水溶性有机物在土壤中的化学行为及其对环境的影响

水溶性有机物(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)是能够溶解于水的有机化合物的统称。尽管目前对于陆地生态系统中DOM的研究尚不完善,对其性质、组成和分类方法等问题的看法还没有达成一致,但现有研究结果已经表明DOM是一种十分活跃的重要化学组分。DOM进入土壤后将发生吸附、解吸、迁移、转化等一系列化学过程,进而对土壤及环境产生一系列重要影响:一方面,DOM可以与土壤胶体结合,形成有机无机结合体,从而改善土壤性质,DOM还可以通过其自身的分解产生养分离子,从而提高土壤肥力;另一方面,DOM也可能亲合土壤中原来与土壤胶体结合的养分,使之与DOM一起进入土壤溶液,从而增加土壤中养分离子被淋失的风险,并造成土壤养分的损失以及水体的富营养化,DOM还有可能活化土壤中重金属离子,增加土壤中重金属离子的毒性,并使土壤中的重金属离子向地下水迁移。由于其对土壤和环境的多种效应,水溶性有机物近年来已经逐渐成为土壤学、环境科学、生态学等学科的研究热点之一。     

水溶性有机质对南京城郊菜地土壤Pb吸附解吸行为的影响

通过批处理试验研究了不同来源的水溶性有机质（DOM）对南京城郊菜地土壤铅（Pb）吸附解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明,DOM抑制了土壤对Pb的吸附,随着DOM浓度的增加,土壤对Pb的吸附量减少,当DOM体积从0增加到21 mL时,土壤对Pb的吸附量分别减少5.34%（鸡粪）、24.12%（牛粪）和0.35%（有机肥）。不同来源的DOM也影响土壤对Pb的吸附程度。当添加低浓度的DOM（添加体积小于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为鸡粪DOM〈牛粪DOM≈有机肥DOM;当添加高浓度的DOM（添加体积大于6 mL）时,土壤对Pb的吸附量顺序为牛粪DOM〈鸡粪DOM〈有机肥DOM。反之亦然,DOM促进了土壤Pb的解吸,解吸量随添加DOM浓度的增大而增加。不同来源的DOM对土壤Pb解吸程度的影响也有所差异。对于低污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉牛粪DOM〉有机肥DOM;对于高污染土壤,Pb的解吸量顺序为鸡粪DOM〉有机肥DOM〉牛粪DOM。Pb吸附动力学曲线揭示,添加DOM延缓了土壤Pb吸附平衡到达的时间。本研究表明,DOM增加了土壤Pb的环境风险。     

水溶性有机质对镉在土壤中吸附行为的影响

水溶性有机质（DOM）是环境中最为活跃的化学组成之一，无疑会对土壤中重金属的迁移转化具有很大的影响。通过等温吸附试验和动力学试验，研究了由猪粪和稻草提取的DOM对重庆市菜地典型土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的吸附行为由于土壤类型和添加的DOM种类的不同而有所差异，在紫色土中，稻草DOM对Cd的吸附表现出明显的抑制作用，而猪粪DOM在低浓度时对Cd的吸附有抑制作用，但在较高浓度时，猪粪DOM反而表现出对Cd的促进吸附；在黄壤中，稻草DOM也有使Cd的吸附减少的趋势，而猪粪DOM对Cd的吸附有强烈的促进作用。     

土壤中铁形态转化的根际效应

氧化铁是土壤胶体的重要组成部份,它在中性和酸性水稻土及红壤的结构体中起着重要作用,还影响着土壤中离子吸附与解吸,沉淀与溶解等物理化学平衡,特别是含氧酸根及重金属离子的专性吸附作用,进而影响土壤中养分的有效性及污染物的生物毒性。     

聚丙烯酰胺对磷素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）在农业上作为扰侵蚀剂、保水剂被广泛应用，但施用后对土壤养分保持和释放的影响研究较少。本文采用向土壤（塿土）中添加不同比例（0．1％，0．2％，0．4％占土壤的比例）的PAM溶液，通过磷素等温吸附解吸试验，探讨了PAM对磷素在土壤中吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明。和原土样相比．土壤经PAM处理后抑制了土壤对磷的物理吸附，导致吸附量减小．最大吸附量（Xm）降低，而对磷素在土壤中的化学吸附影响较小．被吸附磷尤其是物理吸附磷的解吸率升高。     

1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷在土壤中的吸附解吸研究及解吸滞后的新型模型模拟

采用室内实验方法,研究了1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷（1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane,1,1,2,2-TeCA）在4种土壤上的吸附和解吸行为,并用一种新型解吸模型——＂双元平衡解吸（Dual-EquilibriumDesorption,DED）模型＂对其解吸行为进行了预测。结果表明,1,1,2,2-TeCA在4种土壤上的吸附符合传统的线性吸附模型,lgKoc的平均值为1.86;解吸行为则表现出明显的滞后现象,解吸后的lgKo（c平均值约为4.88）显著大于初始值,且与吸附相污染物的初始浓度、土壤性质无相关性。DED模型比传统线性模型能更好地拟合TeCA在土壤中的解吸滞后现象。     

稀土元素在土壤中的环境化学行为及其生物效应

综述了目前关于土壤中稀土元素的形态分布、环境化学行为和植物富集等方面的研究，重点讨论了各种因素（pH、Eh、HU、FA、EDTA）对土壤中稀土的吸附解吸和迁移转化的影响。     

矿物对溶解性有机质及其不同组分的吸附作用

溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)在土壤矿物表面的吸附控制着其在土壤中的迁移,会影响土壤/矿物对重金属、有机污染物等的传质过程[1～3]。已往资料揭示,土壤中黏土矿物是DOM的重要吸附质;但迄今,有关DOM在不同类型黏土矿物表面吸附的差异及机制尚很不清楚。另外,不同DOM组分在土壤矿物上的吸附各异,土壤矿物对DOM不同成分的吸附具有选择性;因此分离DOM不同组分,分别研究其在土壤矿物上的吸附有助于揭示DOM与土壤矿物的结合机理,但该研究尚待深化。此外,目前研究中DOM多以土壤中提取的为主[4],对于因污泥农用等农业管理措施而从外部引入土壤的DOM的研究还较     

土壤中溶解性有机物及其影响因素研究进展

溶解性有机物(DOM)是陆地生态系统中极为活跃的有机组分,是土壤圈层与相关圈层(如生物圈、大气圈、水圈和岩石圈等)发生物质交换的重要形式。它不但是土壤微生物最重要的能量与物质来源,影响微生物的新陈代谢,而且对土壤营养元素(如C,N,P)和污染物的化学活性与生物活性也有直接影响。因此,土壤中溶解性有机物的消长动态已成为当前农业生态学领域的研究焦点问题之一。本文综述了土壤中溶解性有机物的迁移转化规律和主要影响因素,并指出未来的研究重点应在以下几个方面:(1)土壤有机质性质对DOM释放的影响。(2)有机质对DOM数量和质量的影响(3)生物和物理化学因素对土壤中DOM吸附和解吸的影响(4)DOC、DON和DOP迁移转化的差异。     

溶解性有机质在土壤固碳中的意义

随着全球变暖的加剧,土壤圈作为全球碳循环中的重要碳库受到日益关注。土壤有机碳固定对大气温室效应和气候变暖有重要影响。溶解性有机质(DOM)是土壤中最活跃的有机碳库,其含量与土壤CO2、CH4、N2O的排放显著正相关,DOM的矿化成为土壤有机碳损失的重要途径。DOM可通过与Fe、Al共沉淀、吸附于土壤矿物表面而改变其生物降解性,从而在土壤中稳定和保留下来,对土壤有机碳积累中具有重要贡献。DOM的化学组成和结构特征影响其生物降解性,同时也影响其沉淀吸附效应。其稳定机制不同,对土壤有机碳积累的贡献也存在差异。目前估算DOM对土壤有机碳的贡献尚无普遍认可的方法,具体数值因估算方法不同而存在较大差异,有效的估算方法仍有待于进一步研究。     

Effect of undesalted dissolved organic matter from composts on persistence, adsorption, and mobility of cyhalofop herbicide in soils

The effect of undesalted dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from composts on the degradation, adsorption, and mobility of cyhalofop herbicide in soils was studied. A paddy-field sediment poor in organic matter (OM), an OM-rich forest soil, and DOM from agroindustrial or municipal waste compost were used. DOM increased the cyhalofop-acid but not the cyhalofop-butyl solubility in water. The degradation of cyhalofop-butyl in the sediment was slow, giving cyhalofop-acid as the only metabolite, whereas in forest soil, the process was faster, and three byproducts were detected. Soil pretreatment with DOM did not modify the degradation pattern but only reduced the adsorption of cyhalofop-butyl by soil, whereas it increased the adsorption of cyhalofop-acid. Among the cationic components of DOM solutions, the potassium ion seems to be related to the increased adsorption of the cyhalofop-acid in both OM-poor and OM-rich soils, yielding reversible complexes with the former and favoring hydrophobic interactions with the latter.     

Hydrophobicity of organic matter in arable soils: influence of management

The affinity of soil organic matter for water influences resistance to microbial degradation, the rate of wetting and adsorption processes. Such properties play key roles in organic matter and microbial biomass dynamics, aggregate stability, water infiltration, leaching of organic and inorganic pollutants, chemical composition and the dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The hydrophobicity of the organic matter as a function of management have been studied in two soils with contrasting textures using diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). The results show that agricultural management clearly influences the amount of aliphatic C-H units and implicitly the hydrophobicity of the soil organic matter. A decrease of organic C due to management is accompanied by a decrease of hydrophobicity as well as of soil microbial activity and aggregate stability. The hydrophobicity index is a sensitive quantity to characterize the‘quality’ of soil organic matter. DRIFT spectroscopy proves to be a rapid and reliable technique to determine quantitatively the hydrophobicity of soil organic matter.     

Mechanisms controlling the mobility of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in podzol B horizons

The processes governing the (im)mobilization of Al, Fe and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in podzols are still subject to debate. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of (im)mobilization of Al, Fe and organic matter in the upper and lower B horizons of two podzols from the Netherlands that are in different stages of development. We equilibrated batches of soil material from each horizon with DOM solutions obtained from the Oh horizon of the corresponding soil profiles. We determined the amount of (im)mobilized Al, Fe and DOM after addition of Al and Fe at pH 4.0 and 4.5 and initial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of 10 mg C litre^?1 or 30 mg C litre^?1, respectively. At the combination of pH and DOC concentrations most realistic for the field situation, organic matter was retained in all horizons, the most being retained in the lower B horizon of the well‐developed soil and the least in the upper B horizon of the younger profile. Organic matter solubility seemed to be controlled mainly by precipitation as organo‐metal complexes and/or by adsorption on freshly precipitated solid Al‐ and Fe‐phases. In the lower B horizons, at pH 4.5, solubility of Al and Fe appeared to be controlled mainly by the equilibrium with secondary solid Al‐ and Fe‐phases. In the upper B horizons, the solubility of Al was controlled by adsorption processes, while Fe still precipitated as inorganic complexes as well as organic complexes in spite of the prevailing more acidic pH. Combined with a previous study of eluvial horizons from the same profiles, the results confirm the important role of organic matter in the transport of Al and Fe to create illuvial B horizons initially and subsequently deepening and differentiating them into Bh and Bs horizons.     

农艺措施对土壤可溶性有机质的影响研究进展

土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)是土壤有机物中的高活性组分，在土壤养分的生物地球化学循环、重金属和有机污染物的迁移转化、土壤矿物质的活化及土壤肥力的保持等过程中发挥着重要作用。农艺措施可通过内外源同步作用显著影响土壤DOM的含量、组分及性质，本文综述了近年来相关研究中不同农艺措施下土壤DOM的变化，总结了不同耕作管理、种植制度、施肥措施以及新型土壤改良剂等对土壤DOM的影响。分析表明，免耕加秸秆覆盖方式可显著提高土壤DOM含量，与单一耕作相比轮作可提升土壤DOM含量，绿肥配施有机肥较单一化肥施用可显著改善土壤DOM的组成和结构，合理调控热解炭和水热炭等土壤调理剂的施用时间、施用量、C/N等性质可优化土壤DOM结构和性能。本综述分析了农艺措施对土壤DOM的影响效果及作用途径，指出了当前的研究热点和难点，并对未来研究方向进行了展望，可为今后合理的农艺措施管理和土壤健康调控提供科学指导。     

温度耦合驱动下土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移规律与模拟研究进展

场地土壤-地下水有机污染空间分布受场地温度场、水动力场、化学场和生物场等多场控制。明晰有机污染物在土壤-地下水系统中的空间分布规律和驱动机制，定量模拟污染迁移过程，是有效开展污染控制与修复的前提。在众多的影响因素中，温度通过改变有机污染物的理化性质及多相流、化学/生物作用驱动参数，进而影响其在土水介质中的迁移及空间分布。本文综述了有机污染物理化性质（密度、黏度、溶解度）和有机污染化学/生物驱动（挥发、吸附和生物降解）关键参数与温度之间的解析关系，及考虑温度影响的土壤-地下水中有机污染传质过程模拟的研究进展，并针对目前模拟研究的不足提出了耦合温度场的土壤-地下水有机污染物迁移数学模型，为定量探究温度耦合驱动下的有机污染物迁移转化过程和规律提供启示。     

Adsorption of “real” dissolved organic matter on the clay and fine silt fractions of a forested Stagnic Gleysol

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils is partially adsorbed when passing through a soil profile. In most adsorption studies, water soluble organic matter extracted by water or dilute salt solutions is used instead of real DOM gained in situ by lysimeters or ceramic suction cups. We investigated the adsorption of DOM gained in situ from three compartments (forest floor leachate and soil solution from 20 cm (Bg horizon) and 60 cm depth (2Bg horizon)) on the corresponding clay and fine silt fractions (< 6.3 μm, separated together from the bulk soil) of the horizons Ah, Bg, and 2Bg of a forested Stagnic Gleysol by batch experiments. An aliquot of each clay and fine silt fraction was treated with H₂O₂ to destroy soil organic matter. Before and after the experiments, the solutions were characterized by ultra‐violet and fluorescence spectroscopy and analyzed for sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride. The highest affinity for DOM was found for the Ah samples, and the affinity decreased in the sequence Ah > Bg > 2Bg. Dissolved organic matter in the 2Bg horizon can be regarded as slightly reactive, because adsorption was low. Desorption of DOM from the subsoil samples was reflected more realistically with a non‐linear regression approach than with initial mass isotherms. The results show that the extent of DOM adsorption especially in subsoils is controlled by the composition and by the origin of the DOM used as adsorptive rather than by the mineralogical composition of the soil or by contents of soil organic matter. We recommend to use DOM gained in situ when investigating the fate of DOM in subsoils.     

The influence of vegetation and soil type on the speciation of iron in soil water

Soluble organic matter derived from exotic Pinus species has been shown to form stronger complexes with iron (Fe) than that derived from most native Australian species. It has also been proposed that the establishment of exotic Pinus plantations in coastal southeast Queensland may have enhanced the solubility of Fe in soils by increasing the amount of organically complexed Fe, but this remains inconclusive. In this study we test whether the concentration and speciation of Fe in soil water from Pinus plantations differs significantly from soil water from native vegetation areas. Both Fe redox speciation and the interaction between Fe and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were considered; Fe – DOM interaction was assessed using the Stockholm Humic Model. Iron concentrations (mainly Fe²⁺) were greatest in the soil waters with the greatest DOM content collected from sandy podosols (Podzols), where they are largely controlled by redox potential. Iron concentrations were small in soil waters from clay and iron oxide‐rich soils, in spite of similar redox potentials. This condition is related to stronger sorption on to the reactive clay and iron oxide mineral surfaces in these soils, which reduces the amount of DOM available for electron shuttling and microbial metabolism, restricting reductive dissolution of Fe. Vegetation type had no significant influence on the concentration and speciation of iron in soil waters, although DOM from Pinus sites had greater acidic functional group site densities than DOM from native vegetation sites. This is because Fe is mainly in the ferrous form, even in samples from the relatively well‐drained podosols. However, modelling suggests that Pinus DOM can significantly increase the amount of truly dissolved ferric iron remaining in solution in oxic conditions. Therefore, the input of ferrous iron together with Pinus DOM to surface waters may reduce precipitation of hydrous ferric oxides (ferrihydrite) and increase the flux of dissolved Fe out of the catchment. Such inputs of iron are most probably derived from podosols planted with Pinus.     

Dissolved organic matter: Fractional composition and sorbability by the soil solid phase (Review of literature)

The behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils under varying environmental conditions represents a poorly studied aspect of the problem of organic matter loss from soils. The equilibrium and sustainable development of ecosystems in the northern latitudes are largely determined by the balance between the formation of DOM, its accumulation in the lower soil horizons, and its input with runoff into surface waters. The residence time, retention strength in the soil, and thermodynamic and biochemical stabilities depend on the localization of DOM in the pore space and its chemical structure. Amphiphilic properties represent a valuable diagnostic parameter, which can be used to predict the behavior of DOM in the soil. Acidic components of hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature constitute the major portion of DOM in forest soils of the temperate zone. The hydrophilic fraction includes short-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, hydrocarbons, and amino acids and is poorly sorbed by the solid phase. However, the existence of this fraction in soil solution is also limited both in space (in the finest pores) and time because of higher accessibility to microbial degradation. The hydrophilic fraction composes the major portion of labile DOM in soils. The hydrophobic fraction consists of soluble degradation products of lignin; it is enriched in structural ortho-hydroxybenzene fragments, which ensure its selective sorption and strong retention in soils. Sorption is favored by low pH values (3.5–5), the high ionic strength of solution, the heavy texture and fine porous structure of soil, the high contents of oxalate- and dithionite-soluble iron (and aluminum) compounds, and hydrological conditions characterized by slow water movement. The adsorbed DOM is chemically and biochemically recalcitrant and significantly contributes to the humus reserves in the low mineral horizons of soils.