a positive linear relationship between extractible soil Cu and plant Cu.     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

Earthworm-mycorrhiza interaction on Cd uptake and growth of ryegrass

The effects of inoculation of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhiza separately, and in combination, on Cd uptake and growth of ryegrass were studied in soils contaminated with 0, 5, 10, 20 mg of Cd kg⁻¹ soil. Both earthworms and mycorrhiza were able to survive in all the treatments with added Cd. Earthworm activity significantly increased mycorrhizal infection rate of root and ryegrass shoot biomass. Earthworm activity decreased soil pH by about 0.2 units, and enhanced root Cd concentration and ryegrass Cd uptake. Mycorrhiza inoculation increased shoot and root Cd concentration substantially, and at the highest dosage of 20 mg Cd kg⁻¹ decreased biomass of ryegrass. Inoculation of both earthworms and mycorrhiza increased ryegrass shoot Cd uptake at low Cd concentrations (5 and 10 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil), when compared with inoculation of earthworms or mycorrhiza alone. In conclusion, earthworm, mycorrhiza and their interaction may have a potential role in elevating phytoextraction efficiency in low to medium level metal contaminated soil.     

THE DECLINE IN THE AVAILABILITY OF COPPER FERTILIZER APPLIED TO YELLOW BROWN LATERITIC SAND FOR THE GROWTH AND UPTAKE OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER

In a glasshouse experiment, subterranean clover (clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. ‘Dalkeith’) was grown on a yellow brown lateritic sandy earth where three levels of copper (Cu) had been applied in a field experiment. The soil was collected from the Cu application of 0.69 (Cu₁), 1.38 (Cu₂) and 2.06 (Cu₃) kg Cu ha^?1, originally applied as Cu sulfate (25% Cu), from the field site where the Cu had been in contact with the soil for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 years. The Cu₂ level was the recommended Cu application when the soil was originally cleared of indigenous vegetation. The availability of Cu for uptake by clover (cv. ‘Dalkeith’) plants declined linearly with time over 30 years of contact between the soil and the applied Cu for a yellow brown lateritic sandy earth in a semiarid Mediterranean environment. A steady decline in both the Cu concentrations of the youngest open blade (YOB), and the Cu concentration in dry whole shoots of clover resulted with increasing time of soil contact. The Cu content in shoots of clover plants increased with Cu application and declined with the length of time since the Cu had been applied. For the Cu₁ applied, and the Cu₂, the dry weight of shoots (DWS) declined with the length of contact between Cu and the soil, particularly where Cu was in contact with the soil greater than 18 years. For all Cu additions, a linear model was fitted to the decline Cu concentrations in YOB and dried shoots with time. This model predicts that Cu deficiency would be observed about 19, 28 and 40 years after the application of the 0.69, 1.38, and 2.06 kg Cu ha^?1 at this site. The YOB and the remainder of shoots (ROS) of clover were used to define critical concentrations of Cu for the yield of dried shoots. The critical concentrations of Cu in the YOB at the 45 days after sowing were about 3 mg kg^?1 for DWS and about 4 mg kg^?1 in the ROS of clover. The critical DTPA extractable Cu for 90% of the maximum clover yield was 0.21 mg kg ^?1 soil.     

Effect of earthworms on the phytoremediation of zinc-polluted soil by ryegrass and Indian mustard

In this paper, the effects of earthworms on the growth and Zn uptake of ryegrass and Indian mustard in artificially Zn-contaminated soils were studied. Earthworm inoculation increased plant shoot biomass by 29–83% for ryegrass and by 11–42% for Indian mustard, respectively, as compared to the treatments without earthworms, while the roots’ biomass of both plants were increased much more than their corresponding shoots. Earthworms also increased shoot Zn concentrations in both ryegrass and Indian mustard, although the increases in ryegrass did not show significant difference. Except for soil without Zn contamination, the Zn contents of both ryegrass and Indian mustard roots were significantly increased by earthworm addition. Generally, Zn contents of roots were relatively higher than those of shoots for both plants, which were independent of earthworms inoculation. Earthworm increased soil bioavailable metal (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid–Zn) (DTPA-Zn) concentrations, which resulted in a direct increase in Zn uptake by the plants, since a significant correlation was observed between the DTPA–Zn contents and plant Zn uptake. However, the main reason for the increase in plant Zn uptake under earthworm inoculation was probably the increase in dry matter production stimulated by earthworms.     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER FRACTIONS IN A VINEYARD SOIL

The aim of this work is to assess the effect of planting patterns on the spatial distribution of total copper and other Cu fractions in vineyard soils. Both classical and geostatistical tools were used for the study. The soil of the plot had a loam texture and was strongly acid. The mean total Cu concentration (Cu_T) was 368 mg kg⁻¹. The mean value of potential available fractions was 188 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu_EDTA and 122 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu_DPTA, whereas the mean exchangeable Cu (Cu_EX) was 5·2 mg kg⁻¹. All Cu measurements exhibited a wide variation. These values are very high compared with those found in non‐polluted soils, and they can affect the soil, plants and microorganisms. The best correlation for Cu_EX was with soil pH, whereas for Cu_EDTA, Cu_DPTA, and Cu_T, the best correlation was with soil organic carbon. Directional semivariograms were fitted with a spherical model (parallel to plant rows) and a periodic model (perpendicular) showing a dependence on orientation and distance. All Cu measurements were higher along plant rows than among them, finding a periodic pattern in the variance for the normal direction from plant rows. However, in site‐specific management, it is crucial not only to describe the pattern of variation but also to estimate the Cu content in the soil. Copper concentration maps were estimated by kriging interpolation. These maps show a higher Cu accumulation along the cultivated rows than the uncultivated rows. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.