Management-induced structural dynamics in paddy soils of south east China simulated in microcosms

The puddling of paddy soils is the most common method of lowland rice cultivation in Asian countries and results in a complete distortion of the soil structure of the puddled layer and the formation of a distinct plough pan. In addition, the soil structure and the interrelated chemical and biological parameters in these soils are influenced by the alternating of flooding and drying stages. Since physical properties are basic features for the availability of water and nutrients characteristics such as soil structure and soil moisture have been recorded at the different stages of rice growth in detail. For a better understanding these results have been compared with micropedological investigations. For these purposes undisturbed microcosms filled with paddy soils of three different sites from south east China were taken and planted with rice in a climate chamber.Management-induced dynamics have been reflected very prominently as far as bulk density, pore size distribution and soil moisture of the puddled layer are concerned. The properties of the undisturbed plough pan did not change during all stages of the experiment. Most significant effects of soil puddling have been found in the soil with a clay content of more than 40%. Comparing the different sampling stages after puddling the soils with high clay contents have shown the greatest variety in pore size distribution.Micropedological investigations demonstrated the different texture-influenced aspects of pore size distribution and the arrangement of soil structure in the topsoil in detail. Micrographs verified the changes of microhabitats caused by soil structure dynamics. The structural alteration consequences different living-conditions of microorganisms and, therefore, population dynamics related to the management of paddy soils which has been reflected in this study.     

长期水耕植稻对水稻土耕层质地的影响

为了解长期水耕植稻对南方地区水田表土层颗粒组成的影响,以浙江省为研究区,采用历史资料分析、典型样区调查及定点观察相结合的方法,研究水稻土耕作层(包括犁底层)与心土层间黏粒含量的差异,分析植稻时间对水稻土不同土层颗粒组成的影响,比较植稻期间稻田排水中泥砂物质的颗粒组成与对应土壤间的差异,探讨了长期植稻对水稻土剖面质地分异的影响。对浙江省456个代表性剖面统计,与水稻土心土层比较,耕作层和犁底层黏粒含量平均下降了14%和10%。对植稻不同时间的浅海沉积物(从10～20年至80年)、第四纪红土(从5～20年至70年)和玄武岩风化物(从5～20年至35～70年)发育的水稻土比较发现,随植稻时间的增加,耕作层和犁底层土壤砂粒含量呈现增加趋势,黏粒含量明显下降,耕作层、犁底层与心土层黏粒含量的比值逐渐下降。农田排水中泥砂物质的黏粒和粉砂含量高于对应农田土壤,而砂粒含量则低于相应的土壤。分析认为,长期水耕植稻可导致耕作层土壤砂化(即砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量下降),其原因除与水耕过程中黏粒淋淀外,排水中黏粒和粉砂细颗粒的选择性流失对耕作层砂化也有较大的贡献。     

土壤水分状况和质地对稻田N2O 排放的影响

１９９４年中国科学院封丘生态试验站通过小区试验研究了土壤质地和水分状况对稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响。结果表明稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要受土壤水分状况的影响,淹水状态下,Ｎ２Ｏ排放很少,水分落于期间Ｎ２Ｏ排放量占水稻生长期Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量的８７．５０％～９８．６５％。土壤质地显影响稻田平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,砂质土壤排放的Ｎ２Ｏ显或极显高于壤质和粘质土壤,水稻生长期砂质、壤质及粘质土壤的平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量分别为１３７．６３、８７．５４和６３．６μｇＮ２Ｏ－Ｎ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧对水稻土剖面形态特征的影响

为探讨免耕抛秧栽培对土壤剖面形态特征的影响,分别对连续2年和7年结合稻草还田的常耕和免耕试验的土壤剖面进行了研究。结果表明,常耕对土壤剖面形态特征影响不明显。免耕改变了耕作层亚层的剖面形态特征,且表层土壤疏松和pH值变小;水稻根系向土壤表层集中和裂隙出现部位增高。普通免耕形成的耕作层构型是Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,疏松表层较薄、亚表层有变坚实的趋势。稻草还田免耕形成的耕作层构型是O-Aa1-Aa2-Aa3,鳝血斑的数量增加、土壤颜色加深、疏松和体积质量降低。以稻草还田免耕抛秧形成的土壤剖面协调土壤肥力效果最好。     

Modeling within field variation of the compaction layer in a paddy rice field using a proximal soil sensing system

A key characteristic of flooded paddy fields is the plough pan. This is a sub‐soil layer of greater compaction and bulk density, which restricts water losses through percolation. However, the thickness of this compacted layer can be inconsistent, with consequences such as variable percolation and leaching losses of nutrients, which therefore requires precision management of soil water. Our objective was to evaluate a methodology to model the thickness of the compacted soil layer using a non‐invasive electromagnetic induction sensor (EM38‐MK2). A 2.7 ha alluvial non‐saline paddy rice field was measured with a proximal soil sensing system using the EM38‐MK2 and the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) of the wet paddy soil was recorded at a high‐resolution (1.0 × 0.5 m). Soil bulk density (n = 10) was measured using undisturbed soil cores, which covered locations with large and small EC_a values. At the same locations (within 1 m²) the depth of the different soil layers was determined by penetrometer. Then a fitting procedure was used to model the EC_a – depth response functions of the EM38‐MK2, which involved solving a system of non‐linear equations and a R² value of 0.89 was found. These predictions were evaluated using independent observations (n = 18) where a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.87 with an RMSEE value of 0.03 m was found. The EC_a measurements allowed the detail estimation of the compacted layer thickness. The link between water percolation losses and thickness of the compacted layer was confirmed by independent observations with an inverse relationship having a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89. This rapid, non‐invasive and cost‐effective technique offers new opportunities to measure differences in the thickness of compacted layers in water‐saturated soils. This has potential for site‐specific soil management in paddy rice fields.     

中国东南地区两土链土壤中土壤性质和水稻产量的空间变异研究

In the light of an increasing demand for staple food, especially rice, in southeast China, investigations on the specific site potential expressed as the relationship between soil and crop yield parameters gain increasing importance. Soil texture and several soil chemical parameters as well as plant properties such as crop height, biomass and grain yield were investigated along two terraced catenas with contrasting soil textures cropped with wet rice. We were aiming at identifying correlative relationships between soil and crop properties. Data were analyzed both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of semivariograms. Statistical analysis indicated a significant influence of the relief position on the spatial distribution of soil texture, total carbon and total nitrogen contents. Significant correlations were found for the catena located in a sandstone area （Catena A） between rice yield and silt as well as total nitrogen content. Corresponding relationships were not detectable for paddy fields that developed from Quaternary clays （Catena B）. As suggested by the nugget to sill ratio, spatial variability of soil texture, total carbon and nitrogen was mainly controlled by intrinsic factors, which might be attributed to the erosional transport of fine soil constituents, indicating the importance of the relief position and slope in soil development even in landscapes that are terraced. The crop parameters exhibited short ranges of influence and about one third of their variability was unexplained. Comparable ranges Of selected crop and soil parameters, found only for Catena A, are indicative of close spatial interactions between rice yield and soil features. Our findings show that especially in sandstone-dominated areas, a site-specific management can contribute to an environmentally safe rice production increase.     

The structural improvement of damaged clay subsoils

A manually damaged, smeared layer (pan) was created at plough depth in two clay soils. Soil physical properties, soil water regimes and plant responses were measured in panned and non-panned soil from 1972 to 1975. Continuity of the pan was readily lost on drying by formation of shrinkage cracks which did not fully close unless the soil had been wet for a long time; thus the occurrence of perched water tables above the pan was rare. The pans had no effect on crop yields. Leaf water potential, effective rooting depth and subsoil water deficits all showed that the pans affected water uptake by roots, but these effects were transient. The results indicate that natural amelioration of pans in these clay soils occurs even after slight drying and that the degree but not duration of drying is important.     

北方地区滨海盐渍土型稻田土壤供氮能力的研究

采用短期淹水密闭淋洗培养法(恒温30℃),研究北方地区滨海盐渍土型旱地土壤(种植苜蓿草)开垦种植水稻5年和30年稻田土壤供氮能力。结果表明:(1)3种土壤初始矿质氮主要分布在0~20 cm土层,且土壤初始矿质氮含量的高低顺序为旱地土壤>30年稻田土壤>5年稻田土壤;5年稻田土壤与旱地土壤之间初始矿质氮含量差异达5%显著水平。(2)相同土层,土壤矿化氮量高低顺序为30年稻田土壤>旱地土壤>5年稻田土壤;任意2种土壤之间矿化氮量差异均达1%显著水平。(3)相同土层,土壤供氮能力大小为30年稻田土壤>旱地土壤>5年稻田土壤;其中,在0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层,任意2种土壤之间供氮能力差异均达1%显著水平,在20~40 cm土层,30年稻田土壤与旱地土壤、5年稻田土壤之间供氮能力差异均达1%显著水平,而旱地土壤与5年稻田土壤之间供氮能力则无明显差异。这表明滨海盐渍土型旱地土壤开垦种植水稻后,不仅影响了土壤有机质(氮)含量,而且也影响了土壤有机氮品质,种植水稻5年使土壤供氮能力显著下降,而种植30年使土壤供氮能力显著上升。     

稻田—田埂过渡区土壤水分运动与保持特征

为揭示田埂对稻田水分渗漏的影响,以江汉平原典型稻田—田埂过渡区为研究对象,采用室内土壤理化性质分析、水力学参数测定和田间染色示踪等方法量化了过渡区各位点(田内、田埂和灌溉沟)土壤剖面导水与持水性能差异,并揭示了该区域的水流特征。结果表明:(1)不同位点的土壤饱和导水率(Ks)均随土层深度的增加而减小,上层(-20—35cm)高于中、下层(35—65cm),剖面导水性能表现为田埂灌溉沟田内,田埂平均Ks分别是灌溉沟和田内的1.6倍和16.0倍;(2)同一吸力值下不同位点土壤含水量差异较大,田内含水量最高,灌溉沟其次,田埂最低,在持水性能上表现为田内灌溉沟田埂;(3)田埂土壤受动物活动和根系生长影响剧烈,导致其大孔隙(当量孔径0.3mm)含量整体上高于田内,在染色特征上表现为田埂中、下层土壤染色面积显著高于田内。由于稻田-田埂过渡区不同位点土壤的导水和持水能力差异显著,稻田水分不仅可以在田内发生垂直渗漏,还可以通过田埂区域垂直入渗和跨田埂侧流两种方式快速流失,进而加速了稻田水分的散失。     

不同水分管理模式下坡缕石修复稻田土壤镉污染效果

  目的  探究在合理的水分管理模式下提高坡缕石钝化稻田土壤镉的效率,及坡缕石施加对土壤理化性质、环境质量和水稻抗氧化胁迫的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验方法,试验设置长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉3种水分管理措施,每一水分管理模式下设0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5% 6个坡缕石施加浓度,共18个处理,通过测定土壤pH、zeta电位、有效态镉、稻米生物量、稻米镉含量、土壤酶和叶抗氧化酶活性,分析不同水分管理措施与坡缕石用量组合修复镉污染的效果。  结果  长期淹水、传统灌溉和湿润灌溉下,坡缕石处理土壤pH分别增加0.49 ~ 1.24、0.49 ~ 1.47和0.42 ~ 1.64个单位,0.025 mol L?1 HCl提取态镉含量分别下降15.4% ~ 46.2%,11.5% ~ 39.7%和11.4% ~ 32.4%,毒性浸出法提取态镉最大降幅分别为47.4%、42.4%和40.2%（P < 0.05）。未施加坡缕石条件下,与传统灌溉比,长期淹水、湿润灌溉的稻米生物量降低11.2%和19.3%（P < 0.05）。3种水分管理模式下,坡缕石处理的稻米镉含量分别下降21.9% ~ 75.0%,17.8% ~ 70.2%和17.4% ~ 66.5%,土壤磷酸酶活性最大增幅分别为40.0%、57.1%和40.9%,叶超氧化物歧化酶活性最大增幅分别为33.9%、50.2%和37.4%（P < 0.05）。  结论  长期淹水下坡缕石钝化土壤镉的效率最高,1.0%坡缕石施加使稻米镉含量降至我国食品污染物含量限量标准0.20 mg kg?1（GB 2762—2012）以下,长期淹水联合坡缕石施加组合为镉污染稻田土壤修复技术。     

不同植稻年限土壤剖面基本性质与水-氮分布的关系

在江汉平原典型农业区选定不同水稻种植年限(2、18、100a)的稻田,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,量化不同稻田土壤剖面基本性质和水–氮分布特征,以揭示内在原因,探讨适宜不同水稻种植年限稻田的水–氮管理方式,为提高稻田水–氮利用率和减少稻田面源污染提供科学依据。结果表明:对于不同水稻种植年限农田,土壤剖面基本性质差异明显。耕作层和犁底层厚度随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;土壤有机质在耕作层富集,且随水稻种植年限的延长含量增加;耕作层土壤容重随水稻种植年限的延长而减小,犁底层土壤容重则增大;受耕作和淋溶条件的影响,犁底层和心土层的黏粒含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加;饱和导水率(Ks)随水稻种植年限的延长而降低,犁底层Ks差异较大,2、18、100a稻田犁底层Ks分别为37.02、8.45、3.11cm/d。土壤剖面基本性质的差异影响水–氮的剖面分布特征。土壤水分和硝态氮含量随水稻种植年限的延长而增加,2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面(0～100 cm)平均含水量分别为0.39、0.46、0.54cm3/cm3,硝态氮含量分别为3.75、6.27、9.85mg/kg。铵态氮储量远低于硝态氮储量,且受水稻种植年限影响较小;2、18、100 a稻田土壤剖面铵态氮与硝态氮储量比值分别为0.61、0.39和0.30。在灌溉和施肥方式上,水稻种植年限短的稻田适合少量多次的管理方式以减少渗漏损失;而年限长的稻田可适当提高单次灌溉量以减少灌溉次数,进而减少劳力消耗。     

水稻土的水理性质与土壤耕作的关系

最近的研究工作证明^[10,13,18]生长与土壤物理环境有密切关系.一般水稻土有水、旱两作过程,土壤随着淹水、排水和落干的变化相应地发生膨胀、分散、凝聚和收缩.水稻土的物理环境不是固定不变的.     

不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应

采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。     

旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用

本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。     

Concentration Profile of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Leachate of a Paddy Plot during the Rice Cultivation Period in Southern Korea

Abstract

The relationships between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in surface flooding water and those in the leachate of various soil depths were monitored, and temporal variation of leaching losses of N and P from a paddy plot during rice cultivation was estimated under the conditions of southern Korea. Even flooded conditions nitrification in subsurface soil was identified, but nitrate concentrations in leachate were less than 10 mg/L, the standard drinking water nitrate concentration set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The NO₃‐N and ortho‐P concentrations in the leachate were generally higher than those in the surface flooding water. Field data implied that leaching losses would not be accurately estimated under the flooded conditions of the paddy field when using the N and P concentrations of surface flooding water and infiltration depth. The leaching losses of NO₃‐N from paddy fields were high immediately after fertilization. The study results suggested that proper fertilization and irrigation strategies are required to reduce leaching losses of NO₃‐N from paddy fields.     

不同水耕年限稻田土壤水分渗漏与保持特征

以江汉平原连续水耕年限大于100年(老稻田)和由旱耕改为水耕17年(新稻田)的稻田为研究对象,通过测定土壤剖面基本理化性质和水力学参数,揭示了2种稻田土壤水分渗漏和保持特征差异。结果表明:(1)新稻田土壤的平均饱和导水率(Ks)为32.05cm/d,显著高于老稻田(17.91cm/d)。新、老稻田土壤Ks均表现为耕作层底土层犁底层,新稻田耕作层Ks分别为犁底层和底土层的6.3倍和5.7倍,老稻田耕作层Ks分别是犁底层和底土层的6.9倍和4.0倍。(2)老稻田土壤持水能力高于新稻田,同一剖面不同土层持水能力表现为耕犁底层底土层耕作层。0.03mm当量孔径的孔隙比例随土壤剖面深度的增加而降低,新稻田各层土壤比例大于老稻田。(3)新、老稻田最大有效水含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,老稻田各土层(32.25%~46.59%)均高于新稻田(26.99%~36.74%)。老稻田平均总库容(135.8mm)大于新稻田(124.4mm),新稻田滞洪库容(11.21~38.74mm)大于老稻田(8.1~60.74mm)。旱耕改水耕加重了水资源的消耗,增加了浅层地下水污染风险。     

低山丘陵区红壤酸雨中典型阴离子垂直迁移状况及模拟

酸雨中的SO4^2-和NO3^-等阴离子在土壤中迁移时会引起大量的盐基离子淋溶,导致土壤退化。用室内土柱模拟SO4^2-和NO3^-在红壤旱地各土层中的垂直穿透状况,并用Hydrus-1D模型对试验结果进行了拟合和预测。结果表明,N05在红壤各层中的穿透速度较快,其中在耕作层的穿透曲线峰值最高,C／C0达到0．39,峰值高低顺序依次为：耕作层〉母质层〉淋溶层〉犁底层。SO4^2-在土柱中的穿透速度远低于NO3^-,穿透曲线有明显的拖尾现象。其在各土层的穿透时间依次为：母质层〉犁底层〉淋溶层〉耕作层;而其峰值高低顺序依次为：耕作层〉淋溶层〉母质层〉犁底层,最高点耕作层的顶点C／C0仅为0．22。用Hydrus-1D模型对试验结果进行模拟,所得的SO4^2-和NO3^-穿透土壤的浓度模拟值与其实测值均呈极显著的正相关关系。利用数学模拟获得了饱和导水率和垂直扩散率等溶质运移参数,并预测了研究区酸雨后SO4^2-和NO3^-在红壤耕层的迁移状况,表明SO4^2-会在酸雨结束后持续淋溶,从而影响土壤中Ca、Mg等盐基离子的淋失。     

Soil Water Retention at Varying Matric Potentials following Repeated Wetting with Modestly Saline‐Sodic Water and Subsequent Air Drying

Abstract

Coal bed natural gas (CBNG) development in the Powder River (PR) Basin produces modestly saline, highly sodic wastewater. This study assessed impacts of wetting four textural groups [0–11%, 12–22%, 23–33%, and >33% clay [(g clay/100 g soil)×100%)] with simulated PR or CBNG water on water retention. Soils received the following treatments with each water quality: a single wetting event, five wetting and drying events, or five wetting and drying events followed by leaching with salt‐free water. Treated samples were then resaturated with the final treatment water and equilibrated to ?10, ?33, ?100, ?500, or ?1,500 kPa. At all potentials, soil water retention increased significantly with increasing clay content. Drought‐prone soils lost water‐holding capacity between saturation and field capacity with repeated wetting and drying, whereas finer textured soils withstood this treatment better and had increased water‐retention capacity at lower matric potentials.     

中国洞庭湖区稻田土壤氮素淋溶损失的系统研究

A two-year lysimeter study was conducted to study the effects of different fertilizers and soils on nitrogen leaching loss in a double rice cropping system by considering three major types of paddy soils from the Dongting Lake area. The results showed that N concentration in the leachate did not differ significantly among the treatments of urea, controlled release N fertilizer and pig manure and that all these fertilizers produced higher total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in the leachate compared to the case where no fertilizer was applied. The TN leaching loss following urea treatment accounted for 2.28%, 0.66%, and 1.50% of the amount of N applied in the alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil (ASL), purple calcareous clayey paddy soil (PCC), and reddish-yellow loamy paddy soil (RYL), respectively. Higher TN loss was found to be correlated with the increased leachate volume in ASL compared with RYL, and the lowest TN loss was observed in the PCC, in which the lowest leachate volume and TN concentration were observed. Organic N and NH4+ -N were the major forms of N depleted through leachate, accounting for 56.8% and 39.7% of TN losses, respectively. Accordingly, soil-specific fertilization regimens are recommended; in particular, the maximum amount of fertilizer should be optimized for sandy soils with a high infiltration rate. To avoid a high N leaching loss from rice fields, organic N fertilizers such as urea or coated urea should primarily be used for surface topdressing or shallow-layer application and not for deep-layer application.     

水稻耕制中的土水管理

世界水稻总面积1.45亿亩,总产量4.68亿吨,其中亚洲分别占89.6%及91.6%。水稻耕制可分为双季稻(二熟或三熟)及单季稻(一熟或二熟)两种。随着植稻面积扩大及耕制改变,水稻耕制中的土水管理问题日趋突出,其中主要表现为土壤物理性质改善,水分的合理灌溉及土壤养分协调三个方面。水稻耕种中,存在耕层粘闭与犁底层渗漏两大问题,解决途径在于推行水稻少耕、免耕、水旱轮作及增施粗有机质。稻田水分管理在灌溉方面的经验是,按土壤条件与水稻需水特点,采用浅、深、润、晒等不同方法;在排水方面,按中国的经验,采用暗管与鼠穴排水效果甚好。土壤养分供应与化肥施用水平是影响水稻高产的重要因素,其中首要的是氮素,其次是磷,而钾素缺乏也有增加趋势。防止氮肥损失及提高氮素利用率,是国际关注的问题。从当前已有的经验看,在水稻氮肥剂型,穴施大粒氮肥,分次与排干施用尿素,氮肥添加生物活动性抑制剂及长效氮肥等利用方面,均取得不少效果。当前,有机肥及有机废弃物的利用与磷、钾肥、微肥等的配合施用,也是解决水稻合理施肥的重要途径。总之,水稻耕制中土水管理体系是个复杂问题,它不仅受耕作制度、土壤条件,而且受生产及管理水平的影响。其中不少问题尚有待今后进一步研究解决。