基于作物需水量的城市农业水资源评估——以贵州省贵阳市为例

[目的]对贵阳市城市农业绿水和蓝水的水足迹与灌溉效率进行定量研究,为科学定量评估城市农业用水和管理监测提供依据。[方法]利用实地调查数据、贵阳市气象数据与农业统计数据,基于作物需水量、水足迹的方法进行农业水资源评估。[结果]①作物水足迹极值取决于调查样地作物单位面积产量的极值。②贵阳市城市农业不同作物生长的消耗绿水量均高于蓝水量,绿水量和蓝水量的比例范围从最低53.81%(豇豆)到最高63.60%(番茄)。③贵阳市城市农业3种灌溉效率(沟灌、喷灌和滴灌)分别为27.23%,69.45%与80.32%。④2017年贵阳市城市农业蓝色水量灌溉需求量在4.81×10~5 m~3(完全滴灌)与6.93×10~5 m~3(完全沟灌)之间。[结论] 2017年贵阳市城市农业总用水需求为1.29×10~6 m~3,其中8.84×10~5 m~3为绿水,4.02×10~5 m~3为蓝水。灌溉方式对贵阳市城市农业用水有较大的提升空间,滴灌方式对贵阳市城市农业水资源管理贡献率达53.09%。     

基于随机森林算法的耕地面积预测及影响因素重要性分析——以甘肃省庆阳市为例

[目的]分析耕地面积变化影响因素的重要性,以便科学预测耕地资源数量,为保护耕地资源服务。[方法]以属于黄土高原地区的甘肃省庆阳市为例,尝试采用随机森林算法构建耕地面积预测模型,与BP神经网络模型的预测结果进行对比,并对耕地面积变化影响因素重要性进行排序。[结果]随机森林算法预测结果的相对误差和均方根误差均小于BP神经网络的,预测精度高,结果稳定。它预测出2020,2025,2030年的耕地面积分别为4.515×10~5,4.513×10~5,4.512×10~5 hm~2,呈现减少的趋势;主要影响因素重要程度排序为:农业机械总动力农业人口地区生产总值固定资产投资额。[结论]随机森林算法适合于耕地面积预测,且能够测度耕地面积变化影响因素的重要程度。     

基于GIS和InVEST模型的日照市固碳能力研究

[目的]分析山东省日照市碳储量的时空变化,探讨日照市各土地利用类型的固碳能力,为生态系统服务评估提供决策支持。[方法]以日照市1995,2000,2005,2010和2015年5期土地利用信息和碳密度数据为基础,利用GIS和InVEST-Carbon Storage and Sequestration模块,获取碳储量时空分布数据,从而对日照市固碳能力进行准确的定量评估。[结果](1)1995—2015年,研究区内耕地、草地的面积均有所下降,而林地、水域、建设用地以及未利用地面积增加。(2)日照市总固碳量呈现增长趋势,1995—2015年依次为6.976×10~6,6.978×10~6,6.957×10~6,6.987×10~6,7.015×10~6 t。(3)耕地的碳储量最高,固碳能力最强。[结论]1995—2015年研究区内固碳总量净增3.90×10~4 t,固碳速率呈现小幅上升趋势,固碳能力逐步稳定。日照市东部沿海地区固碳能力相对较弱,应充分开发其固碳潜力。     

新疆干旱区于田绿洲生态安全评价及影响因子研究

以新疆克里雅河流域于田绿洲为研究靶区,运用压力—状态—响应(PSR)模型,从时间尺度上对1999—2010年绿洲生态安全状况进行评价并进行影响因子分析。结果表明:于田绿洲生态安全综合指数大致上呈现递增趋势,1999—2005年处于不安全状态、2006—2010年由临界安全状态向较安全状态转变。限制性因子分析表明:影响于田绿洲生态安全的主要限制因子是第三产业占GDP比重、单位耕地农业总产值、人均粮食产量、境内公路里程、农牧民人均纯收入、城镇化程度、耕地面积比重。研究表明于田绿洲生态安全现状良好,评价结果将为维持及进一步改善生态状况提供科学依据。     

台兰河流域土地利用变化及其景观格局特征研究

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,获取了自1990年以来台兰河流域3期土地利用数据,在GIS空间分析模块下对台兰河流域土地利用及其景观格局特征进行了研究.结果表明:1990-2005年,土地利用变化表现出耕地和沙地明显增加,分别增加35 027.11 hm2和10 443.46 hm2,而草地和天然林地面积锐减,其中草地净减少59 965.95hm2,反映出流域有大面积拓荒的趋势.随着耕地面积的不断增大,引发农业用水和生态用水之间的矛盾,天然植被受到破环,生物多样性减少.老绿洲土壤盐渍化面积总体呈减小趋势,新绿洲及绿洲外围局部地区土壤盐渍化呈恶化趋势.     

近25 a来渭-库绿洲土地利用/覆被变化及其影响因素

[目的]对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲土地利用/覆被变化特征及其驱动因素进行研究,为维护绿洲生态系统健康、稳定提供依据。[方法]利用研究区1989,2001,2013年Landsat TM/ETM+的影像数据,采用动态度模型及转移矩阵等方法,深入分析该绿州土地利用/覆被变化特征,并结合气候因子、人口与经济要素分析其变化原因。[结果](1)近25a来该绿洲土地利用/覆被类型没有发生变化,但各类型的面积及所占比例都发生了较大变化。(2)研究期内,各地类面积呈二增四减趋势:耕地面积净增114.52%,主要是由草地及其他地类转化而来;盐碱地面积增加66.11%,林地、草地、水体与其他地类的面积均有所减少。[结论]近25a来,该绿洲土地利用/覆被变化明显,其中,林地、草地、水体及盐碱地受自然因素主导,而耕地与其他地类则受人口和经济因素影响。     

张掖市典型绿洲农田生态系统生产力时空分布特征

[目的]以甘肃省张掖市甘州区典型绿洲为例,研究绿洲农田生产力的时空格局及其全球变化对农田生产力的影响,为区域农业资源管理决策与规划提供决策依据。[方法]利用MOD17A3NPP产品、气象数据及甘州区农业统计等数据,结合GIS空间分析技术开展研究。[结果]甘州区不同农田类型净初级生产力(NPP)均值最小值均出现在2001年,最大值出现在2007年。甘州区农田净初级生产力年均值变化范围为109.3~420.5g/(m~2·a),其分布特征与农田类型的空间分布基本一致;同一农田类型,高海拔区农田生产力小于海拔较低区,即农田生产力的大小是由农田类型及海拔高度共同决定的。NPP变化趋势存在明显的空间异质性,农田生产力增加的面积占总面积的40.9%,主要是旱地和高海拔地区的水浇地。海拔1 800m以上的旱地和水浇地年降水量的增加趋势远大于平均气温,其NPP呈明显的增加趋势。[结论]近10a来甘州区农田生态系统生产力存在明显的时空差异,整个旱地和水浇地年均NPP呈增加趋势,水田年均NPP呈下降趋势。     

新疆皮山县绿洲需水量变化与绿洲稳定性

[目的]探讨和评价新疆地区皮山县在水资源供需平衡状况和水资源约束条件下的绿洲稳定性,为该区域生态环境保护提供决策支持与科学依据。[方法]基于1998—2012年Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像数据和基础地理数据,在RS技术的支持下对皮山县绿洲进行了土地利用信息提取,结合水文和气象数据(气温、降水数据)估算皮山县绿洲15a来的社会经济和自然生态系统综合需水量,并在此基础上进行分析。[结果]皮山县绿洲渠系利用系数低,耕地灌溉定额高,耕地耗水比例大,且社会经济耗水量不断增加。15a间皮山县绿洲需水量增加了2.73×108 m3,现状供给量存在很大的缺口。2010年缺水总量到达2.74×108m3,虽然2012年缺水有所缓解,但自然生态环境缺水量增加,占到水资源总缺水量的59.75%,供需表现出很大的不平衡性。[结论]从现有的绿洲面积看,水资源供给量存在较大的缺口,绿洲已处于极不稳定状态。     

2000-2018年塔里木盆地北缘绿洲植被覆被变化及对环境要素的响应

[目的] 研究塔里木盆地北缘绿洲区植被覆被变化与环境要素的相互关系,旨在为该区生态治理与恢复提供科学参考。[方法] 以2000—2018年MODIS/NDVI数据为基础,结合时序内气象因素与人类活动数据,运用趋势线分析法、相关分析法、ArcGIS空间叠加与通径分析方法,总结塔里木盆地北缘绿洲时空变化特征,并探讨环境要素对绿洲区植被NDVI变化的影响。[结果] ①2000—2018年塔里北缘绿洲不同植被类型总体处于波动上升态势,增长速率为0.033/10 a;植被覆盖类型的增长速率由高到低依次为栽培植物、灌丛、阔叶林、草甸、荒漠、草原、湿地、针叶林和高山植被;②在气象因素中,气温与绿洲区植被主要呈负相关,负相关区域面积占绿洲区72.15%。③在人为环境要素中,林业总产值和牧业总产值是影响植被NDVI的主控因子。[结论] 在所选环境要素中,气温对NDVI的综合作用最强,林业总产值次之,牧业总产值对NDVI作用较弱。剩余通径系数为0.26,说明还有部分因素对NDVI增加有较明显的影响,今后需要进一步研究。     

1988-2018年哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及其驱动力

[目的] 对近30 a来哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力进行分析，为该地区绿洲持续健康发展提供理论借鉴。[方法] 以1988，1998，2008及2018年4期影像为基础数据，利用像元二分模型计算了基于AFRI_SWIR2指数提取的植被覆盖度，利用动态度指数与植被覆盖度转移矩阵分析哈密绿洲植被覆盖度动态变化；再通过地理探测器对8个影响因子进行探测，探寻哈密绿洲植被覆盖度的驱动因子。[结果] 近30 a来哈密绿洲面积从1988年的214 km²增长到2018年的632.1 km²，增幅达195%，但绿洲内植被覆盖度等级却较低，同时哈密绿洲面积主要扩展的区域在西北部和东南部区域；哈密绿洲的发展阶段可分为3个阶段：1988-1998年为低强度稳定期，1998-2008年为极度扩张期，2008-2018年为高强度稳定期。[结论] 土地利用类型变化是造成哈密绿洲植被覆盖度变化的直接原因，同时在近30 a内，人为因素对哈密绿洲植被覆盖状况的影响远高于自然因素。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.