贵州省水土保持监测点观测数据整编方案及分析评价方法

水土保持监测工作开展较晚,相应的观测数据整编方案及整编数据的分析评价方法相对欠缺.主鼢要介绍了贵州省水土保持监测点概况及贵州省已投入运行的3个水土保持监测站点的降雨观测场、坡面径流小区、小流域控制站等观测数据的整编内容、程序及步骤,便于水土保持监测成果数据的查找、保存等.在初步分析评价整编数据合理性、可靠性的基础上,提出了当前监测点观测数据中存在的主要问题.该研究对充分发挥水土保持监测点观测数据的整编工作在水土保持监测中的桥梁作用,以及对促进水土保持监测工作的交替和可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

贵州省水土保持监测点观测数据整编的做法及存在问题

贵州省于2013年对全省的13个水土保持监测点2006—2012年的观测数据进行了整编,其主要做法有:明确职责分工、重视原始资料检查和复核、注重数据合理性分析、规范整编方法、加强成果管理等。指出了在数据整编分析过程中发现的观测不及时、水平不高,数据审核把关不严,设施设备管护不到位等问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

安徽省水土保持监测点观测数据整(汇)编的做法和启示

自1981年建设水土保持科学试验站以来,安徽省就开始积累和整理水土流失观测数据。初期,全省4个科学试验站采取传统手抄形式开展数据汇总整理工作,历年的监测数据对2010年第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查发挥了重要作用。随着"全国水土保持监测网络和信息系统建设"项目的实施,全省水土保持监测点从4个增加到23个,并全面开展了观测数据整编工作。对安徽省水土保持监测点观测数据整编的成果及其保障条件、做法和经验进行了总结,以期与同行交流,得到建议和指导。     

沈阳市地下水位动态成因类型及主要特征

沈阳市地下水动态监测网络建设经历了25 a的逐步完善,已经形成地下水动态的长期监测点网和统一监测点网,并定期对全市地下水动态观测资料进行整编,以便更好地掌握地下水动态的现状和规律,并预测未来地下水动态的发展趋势。研究沈阳市地下水动态成因类型及主要特征是进行地下水动态观测资料整编的核心部分,为合理开发利用水资源、水资源的区划和保护、预防环境地质灾害、水资源的优化配置、制定水资源规划、切合实际地管理水资源等方面提供基础性的科学依据。     

遥测雨量数据整编软件设计

近年来,遥测雨量数据在防汛抗旱工作的调度决策起到了非常重要的作用,观测到的数据非常宝贵,有必要进行整编,形成刊印成果。辽宁省水文局技术人员针对遥测雨量数据格式,编制专门软件进行处理,形成标准的降雨量整编数据及成果,既提高了工作效率,又完全满足《水文资料整编规范》的要求。     

应用遥测数据进行水文资料整编

遥测技术的应用是水文现代化和数字水文的发展趋势。2006年6月鞍山水情分中心遥测系统投入使用,经过3 a的运行,达到了设计要求,实现了基层报汛站雨量信息、水位信息的实时监测、存储、传输的自动化,显著提高了水情信息的时效性。分析结果表明:遥测数据资料整编的成果,符合年雨量误差在1%以内的整编要求。满足规范精度。但在遥测数据整编时,应该注意:在非汛期必须采用人工观测数据,与遥测数据组成一个整体,实现全年观测。鉴于目前遥测系统的保证率还达不到100%,应加强汛期监控与维护,补救观测数据。雨量计安装必须稳固、水平,否则将会使所测雨量数据出现系统误差。     

贵州省水土保持监测点建设存在问题及建议

分析了当前贵州省已建成的24个监测点在建设中存在的问题,如通往站点及径流小区的交通不便、施工队伍技术水平不高、前期准备工作不充分等,从节省工程量、优化设施、减轻现场观测劳动强度、减少运行和维护工作量,实现监测点可持续发展的角度出发,建议在以后新的监测点建设中应重视站址选择、前期准备工作、集水设施优化、辅助设施配套、施工监督和验收把关等工作。     

贵州省水土保持监测点的运行和管理

在总结近年来水土保持监测点运行经验的基础上,贵州省出台了水土保持监测站网运行管理的相关规定,建立了观测人员选聘、数据收集整理、设施设备管护等规章制度,进一步理顺与外单位共建共管监测点的管理体制,并将水土保持监测点运行经费纳入省级财政,从而有力地保障了全省水土保持监测点的正常运行。     

水蚀区水土保持地面观测资料整编内容与方法

资料整编是水土保持监测的基础性工作.按资料的来源和属性,可将水土保持监测资料分为基础资料、观测资料、调查资料和衍生资料.水蚀区水土保持地面观测主要涉及径流小区和小流域控制站,按监测内容和对象,一般可分为影响因子、径流和泥沙观测资料整编3大类,不同资料整编内容与方法不尽相同,各有侧重.近期,应抓紧制订监测资料整编的技术标准和整编制度,规范整编行为,同时,还应加强技术培训和档案管理,提高水土保持监测资料整编的信息化和现代化水平.     

关于径流小区若干技术问题的研究

作为水土流失定量观测常用的技术方法,径流小区法广泛应用于世界各地。我国也修建了众多径流小区并取得了丰富的研究成果。然而,目前在径流小区建设和观测过程中仍存在一些亟待解决的技术问题,如:径流小区规格不统一、选址及布设代表性不强、修筑不标准、量水设施无校核率定、数据采集与取样操作不规范、记录整理与小区维护管理不规范等。这些问题影响了观测数据的准确性,也降低了研究成果的适应性。针对以上问题,提出了四条应对措施及建议:完善技术规范,优化顶层设计;明确小区标准,确立比较效应;以需求定规模,完善基础设施;编制操作规程,培训观测人员。     

安阳市水保工程建管方式及存在的问题与建议

安阳市近10年来建成的水土保持工程的主要建设管理方式可分为3种,即:乡村组织治理,完成后分配给农户分散经营;乡村组织治理,由村成立专业队代表村集体管理;把小流域或荒山承包给个体或私人经济组织,由其自行治理和经营管护。3种建管方式中以后者为最优,其经济效益是分散经营管理的5倍、专业队经营管理的3.5倍。针对水保工程建设管理中存在的问题和适应农村税费改革等要求,提出了加快安阳市水保生态建设的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

生产建设项目水土保持“天地一体化”监管存在问题及建议

根据"天地一体化"技术在生产建设项目水土保持监管中的应用情况,对"天地一体化"技术在水土保持信息化应用中存在的防治责任范围图件不规范、合规性鉴定困难、未批先建等问题进行了归纳总结,并提出相应的建议,以期能为"天地一体化"水土保持监管工作逐步走向成熟提供参考,全面提升水土保持信息化建设水平,加快推进水土保持监管信息化进程。     

濂溪区水土保持区划与防治布局研究

水土保持区划可为区域水土保持规划与宏观管理、水土保持生态文明建设提供重要的参考。在《江西省水土保持区划及防治布局研究》确立的原则与方法的基础上,根据全国、全省和九江市水土保持区划划分方法,分析濂溪区各乡镇地形地貌、水土流失特点、水土流失防治及经济社会发展等的区域差异,将全区划分为城市人居环境维护区、平原农田防护水质维护区、丘陵保土生态维护区3个五级区,同时基于水土保持功能,提出了各分区的详细水土流失防治布局,为濂溪区及其他区域的水土保持规划与宏观决策,加快推进各地生态文明建设提供重要的参考和借鉴。     

Hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite and identification of intergrades of montmorillonite-chlorite and vermiculite-chlorite in soils

Much evidence has indicated that the occurrence of montmorillonite and vermiculite containing Al-interlayers is very common in solis, particularly acid soils. Viewed in the light of soil clay minerology, it would be required to investigate the properties of their original minerals. For the latter purpose, the Al-interlayer has been removed prior to the Mg-glycerol,K-saturation and heating tests for identification of montmorillonite and vermiculite. Its removal has been accomplished in sevsral ways; KOH plus KCl (1), NH₄F, KCl plus HCl (2), Na-citrate (3),400C de hydroxylation-NaOH (4) dissolution. Although these methods are effective for the removal of Al-interlayers, they seem drastically to affect the minerals or are time-consuming. Inthe course of the study of hydroxy-Al interlaid complexes of expanding 2:1 layer lattice clay minerals, the authors have noticed the difference between the (001) spacings of hydroxy-Al complexes of montmorillonite and vermiculite; the former exhibited the 20 A basal spacing at room temperature against the 14 A spacing of the latter. This difference might be useful for differentiating montnmorillonite-chlorite intergrades in soils.     

硒、钴单施和配施对苜蓿生长及产量的效应研究

为探讨硒、钴在提高苜蓿生长影响,在河南省沿黄滩区,开展了硒、钴单施和配施下对紫花苜蓿生长以及产量和品质影响研究。结果表明,硒、钴单施和配合基施均能够显著提高苜蓿从现蕾到开花期的净光合能力,降低呼吸消耗,提高单位叶面积干物质的生产速率,有利于苜蓿花前青干草生产和果实发育;其中,以硒570 g/hm2、钴762g/hm2配施下效果显著,青干草增产8.06%,种子千粒重可提高12.85%。单施钴和硒钴配施还能促进0—20 cm耕层苜蓿根瘤菌的生长和积累,增强苜蓿的固氮能力。说明硒钴合理基施对苜蓿青干草和优质种子生产具有很好的应用效果。     

Separation and analysis of diastereomers and enantiomers of cypermethrin and cyfluthrin by gas chromatography

Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) insecticides are of environmental significance because of their high aquatic toxicity. Due to their chirality, SP compounds contain multiple diastereomers and enantiomers. However, due to great structural similarities and lack of isomer standards, gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of SP diastereomers or enantiomers is poorly developed. In this study, we used a HP-5 column to separate the diastereomers and a beta-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (BGB-172) to separate the enantiomers of cypermethrin (CP) and cyfluthrin (CF). Resolved peaks were identified by comparing chromatograms of isomer-enriched CP products. Diastereomers of both CP and CF were separated on the HP-5 column. On the BGB-172 column, enantiomers of all cis diastereomers were separated, while those of trans diastereomers were not separated. The elution order appears to be regulated by configuration, a finding which may allow peak identification in the absence of isomer standards. When coupled with electron capture detection, the developed methods had low detection limits and may be used for analysis of SP diastereomers and enantiomers in environmental samples.     

铁铝氧化物和高岭石对转化酶的吸附及活性的影响

Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non-crystalline aluminum oxide (N-AlOH), goethite, non-crystalline iron oxide (N-FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N-AlOH > bayerite > N-FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N-AlOH, goethite, N-FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N-FeOH > N-AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non-crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide- and aluminum oxide-invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite-invertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

Effects of residues of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on cadmium uptake and yield of potatoes and carrots

Potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) and carrots (Daucus carota L.) were grown in the field on Tasmanian ferrosols (humic eutrudox) which had been limed either 2, 3, or 5 years earlier, and where tuber cadmium (Cd) concentrations in potatoes grown a few months after the liming had shown no lime response. In the current crops lime decreased potato tuber Cd by about 30% and carrot root Cd by about 50%. We attributed the decrease to more even and deeper mixing of the lime with the soil by the harvest of the first potatoes. Phosphorus (P) fertilizer residues from the earlier potato crops did not significantly affect tuber or root Cd, but there was a positive effect at 1 site where some high Cd P fertilizer had earlier been used. Neither lime nor P fertilizer residues affected potato or carrot yields. Analysis at one site of potato tubers from the upper part of the soil ridges showed that they had slightly higher Cd concentrations than did deeper tubers near the fertilizer band, whether P fertilizer was in the band or not. This suggests that either the Cd in the fertilizer band was relatively unimportant as a Cd source for the current crop, or that Cd was redistributed within the plant during the season, or both. Liming may be a suitable medium to long‐term strategy for decreasing Cd uptake by root crops, but site to site and seasonal variation can still be great, and knowledge of other major influences is needed for assurance of produce quality. Our observations need to be extended to sites which gives rise to higher Cd concentrations in agricultural produce, and to other soil types. Potato common scab was severe in the limed plots at one site. However, this site had grown 3 potato crops in 5 years, which probably exacerbated the disease. Potato processors in Tasmania demand a minimum of 5 years between successive crops which should slow any build up of scab due to liming, but more work on possible interactions between lime and rotation length on scab incidence is needed before liming can be recommended as a Cd control measure for potatoes.