大鲵致病性嗜水气单胞菌SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR诊断试剂盒的研制

根据GenBank中致病性嗜水气单胞菌特异性的气溶素基因序列,设计1对引物,利用普通PCR技术扩增获得hlyA基因片段,并克隆到pMD-18T载体上作为阳性标准品。通过对SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR反应条件的优化,建立了快速检测致病性嗜水气单胞菌的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量诊断方法,以此为基础研制出试剂盒。试剂盒扩增产物的熔解曲线分析只出现1个单特异峰,无引物二聚体,对非致病性嗜水气单胞菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、迟缓爱德华菌、柱状黄杆菌均无阳性信号扩增,重复性好,灵敏度可达1.0x101拷贝/uL。结果表明研制的致病性嗜水气单胞菌SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR试剂盒具有特异、灵敏、快速、重复性好等特点,适合于大鲵临床样品的检测。     

利用环介导等温扩增技术快速检测水产品中的副溶血弧菌

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种重要的食源性致病菌。首次将环介导等温扩增技术（Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification, LAMP）应用于副溶血弧菌的快速检测。针对副溶血弧菌不耐热溶血毒素基因（tlh）设计四条特异性引物,建立了副溶血弧菌LAMP检测方法,1 h即可完成。对12种细菌共28株菌进行LAMP扩增,仅副溶血弧菌得到阳性结果,证明引物具有很高的特异性;副溶血弧菌基因组DNA和纯培养物的检测灵敏度分别为90 fg/LAMP反应体系和24 cfu/mL,对模拟食品样品进行直接检测,检测限为89 cfu/g;对40份水产样品进行检测,8份副溶血弧菌LAMP阳性,其中6份传统培养阳性。本研究表明,该方法检测副溶血弧菌特异性强、灵敏度高,并且操作简便、快捷、检测成本低,有望发展成为快速检测副溶血弧菌的有效手段。     

海产品中副溶血弧菌PCR检测方法的建立与评价

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是引起食源性疾病的一种重要致病菌,但是目前法定的副溶血弧菌检测方法仍采用传统培养方法,操作繁琐、耗时。本研究从Kim et al.(1999)报道的副溶血弧菌toxR基因中找出一段特异性高的序列设计PCR引物,期望建立一种特异性高、快速和灵敏的副     

嗜水气单胞菌转录调控蛋白基因(ahyR)突变株的构建及特性分析

根据GenBank公布的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonashydrophila,Ah)转录调控蛋白基因ahyR序列设计1对特异性引物,利用PCR方法扩增AhJ-1株ahyR的部分片段。PCR产物克隆入pMD18-T载体,经序列测定后定向连接入含有卡那霉素抗性(Kanr)基因的自杀性质粒pJP5603中,构建重组质粒pJP-ahyR。将鉴定为阳性的重组质粒转化嗜水气单胞菌J-1株感受态细胞,获得1突变株细菌。PCR方法鉴定该突变株为J-1株ahyR基因同源突变株,命名为J-1△ahyR。与J-1株相比,突变株的外膜蛋白图谱和部分生化特性发生改变;胞外蛋白酶、淀粉酶、DNA酶、溶血素等几种主要毒力因子同时丧失;致病力明显降低,对小白鼠的半数致死量大于1.0×108CFU(colonyformingunits)。该研究为ahyR基因功能的探讨及嗜水气单胞菌弱毒疫苗的研制奠定了基础。     

鱼源嗜水气单胞菌aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株的构建及鉴定

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)能引起多种鱼类暴发性出血性败血症,为研制更加安全的嗜水气单胞菌口服活疫苗,构建了鱼源嗜水气单胞菌aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株。首先构建含缺失369 bp的aopB/aopD基因(编码嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白B、D)与蔗糖敏感基因(sacB)的重组自杀性质粒pREaopB/aopD,与嗜水气单胞菌Ah2056接合转移,应用二步法筛选aopB-/aopD-缺失株,PCR证实aopB/aopD基因的缺失突变。在此基础上,构建另一个含缺失1 290 bp的aroA基因(编码5-酸烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶)与庆大霉素抗性片段（aacC1片段）的重组自杀性质粒pSUParoA,与aopB-/aopD-缺失株接合转移,利用庆大霉素抗性筛选aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株,用PCR证实aroA基因的缺失突变。进一步对aopB-/aopD--/aroA-缺失株进行生长特性、对鱼的毒力等生物学特性鉴定。结果表明,aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株构建成功,且该缺失株为毒力丧失、营养缺陷株。     

四种副溶血弧菌总RNA提取方法的比较

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种革兰氏阴性嗜盐菌。提取高质量的RNA是研究副溶血弧毒力基因表达与其致病性和环境适应性的基础。本研究分别用SDS法、Trizol法,PureLinkTM RNA Mini Kit和Uniq-10柱式Trizol总RNA抽提试剂盒提取六株副溶血弧菌的总RNA,用普通琼脂糖凝胶电泳和核酸测定仪检测RNA的质量,并用RT-PCR法对四种提取方法进行比较。研究结果表明,Trizol法和Pure-LinkTM RNA Mini Kit简单快捷,提取的总RNA完整性好,纯度高,可用于后续实验的分子生物学研究;而Trizol法更适用于普通实验室细菌RNA的提取。     

双重PCR结合EMA检测副溶血性弧菌及携带trh相关毒性的活菌细胞

为建立一种有效鉴别副溶血性弧菌及trh相关毒性活菌细胞的方法,本研究针对副溶血性弧菌种属特异的tlh基因以及trh毒性基因设计引物进行双重PCR检测,采用双重PCR与DNA染料叠氮溴化乙锭(EMA)结合,在鉴定副溶血性弧菌活细胞的同时检测trh毒性。结果表明,该检测方法对海产品中的副溶血性弧菌及trh相关毒性活菌细胞的检测具有特异性,且灵敏度较高。在浓度为2.0×108CFU·m L-1,EMA浓度为1.0~8.0μg·m L-1的副溶血性弧菌悬液中,EMA激活光解20 min时,可抑制死菌细胞DNA的双重PCR扩增而不能抑制活菌细胞DNA的双重PCR扩增,从而实现副溶血性弧菌活细胞及trh基因相关毒性的鉴别。本研究建立的方法可以特异、高效的针对副溶血性弧菌及trh相关毒性活菌细胞进行检测,为食品检测提供了参考依据。     

嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白（OMP）的原核表达及其对BALB/c小鼠的免疫保护研究

为确定嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah)AS1.927株外膜蛋白(OMP)的原核表达产物是否具有抗原性及其对小鼠的免疫保护力.本研究根据GenBank上嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白ompA基因序列(GenBank登录号:AF146597)设计1对引物,克隆出ompA全长基因1020 bp(GenBank登录号:EU309491),经Sal Ⅰ和Xhol Ⅰ双酶切后连接pET-30a(+),转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia cDli)BL21,IPTG诱导表达,并进行SDS-PAGE及Westernblot分析鉴定.结果显示重组基因工程菌E.coli[pET-30a-ompA]表达的融合蛋白分子量约为40.7kD,可以被鼠抗嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白抗血清识别.将重组基因工程菌Ecoli[pET-30a-om-pA]口服免疫BALB/c小鼠(Mus mussulus);末次免疫1周后用放射免疫分析小鼠肠粘膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)水平,检测结果揭示,该重组基因工程菌能提高sIgA的分泌(P<0.05);同时在小鼠血清中测出特异性抗体IgG(P<0.05).末次免疫2周后用100 LD50的Ah AS1.927(3.3×105> cfu/mL)腹腔注射攻击小鼠,口服重组菌对小鼠的相对免疫保护力(relative percent survival,RPS)为75%,表明重组基因工程菌可诱导小鼠对AhAS1.927产生一定的免疫保护作用.     

柿属植物ISSR分析技术的建立

以部分柿属(Diospyros)植物为材料,对ISSR-PCR反应体系腗g2+、dNTPs、引物、模板DNA和Taq DNA聚合酶浓度,退火温度及扩增循环次数进行了探讨,确立了适合柿属植物ISSR分析技术体系在25 μL反应体系中,含1× Buffer,Mg2+2.0或2.5 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.2 mmol/L,引物0.6 μmol/L,Taq DNA聚合酶1U,甲酰胺2%,模板DNA 2.4 ng/μL;PCR扩增程序94℃变性3 min;94℃ 30 s,(Tm+2)℃(根据引物不同设定)45 s,72℃1.5 min,35个循环;72℃延伸7 min;2%琼脂糖电泳分离PCR产物.结果为柿属植物遗传多样性和分子系统学研究提供技术支持.     

重组酶聚合酶扩增技术快速检测鳗利斯顿氏菌

鳗利斯顿氏菌(Listonella anguillarum)是一种常见的病原体,能感染多种养殖动物,每年给水产养殖业带来巨大的经济损失。随着集约化养殖模式在水产养殖业的大规模应用,水产病原体的传播速度也大幅度提高。为此,迫切需要建立一种快速、准确的检测技术。本研究以鳗利斯顿氏菌的金属蛋白酶基因(zinc metalloprotease gene,emp A)为靶基因,设计多对引物和1条exo探针,通过优化反应体系和条件,建立了一种基于重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA)技术的快速实时检测鳗利斯顿氏菌的方法。结果表明,建立的Real-time RPA检测技术能够在20 min内特异地检测出鳗利斯顿氏菌,与其他7种常见水产致病菌均不发生交叉反应。该检测方法最低能够检测出1 pg/μL鳗利斯顿氏菌基因组模板,对人工污染的样品最低检测限为3.4×10~2CFU/m L,且重复性良好。因此,利用本研究建立的Real-time RPA检测技术,能特异、准确、高效地检测出鳗利斯顿氏菌,而且操作简单、耗时短,为水产养殖中鳗利斯顿氏菌的快速诊断及商业试剂盒的开发提供科学依据和技术参考。     

A New Microbial Contact Assay for Marine Sediments (7 pp)

-  Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Ulrich Förstner on his 65th birthdayBackground, Aims and Scope   The number of microbiological contact tests for marine sediments is low, although microorganisms enable a rapid screening and monitoring of sediment quality and a high resolution of hazard assessment. As no single biotest can provide reliable answers concerning the potential hazard of environmental samples, a combination of bioassays needs to be applied to serve this purpose. In order to cover as many potential effects as possible, test organisms should have different sensitivities; assays should cover different exposure pathways, and measure the effect on various physiological functions. Methods   3 different Vibrio species (V. proteolyticus, V. natriegens, V. gazogenes) were tested for their suitability as test organisms in a contact assay on the basis of their activity, sensitivity and their spectrum of salinity tolerance. As a test endpoint, dehydrogenase activity over an incubation time of 2 hours (~ 3 generations) was chosen, quantified by resazurine reduction. The test was miniaturized to 96 well plates, including a dilution series, and quality criteria were established. The assay was then tested on natural sediments from a contaminated site in the Lübeck Bight.Results and Discussion   Vibrio proteolyticus proved to be the best suited test organism out of those tested for this bioassay. The miniaturized test system revealed a coefficient of variation of positive controls in 16 tests of 17.8 %. Its application to contaminated sediments from the Lübeck Bight showed a good differentiation of samples from different depths and zones, which reflected the general contamination pattern and capping activities in that area. Conclusion   The miniaturized test system that has been developed for V. proteolyticus is suited to assess toxic effects of brackish and marine sediments. Due to an increased number of replicates and an extensive sediment dilution series, the degree of certainty of hazard assessment is elevated.Recommendations and Outlook   The integration of this sediment contact assay as a complementary test in a microbiological test battery is recommended.     

废弃农药厂污染场地浅层地下水生态毒性诊断研究

选择大型溞、斜生栅藻、发光菌为试验生物,对某废弃农药厂污染场地4个不同区域土壤剖面浅层地下水编号为CP01、CP02、CP03、CP04的4种水样进行了急性毒性试验,同时对水样进行了化学分析。结果表明,4种水样对大型溞的24h-EC50分别为0.29%、5.12%、0.83%、1.99%;对斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别为11.04%、50.44%、12.21%、41.66%;对费舍尔弧菌的发光抑制率分别为95%、66%、88%、75%。化学检测结果表明,CP01中的主要污染物为苯系物与少量烷烃、烯烃类多种物质,CP02中的污染物质只有少量二氯甲烷与1,2-二氯乙烷两种物质,CP03、CP04中的主要污染物为苯系物与烷烃多种物质。毒性试验结果与化学检测结果具有较好的相关性,3种试验生物的毒性效应结果相一致。该研究方法简单快速,可以用于污染场地水样污染毒性诊断,快速筛选出敏感区域,同时提供污染物质的联合毒性基础数据,为场地进一步危害识别与风险评估提供依据。     

姬松茸多糖提取工艺的优化

对姬松茸子实体多糖提取的工艺条件中的多糖提取温度、提取时间、浸提液pH值3因子的最优化组合问题进行了定量研究,建立了具有良好预测性能的姬松茸多糖提取条件的模型,并利用回归模型对工艺条件的最优化组合,对各单因子要素的多糖得率及其交互作用进行了探讨。试验表明,当浸提温度为100℃、浸提时间为3h、浸提液pH值为6.3时多糖得率处于较高水平     

植物恢复措施对鸡西矿区废弃地土壤养分的影响

以黑龙江省鸡西市矿区废弃地为研究区,对不同矿区废弃地的土壤养分元素进行含量分析。结果表明：应用植物恢复措施后的基质土壤各养分指标绝大多数要大大高于原废弃地土壤和经过自然恢复的土壤,说明该措施对石墨尾矿、矸石发电厂粉煤灰废弃地和平排矸石山土壤养分改善效果明显;其中石墨尾矿除全磷外,各种养分指标与林地土壤差距较大,而旱柳对石墨尾矿土壤的改善效果最好,其有机质含量为37．28g／kg,是残渣的2．6倍;种植大果沙棘对粉煤灰废弃地土壤养分的积累效果明显,有机质含量为48．25g／kg,是残渣的1．5倍;植物恢复措施使平排矸石山的土壤养分积累速度加快,已接近林地,混交种植兴安落叶松和家榆总体恢复效果最好,有机质含量分别为193．42和151．46g／kg,是自然恢复条件下的8．9和7倍。建议引入优势种群（如松科等）以加快演替速度,使矿区废弃地更快地恢复到原始状态。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

济南山丘区土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局分析

土壤侵蚀潜在危险度景观格局的形成及其变化是自然的和人为的多种因素相互作用的结果 ,运用景观生态学原理 ,通过分析景观斑块的类型、数量、面积大小和空间组合状况 ,揭示出济南市山丘区的土壤侵蚀潜在危险度分布特征及空间变异规律     

烘焙对生物质热解产物特性的影响

烘焙可有效地降低生物质中的水分和氧,对其热解过程有显著的影响。该文主要研究了烘焙温度（200,230,260,290℃）对生物质热解过程及产物特性的影响行为及影响机制;研究发现烘焙能改善热解产物的品质,随着烘焙温度的升高,热解合成气中CO含量由48%逐渐减少到34%,CH4和H2增加,其中H2含量最大增加了77.4%,而液体产物中,乙酸和水分含量逐渐减小,水分含量最大减少了42.8%,而酚类产物的含量明显增加,有利于生物油品质的提高。该研究为烘焙技术的发展和生物质高效热化学转化提供科学参考。     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

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