不同品种酿酒葡萄根系抗寒性鉴定

越冬冻害是制约中国北方酿酒葡萄产业发展的限制性因素之一,葡萄根系的抗寒能力很弱且随品种遗传性状差异而变化。为鉴定不同品种酿酒葡萄根系抗寒性,为葡萄越冬冻害的监测、预警和防御提供理论依据。本研究以贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘马瑟兰’‘威代尔’‘西拉’‘北玫’‘北红’‘龙眼’8个品种酿酒葡萄根系为试材,测定其在模拟自然降温冷冻过程中的生理响应指标(过冷却点、结冰点、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、电导率及半致死温度)。运用相关分析与聚类分析方法,综合评价8个品种酿酒葡萄根系的抗寒能力。研究结果表明:1)可溶性蛋白含量显著影响葡萄根系组织的抗寒性。2)供试的8个品种葡萄根系抗寒能力可分为3类:弱抗寒型(‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘西拉’),过冷却点–3.8～–3.2℃,结冰点-2.8～-2.3℃,半致死温度–4.34～–3.19℃;中抗寒型(‘北玫’‘马瑟兰’‘威代尔’),过冷却点为–5.4～–4.4℃,结冰点在–4.1～–3.7℃,半致死温度–5.90～–4.43℃;强抗寒型(‘北红’‘龙眼’),过冷却点在–6.4～–6.3℃,结冰点–5.2～–4.8℃,半致死温度–6.55～–6.11℃。3)根系抗寒能力在不同品种间有显著性差异,8个品种葡萄根系的抗寒能力强弱顺序为:‘北红’‘龙眼’‘北玫’‘威代尔’‘马瑟兰’‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’‘西拉’。过冷却点、结冰点温度可以作为评价葡萄抗寒性的重要指标。研究结果对于完善葡萄抗寒性评价方法及指导防寒减灾工作具有重要意义。     

葡萄根和枝条抗寒性能测试仪的研制与试验

为了能方便准确的测定葡萄的抗寒特性,该文研制了一种在实验室内测定葡萄根和枝条抗寒性能的测试仪。该仪器利用测试箱持续降温的方法为试验提供测试环境,以STM32单片机为核心组成嵌入式控制平台,由温度传感器和热电模块采集温度信号、电压信号等试验结果,同时在上位机系统上显示试验结果和存储数据。试验结果表明,在试验的6个葡萄品种中光荣河岸和威代尔根系的抗寒性较强,光荣河岸枝条的抗寒性最强,且该仪器的精度达到0.96%,工作性能稳定可靠,可满足葡萄根和枝条抗寒性检测的要求。该文为培育新的抗寒品种提供了依据。     

TTC染色指数配合Logistic方程鉴定山葡萄种质抗寒性

为了能简便、准确地鉴定山葡萄种质抗寒性,该研究以40份山葡萄种质1 a生休眠期枝条为试材,利用连有图像分析软件的扫描仪对各低温处理下枝段染色图像进行可视化评估,配合Logistic方程建立回归方程,确定其低温半致死温度。结果表明,枝段染色指数随温度降低而下降,染色指数变化规律符合Logistic方程;40份山葡萄种质低温半致死温度在-39.41～-29.75℃范围内,拟合度在0.956 4～0.999 3范围内,种质抗寒性差异明显;各种质低温半致死温度与其平均隶属度及田间萌芽率均呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.883 03和-0.876 70。研究结果证明TTC染色图像可视化评估配合Logistic方程鉴定山葡萄种质抗寒性可行,同时为山葡萄种质抗寒性评价及抗寒亲本选择提供了简单、可靠的鉴定方法。     

不同鲜食葡萄抗寒特性的实验研究

根据"不同鲜食葡萄抗寒特性研究"的项目数据以及实验过程,对吐鲁番地区主栽的各种鲜食葡萄的抗寒特性进行了细致的研究。通过人工低温胁迫的方法,扦插苗根系在不同低温胁迫12 h后,测定低温对不同葡萄品种根系的相对电导率,以及其组织含水量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量等抗寒相关指标的变化,旨在分析比较低温胁迫下根系相关抗寒生理指标的变化规律,进一步了解这些调节物质与抗寒性的关系,从而发掘它们与低温胁迫抗寒相关性,更好地提高葡萄生产质量。     

低海拔和高海拔产区气象因子对‘美乐’葡萄浆果 品质和代谢组的影响

为明确低海拔(41 m)和高海拔(2 343 m)‘美乐’葡萄产区浆果代谢组和品质的差异和成因,试验采用GPRS-Base系统气象站监测低海拔和高海拔‘美乐’葡萄产区的气象因子,采用气相色谱/飞行时间质谱(GC/TOF-MS)技术解析低海拔和高海拔产区‘美乐’浆果代谢组的差异,并测定了不同海拔‘美乐’葡萄浆果的可溶性固形物含量、p H、总酸含量、还原糖、花青素、总酚、单宁、黄酮、类黄酮和蛋白质的含量。结果表明,高海拔‘美乐’葡萄产区平均日照时数、生育期总辐射、日均辐射、日均温差、日均温度、生长时期有效积温等气象因子均高于低海拔‘美乐’葡萄产区;与低海拔产区相比,高海拔产区的‘美乐’葡萄浆果的可溶性固形物、单宁和还原糖含量增加,总酚和花青素含量减少。代谢通路分析表明:高海拔产区的葡萄浆果积累更多的氨基酸、有机酸、醇、多酚、糖类等物质。代谢通路富集表明:高海拔产区改变了葡萄浆果8条氨基酸代谢、4条碳水化合物、3条脂质代谢和3条氮代谢通路。去趋势化对应分析表明:‘美乐’葡萄园中的气象因子如日均日照时数、生长时期总辐射、日均辐射、温差、日均温度、生长时期有效积温是驱动‘美乐’浆果代谢物积累的主要因子。高海拔和低海拔区域气象因子的差异是‘美乐’葡萄浆果代谢物差异的重要驱动力,高海拔区‘美乐’葡萄浆果通过代谢物和代谢通路的多样性策略来适应高海拔环境,提高浆果的品质。     

三种酿酒葡萄在贺兰山东麓地区适应性研究

采用叶绿素荧光技术,结合植物的光合参数、叶绿素含量、生理生化指标,研究了赤霞珠、马瑟兰和梅鹿辄3种酿酒葡萄的光合特性和PSⅡ光化学效率。结果表明:1)在相同的管理条件下,6年生的3种酿酒葡萄长势良好,赤霞珠的叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比均高于马瑟兰和梅鹿辄;2)3种酿酒葡萄的光合参数具有显著性差异,在同一时间内测得赤霞珠植物叶片的净光合速率(Pn)明显高于梅鹿辄,不同品种的气孔导度和蒸腾速率(Tr)的变化与Pn呈正相关,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)与Pn呈负相关;3)3种酿酒葡萄的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)没有显著差异,赤霞珠的光系统Ⅱ实际量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)显著高于其他品种,说明赤霞珠具有较高的光合电子传递能力和光合能力。     

贺兰山东麓‘赤霞珠’品质形成气象条件与评级方法研究

葡萄品质很大程度上决定了葡萄酒品质,其与气象条件关系密切。在正常管理和农业技术水平下,衡量葡萄生长气象条件是否适宜品质形成的方法称为酿酒葡萄品质气象评价技术。研究酿酒葡萄品质形成的气象评级技术和气象指标,可为葡萄酒商业评级、年份酒鉴定和窖藏提供气候参考依据。利用贺兰山东麓2003—2011年多点采样化验的101份‘赤霞珠’总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁资料,选取其中的51份进行相关普查,确定了有生物学意义的显著气象因子,以各因子的决定系数分别建立了5项品质指标的权重模型,通过单项品质指标对综合品质的贡献构建了综合品质气象评价模型。参照前人对葡萄酒品质、酿酒葡萄品质的研究和葡萄酒和葡萄品质标准,根据酿造葡萄酒所需的总糖、总酸、糖酸比、pH和单宁,确定‘赤霞珠’各项品质指标的阈值,利用模型反推出与葡萄酒品质相对应的气象因子阈值和‘赤霞珠’品质气象分类标准。回代检验显示5项品质指标均通过了0.001的R检验和F检验,与实测值接近且变化趋势一致。总糖、总酸、糖酸比和单宁的模拟效果较好,R≥0.59且RMSE较小,但pH误差相对较大。用50份未参与建模的样本估算了‘赤霞珠’品质等级。总糖、总酸与实测接近;个别样本的糖酸比、单宁误差相对较大,但变化趋势与实测一致;样本pH均在适宜范围内且较稳定。从综合评分和等级来看,28个样本与实况等级相同,18个样本误差在1级内,仅4个样本相差2级,准确反映出原料的质量。‘赤霞珠’品质气象评价指标和模型为评价贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质提供了一套可行的方法。     

山葡萄品种在河西走廊地区的引种表现

为解决河西走廊地区酿酒葡萄的安全越冬问题,调查了引进的酿酒型山葡萄(Vitis amurensis Rupr.)品种在河西走廊中段嘉峪关戈壁滩的栽培表现。结果表明,山葡萄在嘉峪关地区可不埋土安全越冬,病害少,果实成熟充分,可酿造极富产区特色的有机利口酒。但坐果率低且易受晚霜冻害,产量低且年际间极不稳定,栽培发展的适宜性中等偏下。     

施用生物质炭对葡萄生长及土壤肥力的影响

酿酒葡萄的品质对酿造高品质的葡萄酒具有举足轻重的作用。以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"为试材,研究了小麦秸秆生物质炭及竹炭有机肥的施用对土壤性质、酿酒葡萄植株生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)无论小麦秸秆生物质炭还是竹炭有机肥均显著增加土壤有机碳及土壤养分含量,而施用小麦秸秆生物质炭还可显著降低土壤表层容重、提高土壤p H;(2)小麦秸秆生物质炭与竹炭有机肥可不同程度促进葡萄植株的叶片生长,但两者对"赤霞珠"酿酒葡萄的品质影响不同,竹炭有机肥施用可显著促进葡萄的糖分积累并提高糖酸比,而小麦秸秆生物质炭施用短期内对酿酒葡萄品质无显著作用。因此,本研究表明短期内可通过施用竹炭有机肥改善酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"的品质,但小麦秸秆生物质炭对其品质的长期效应还有待于进一步研究。     

伊犁地区酿酒葡萄农业气候特征分析

利用新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州酿酒葡萄可种植区10个气象站点逐日气象和酿酒葡萄生育期数据,通过M-K检验、趋势检验等统计方法,结合ArcGIS空间表达,分析了1961-2020年研究区酿酒葡萄气候资源和农业气象灾害的时空变化特征,为高效合理利用当地积雪资源,缓解干旱及冻害,优化酿酒葡萄越冬方式,选择成本较低的积雪覆盖方式提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)1961-2020年伊犁地区除昭苏及尼勒克部分区域外光热资源丰富,年均降水量空间分布不均且低于455mm,全区年均降水量以5.1mm·10a^-1趋势增加,总体满足酿酒葡萄生长发育需求;全区酿酒葡萄越冬期(11月-翌年3月)降雪每10a增加7.4mm,且被0-10cm积雪覆盖的概率大于90%;(2)1961-2020年全区越冬期冻害频次、强度均有所下降,潜在生长季(4-10月)中7月和9月旱情较严重。     

Evaluation of infiltration models with different numbers of fitting parameters in different soil texture classes

In this study, the ability of eight different infiltration models (i.e. Green and Ampt, Philip, SCS (US-Soil Conservation Service), Kostiakov, Horton, Swartzendruber, Modified Kostiakov (MK) and Revised Modified Kostiakov (RMK) models) were evaluated by least-squares fitting to measured infiltration data. Six comparison criteria including coefficient of determination (R²), mean root mean square error (MRMSE), root mean square error (RMSE), the F-statistic (F), C_p statistic of Mallows (C_p) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used to determine the best performing model with the least number of fitting parameters. Results indicated that R² and MRMSE were not suitable for model selection. A more valid comparison was achieved by F, C_p, AIC and RMSE statistics. The RMK model including four parameters had the best performance with the majority of soils studied. RMK was better than the MK model in approximately 51.6, 57, 68.5 and 70.6% of soils, when using F, C_p, AIC and RMSE statistics, respectively, and for the other models, a higher per cent of soils was obtained. The RMK model was the best for loam, clay loam and silty clay loam soils, but the MK model was the best for silty loam soils.     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

Fluxes and production pathways of nitrous oxide in different types of tropical forest soils in Thailand

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the soil surface of five different forest types in Thailand were measured using the closed chamber method. Soil samples were also taken to study the N₂O production pathways. The monthly average emissions (±SD, n?=?12) of N₂O from dry evergreen forest (DEF), hill evergreen forest (HEF), moist evergreen forest (MEF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF) and acacia reforestation (ARF) were 13.0?±?8.2, 5.7?±?7.1, 1.2?±?12.1, 7.3?±?8.5 and 16.7?±?9.2?µg N m^?2 h^?1, respectively. Large seasonal variations in fluxes were observed. Emission was relatively higher during the wet season than during the dry season, indicating that soil moisture and denitrification were probably the main controlling factors. Net N₂O uptake was also observed occasionally. Laboratory studies were conducted to further investigate the influence of moisture and the N₂O production pathways. Production rates at 30% water holding capacity (WHC) were 3.9?±?0.2, 0.5?±?0.06 and 0.87?±?0.01?ng N₂O-nitrogen (N) g-dw^?1day^?1 in DEF, HEF and MEF respectively. At 60% WHC, N₂O production rates in DEF, HEF and MEF soils increased by factors of 68, 9 and 502, respectively. Denitrification was found to be the main N₂O production pathway in these soils except in MEF.     

不同施肥处理稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放特征

采用静态箱－气相色谱法对长期不同施肥处理(NPKS、CK、NPK和NKM)的稻田CH₄和N₂O排放进行了观测。结果表明，稻田CH₄和N₂O排放季节变化规律明显不同，二者排放通量季节变化呈显著负相关(p<0.01)。与单施化肥和CK相比，施用有机肥显著促进CH₄排放，排放量最高的NPKS处理早晚稻田排放量分别是：526.68 kg/hm²和1072.92 kg/hm²。对于N₂O排放，早稻田各处理间差异不显著，NPK处理排放量最大，为1.48 kg/hm²；晚稻田各处理差异极显著(p<0.01)，NPKS处理排放量最大，为1.40 kg/hm²。晚稻田CH₄排放通量和10 cm土层温度及土壤pH值相关极显著(p<0.01)，并与二者存在显著的指数关系。没发现N₂O排放通量与温度及pH值间存在显著相关。稻田CH₄和N₂O排放受多种因素影响，但对全球变暖的贡献率CH₄远大于N₂O。NPKS处理的增温潜势最大，NPK处理的最小。     

Effect of different foliar zinc application at different growth stages on seed zinc concentration and its impact on seedling vigor in rice

This study evaluated how zinc (Zn) concentration of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed may be increased and subsequent seedling growth improved by foliar Zn application. Eight foliar Zn treatments of 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄?·?7H₂O) were applied to the rice plant at different growth stages. The resulting seeds were germinated to evaluate effects of seed Zn on seedling growth. Foliar Zn increased paddy Zn concentration only when applied after flowering, with larger increases when applications were repeated. The largest increases of up to ten-fold were in the husk, and smaller increases in brown rice Zn. In the first few days of germination, seedlings from seeds with 42 to 67?mg Zn?kg^?1 had longer roots and coleoptiles than those from seeds with 18?mg Zn?kg^?1, but this effect disappeared later. The benefit of high seed Zn in seedling growth is also indicated by a positive correlation between Zn concentration in germinating seeds and the combined roots and shoot dry weight (r?=?0.55, p?相似文献   

Decomposition of different organic materials in soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate organic C mineralization of various organic materials added to soils. A soil sample was mixed with organic material to approximate a field application of 9 g organic C kg^-1 soil (0.9% or 50 Mg ha^-1). The organic materials used were four crop residues [corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)], four animal manures [chicken (Gallus domesticus), pig (Sus scrofa), horse (Equus caballus), and cow (Bos taurus)] and four sewage sludges [Correctionville (Imhoff tank), Charles City (holding tank), Davenport (secondary digester), and Keokuk (primary digester)]. The soil-organic material mixture was incubated under aerobic conditions at room temperature (20±2°C) for 30 days. The CO₂ evolved was collected in standard KOH solution by continuously passing CO₂-free air over the soil. Results showed that, in general, the amounts of CO₂-C released mereased rapidly initially, but the pattern differed among the organic materials used. More than 50% of the total CO₂ produced in 30 days of incubation was evolved in the first 6 days. Expressed as percentages of organic C added, the amounts of CO₂ evolved ranged from 27% with corn to 58% with alfalfa. The corresponding percentages for animal manures ranged from 21 to 62% with horse and pig manures, respectively, and for sewage sludges they ranged from 10 to 39% for Charles City and Keokuk sludges. All CO₂ evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model. Potentially, readily mineralizable organic C values and first-order rate constants (k) of the organic matter-treated soils ranged from 1.422 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0784 day^-1 to 6.253 g C kg^-1 soil with ak value of 0.0300 day^-1. The half-lives of the C remaining in soils ranged from 39 to 54 days for plant materials. The corresponding half-lives for the C remaining from animal manures and sewage sludges ranged from 37 to 169 days and from 39 to 330 days, respectively.     

A comparison of different indices for nitrogen mineralization

Indices of N mineralization in soils of contrasting texture, pH, and organic matter contents were compared at different dates during the growing season. The indices were derived from a 12-week aerobic incubation, determination of the amount of microbial biomass at the start of the incubation, determination of the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h, and extraction of total soluble N with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Cumulative mineral N increased linearly with time in the course of the incubations. Rates of mineralization in soil samples taken in March 1989 and 1990 were significantly correlated with soluble organic N, while correlations between the mineralization rate and the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2 h were poor for sandy soils and absent for loamy soils. Correlations between NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h and the soil N concentration were highly significant, but no general relationship was found between the mineralization rate and the soil N concentration. Neither biomass N nor biomass C was significantly correlated with the mineralization rate or with one of the chemical indices. Among the methods tested, soluble organic N extracted with 0.01 M CaCl₂ was the only method with any promise for routine measurement of the mineralization capacity of the individual sites.     

东祁连山不同高寒草地型牧草返青期土壤碳分布特征

以东祁连山高寒草地为样点,对土壤有机质、K2SO4浸提碳和微生物量碳(氯仿熏蒸浸提法)等进行了研究.结果表明:该区土壤有机质介于82.3～207.2 g·kg-1,植被类型影响土壤有机质含量.土壤K2SO4浸提碳介于23.61～138.81 mg·kg-1,分别占土壤有机质和土壤微生物量碳的0.03%～0.06%和9.97%～18.46%;灌丛草地中,高山柳草地显著低于杜鹃草地(P<0.05);草本草地中,珠芽蓼草地、沼泽草地和嵩草草地显著高于禾草草地(P<0.05).土壤微生物量碳介于156.19～1 182.84mg·kg-1,上层显著高于下层(P<0.05),除2005年沼泽草地外草本草地与灌丛草地间差异显著(P<0.05);微生物量碳对土壤有机质的贡献率介于0.19%～0.48%,禾草草地最低(0.19%),金露梅灌丛草地最高(0.48%),除珠芽蓼草地和沼泽草地外均为上层高于下层;且除禾草草地和嵩草草地外微生物量碳与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷间呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著正相关(P<0.01),与土壤K2SO4浸提碳在灌丛草地呈显著正相关(P<0.05),在草本草地呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与微生物量氮、磷间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).该结果表明微生物量碳及其对土壤有机质的贡献率在草地型闻和土层间差异明显,且与土壤有机质、K2SO4浸提碳、全氮和速效磷关系密切.     

不同气调包装方式的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的微生物变化

冷却猪肉分别采用真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO₂+N₂)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O₂+CO₂+N₂)包装后，在(4±1)℃贮存3周，每周测定各项微生物变化。结果表明：1)CO-MAP组可抑制腐败细菌的生长，除对乳酸菌抑制作用较弱外，对假单胞菌、肠杆菌科菌和热死环丝菌均具有很强的抑制作用     

Constant and diurnally-varying temperature regimes lead to different temperature sensitivities of soil organic carbon decomposition

In a 122-day incubation experiment with two soil types under four temperature treatments, we examined whether the temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition differed between constant and diurnally-varying soil temperature regimes. We calculated the Q₁₀ values after accounting for changes in substrate availability and quality among treatments over time. The Q₁₀ values under constant temperature regime were consistently and significantly higher than those under diurnally-varying temperature regime, particularly in the later stages of decomposition (by up to 30%). This result indicated that different temperature regime was one of the important factors causing the current controversy about the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition in published reports.