气候因子对贵州省植被覆盖度的协同影响

探究气候因子对植被覆盖度的协同影响,可进一步了解植被生长状态及演变规律,为科学预估植被变化及生态保护提供一定依据。基于2001—2018年MODIS NDVI数据和气象台站数据,研究了贵州省气候因子(降水、气温)与植被生长期NDVI的空间分布特征; 利用偏相关分析法和多元回归分析法逐像元探究贵州省植被生长期的NDVI与气候因子的相关性和其对气候因子的协同响应规律,同时结合地貌类型分析不同地貌类型的植被NDVI对降水和气温的敏感性。结果表明:贵州省多年平均降水和气温存在明显的空间差异性,降水空间分布自西北向东南呈带状递增; 植被生长期NDVI均值总体呈波动上升趋势,以每年0.004 2的速率增加,呈增加趋势的面积约为160 836.69 km²; 气温和降水对贵州省植被生长均具有明显影响,气温的影响作用大于降水; 不同地貌类型的植被NDVI对降水和气温的敏感性不同,同一地貌类型的植被NDVI对降水、气温敏感性表现为气温大于降水。整体上,贵州省植被生长期NDVI呈增加趋势,植被覆盖不断增加,降水和气温对植被的协同影响在不同地理环境区域表现不同。     

1999-2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动

[目的]西南喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱,对其植被覆盖变化及气候驱动机制进行研究具有重要意义。[方法]基于1999—2019年SPOT NDVI数据和同期209个气象站点的气温和降水数据,采用Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall趋势分析法、偏相关分析和复相关分析法,探讨西南喀斯特地区NDVI时空变化及其气候驱动。[结果]1999—2019年西南喀斯特地区NDVI呈显著上升趋势,整体植被覆盖较好;NDVI变化主要以极显著上升趋势为主,仅5.73%的地区呈退化趋势。NDVI与气温和降水整体上均呈正偏相关关系,气温对NDVI的影响强于降水,且存在空间差异性。NDVI与气温和降水的复相关显著性通过0.05,0.01水平的面积分别占15.12%,5.68%;NDVI主要受气温驱动,占研究区面积的13.90%,其他气候因子驱动类型占比均未超过3%。[结论]揭示了西南喀斯特地区植被覆盖的时空变化特征,明确了气候因子对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制。     

基于AVHRR和MODIS数据源的山东省植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端气候的响应

[目的]研究山东省的植被覆盖变化和极端气候的关系,以期为区域植被生态维护提供科学借鉴。[方法]基于AVHRR-GIMMS NDVI对MODIS NDVI插补获取的1982—2021年长时间序列NDVI数据集,分析山东省NDVI的时空变化,并结合该省96个气象站的逐日数据,研究NDVI对极端气候的响应。[结果](1)山东省及各分区NDVI总体呈强持续性的显著上升趋势,该省平均增速为0.013/10 a(p<0.001);空间上NDVI大体呈西高东低,南高北低分布;空间趋势上植被覆盖以强持续性显著改善和基本不变为主。(2)整体上NDVI与年和月的极端气温暖指数、极端降水指数以显著正相关为主,与冷指数以显著负相关为主,与GSL,DTR相关性不显著;空间上鲁西平原区主要受极端气温的影响,其他分区对极端气温和极端降水均响应明显。(3)NDVI对极端气候的响应具有明显的滞后性,且对极端气温的滞后性比对极端降水的滞后性强。[结论]山东省植被覆盖总体向持续改善的方向发展;NDVI对极端气候响应明显,极端高温和极端降水对植被生长总体起促进作用,而极端低温以抑制作用为主;植被覆盖变化对极端气候响应存...     

2000—2020年延安市植被覆盖时空变化及其影响因素

[目的] 对陕西省延安市植被覆盖时空变化特征及其与气候变化和人类活动之间的关系进行研究,为该市评估生态环境效益和生态环境建设提供科学支持。[方法] 基于MODIS-NDVI和气象等相关数据,采用线性趋势分析、相关性分析和残差分析对延安市2000—2020年植被覆盖时空变化特征及其影响因素进行研究,并用地理探测器分析不同因子对植被覆盖变化的影响以及各因子之间的交互作用。[结果] ①2000—2020年延安市植被NDVI总体呈上升趋势,增速为10%/10 a,快于同期三北防护林植被覆盖的平均增速。②延安市植被覆盖状况不断优化,呈现改善的面积占99.64%,其中明显改善的面积占97.85%,呈现退化趋势的范围比例极少。③受水热分布的影响,延安市呈现“东高西低,南高北低”的植被分布格局。④延安市植被NDVI与降水的相关性要显著强于气温,与气温的相关系数分布在-0.60~0.70,其中呈正相关的面积占47.52%;与降水的相关系数分布在-0.23~0.91,其中呈正相关的面积占99.62%; ⑤延安市退耕还林还草等生态恢复工程的有效实施对植被状况改善最为显著,降水作用次之,气温和自然地理因素作用较小,多影响因子对延安市植被覆盖变化的交互作用表现为非线性增强或双因子增强。[结论] 延安市是黄土高原腹地中心城市,植被覆盖受气候和人类活动影响较大,未来在生态建设背景下,要立足于不同区域的资源禀赋,人为因素合理参与,因地制宜地采取相应的管控和补偿措施,以期达到植被NDVI持续改善的效果,进一步增强其生态效益。     

山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应

[目的]了解山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化及其对气温、降水的响应关系,对该流域生态保护、修复和高质量发展具有重要的意义。[方法]基于1998—2018年NDVI数据,利用NDVI变化趋势、变异系数、空间自相关等方法,对山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化特征及其与气温、降水的关系进行分析。[结果]不同土地利用类型NDVI变化趋势均呈向好态势,草地和林地覆盖状况优于整体水平。NDVI在空间上整体呈南北纵列、高低相间的分布格局,吕梁山和太岳山—中条山高,西部高原丘陵区和汾河谷地低。NDVI变化趋势的空间异质性显著,植被以显著改善为主。林地改善趋势的稳定性最好。NDVI表现出明显的空间集聚性特征,其中耕地NDVI变化趋势聚集特征最明显。不同土地利用类型NDVI对降水的敏感性强于气温。[结论]山西黄河流域不同土地利用类型NDVI时空变化差异显著,并对气温和降水存在响应关系,此研究将为该流域生态保护和建设提供更精准的植被恢复数据及其和气温、降水关系的基础资料。     

黄河源区青海省玛多县2000—2014年NDVI变化及气候驱动因子

[目的]研究黄河源区青海省玛多县2000-2014年NDVI的变化及其驱动因子气候的变化,为玛多县生态环境保护和土地资源规划提供决策依据.[方法]利用玛多县及其周边地区9个气象站生长季气象资料和MOD 13Q1/NDVI遥感影像数据集,采用最大值合成法、趋势分析法和相关分析方法,分析NDVI的变化及气候驱动因子.[结果]近15 a玛多县NDVI整体上呈增加趋势,增速为0.012/10 a;玛多县65.84％区域的植被覆盖保持在基本不变状态,改善区域(27.47％)大于退化区域(6.69％);NDVI与生长季气温和降水均呈正相关关系,其中生长季降水对NDVI的影响更大;研究区内NDVI变化主要受非气候因子驱动影响,占研究区面积的83.61％,受气候驱动影响的面积仅占16.39％,其中,气温降水综合驱动型占3.93％,气温驱动型占2.74％,降水驱动型占9.72％.[结论]2000-2014年非气候因素是影响玛多县植被NDVI变化的决定性因素.     

川西高原植被NDVI动态变化特征及对气候因子的响应

[目的]分析川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI动态变化特征,研究植被NDVI对气候因子的响应,为区域水土保持和生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]基于MOD09A1数据反演川西高原植被NDVI,结合中国气象科学数据共享服务网提供的气温和降水等资料,利用Theil-Sen media趋势分析、Mann-Kendall统计检验和Hurst指数等方法,分析川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI的时空分布特征、变化趋势及持续性变化特征,探讨川西高原植被NDVI变化对气候因子的响应。[结果](1)川西高原2001—2017年植被NDVI均值为0.486,呈由西北向东南逐渐升高的趋势,垂直分布上植被NDVI随高程增加呈现先增加后下降趋势;(2)近17 a川西高原植被NDVI整体以0.01/10 a的速率变化,变化趋势以改善为主,改善和退化面积分别占比83.5%和16.5%;Hurst指数研究表明,川西高原植被NDVI总体变化持续性较强,反持续性较弱;(3)2001—2017年川西高原气温呈上升趋势,降水上升趋势不明显;整体上植被NDVI对气候的响应存在空间差异,研究区北部主要受气温和降水影响,西南部主要受降水影响。[结论]川西高原植被的生长受气候、地形和人类活动等因素影响,植被NDVI呈现明显空间异质性。随着生态文明建设的持续推进,近17 a植被NDVI改善面积持续增加,且未来持续性较强。     

2000-2020年湟水流域植被NDVI变化及其驱动力分析

探究湟水流域植被NDVI时空变化及其驱动因素将有利于地区生态环境的恢复和区域可持续发展。基于多源遥感数据和社会经济数据,利用趋势分析法和皮尔逊相关分析法探究2000—2020年流域植被NDVI时空变化特征,并借助地理探测器分析自然和人为驱动因素对流域内植被空间分异及变化的影响力。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年流域植被NDVI值整体呈现上升趋势,平均增速为0.003 8/a,其中湟水沿岸及下游部分上升趋势最为明显,同时新兴城镇与"引大济湟"工程区存在明显的下降趋势。(2)整个流域内,气温和高程是影响植被NDVI空间分异的主要因素;高程、土壤和植被类型是影响植被NDVI空间变化的主要因素。(3)各驱动因素间的交互作用解释力均高于单因素,呈现出非线性增强与双因子增强的情况,气温与地貌交互作用解释力最高,达到71.6%,对植被NDVI空间分异的解释力最强。(4)流域植被NDVI空间分异及变化受自然因素与人为因素的共同影响,且自然因素的影响起主导作用。随着人们环境保护意识显著提升与地区生态工程逐步落实,流域植被覆盖情况正在转好。     

京津冀地区植被NDVI动态变化及其与气候因子的关系

[目的] 探究气候变化对植被覆盖变化的驱动机制，可为揭示区域乃至全球植被覆盖动态变化及其与气候变化之间的响应机制提供依据。[方法] 以MODIS NDVI，SRTM DEM，降水和气温为数据源，运用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall显著性检验法、R/S分析法和Pearson相关分析法等数学分析方法，结合ANUSPLIN气象插值模型，研究2001—2019年京津冀地区植被NDVI时空演变特征及预测未来变化趋势，并探究植被NDVI与降水和气温最大相关关系及时滞效应。[结果] ①2001—2019年京津冀地区植被NDVI整体呈波动上升趋势，上升速率为0.002 2/a，且未来植被NDVI呈改善趋势的面积略小于呈退化趋势的面积；②降水和气温对京津冀地区植被生长以正向促进作用为主，且降水对植被生长的作用强度高于气温；③植被NDVI对降水变化的滞后期略长于气温，京津冀地区植被生长受前3月的降水和前1月的气温影响最大。[结论] 在林业生态工程实施背景下，2001—2019年京津冀地区植被覆盖整体呈改善态势，尤以西北部为著；植被NDVI与降水和气温相关关系呈现出明显的地域差异，且植被生长相对降水和气温变化存在一定的滞后效应。     

气候与人类活动对丹江口水源区植被覆盖变化的影响

植被覆盖状况直接影响到区域生态环境质量,动态监测区域植被覆盖变化,分析其影响因素,对有效开展生态工程建设、实现生态环境的可持续发展具有重要意义。丹江口水库作为南水北调中线工程核心水源区,其生态环境状况直接影响到水源区的水质和水量,目前此区域植被覆盖动态变化研究存在研究时间较短,人类活动定量评估不足等问题。该研究以丹江口水源地为研究区,以GIMMS NDVI和MODIS NDVI为数据源,运用经验正交遥相关EOT(empirical orthogonal teleconnections)算法对1982—2018年归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)数据进行重构,分析此区域植被覆盖时空变化特征。在此基础上,分析气候和人类活动因素对区域植被覆盖变化的综合贡献情况。结果表明:1982—2018年间NDVI呈现波动上升趋势。空间上,89.93%的像元年均NDVI呈现增加趋势,10.06%的像元年均NDVI呈现减小趋势。气温与NDVI呈现显著正相关,相关系数为0.792 (P0.05),降水量与NDVI呈现显著负相关,相关系数为-0.43 (P0.05),气温对植被的影响大于降水。气候因素对植被的影响呈现明显的空间异质性,在海拔较高的山地区域,植被生长受降水和气温的综合作用影响;而在地势较为低平的盆地和河谷区,NDVI与气温呈现显著的正相关关系,与降水则呈现显著负相关关系。人类活动对区域植被覆盖影响具有双重作用,研究区67.74%区域人类活动对植被覆盖产生正面影响,正向作用表现在为恢复生态环境实施的一系列生态保护与建设工程措施;32.26%区域人类活动对植被覆盖产生负面影响,负向作用表现在为发展社会经济进行的一系列不合理的生产活动。采用残差法分离气候因素和人为因素对区域植被覆盖影响,气候因素对区域植被覆盖变化的综合贡献度为92.14%,人类活动因素的综合贡献度为7.86%,气候因素是影响区域植被覆盖整体变化的主导因素。空间上,在生态措施实施以及中心城市周围等人类活动程度较高的区域,人类活动逐渐成为NDVI变化的关键因素。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI