EMS诱发草莓不同组培材料的耐盐性变异

以全明星草莓花药诱导的愈伤组织以及组培苗叶片为试验材料,用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行诱变处理。结果表明,愈伤组织诱变处理的适宜浓度与时间组合为0.1%+1.5h和0.2%+1.0h,而(0.2%~0.4%)+(1.0~2.0h)可作为离体叶片诱变处理的适宜浓度和时间范围。与离体叶片诱变相比,草莓花药的愈伤组织对诱变剂EMS更为敏感。通过对再生植株的耐盐性进行比较发现,愈伤组织诱变筛选植株的盐害率和盐害指数低于离体叶片诱变筛选植株,说明愈伤组织较组培苗叶片更适于作为草莓耐盐诱变育种的起始材料。     

合子期化学诱变在作物育种中的应用

本文综述了作物在合子期进行化学诱变育种的研究着重介绍诱变处理的时期、处理的技术方法和应用效果。     

化学诱变提高植物抗逆性的研究进展

化学诱变是农业上一种传统的育种技术,在植物抗逆育种方面受到育种家的青睐,用于改善植物的抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱性等育种方面的研究。植物组织培养技术是实现细胞或个体快速繁殖的有效途径。以上两种技术的结合,可有效提高突变的频率,人为扩大植物遗传变异范围。近年来,化学诱变与生物技术结合在植物抗逆诱变育种方面展现出了积极的发展前景,对于植物新品种选育具有重要的实践意义。本研究综述了化学诱变的特点、常用化学诱变剂[主要是甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)和叠氮化钠(NaN₃)]的诱变机制、使用方法、诱变效果以及影响化学诱变的因素等,并介绍了化学诱变在植物抗逆育种领域中的新近研究进展。     

甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）对萝卜早期发育性状的诱变效应

甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变育种有着诱变频率高、突变性状多及破坏性小等优点被广泛用于多种作物诱发突变育种。本研究利用不同浓度的EMS对不同品种的萝卜种子进行浸种处理后，发现EMS对萝卜的种子发芽率、萝卜苗根部长度及田间性状等指标上的诱变效应。研究结果表明随着EMS浓度（0．2％～2％）的增加，种子发芽率急剧降低且萝b苗期根长明显变短，整体呈显著的抑制生长作用。不同品种间对EMS的敏感度依次顺序为短叶-13〉夏抗40〉春白11-58〉双红一号。以半致死浓度为EMS浓度选择标准，确定了EMS处理不同品种萝卜间的适宜浓度为0．4％～0．6％。通过田间性状调查发现0．5％EMS处理短叶13萝卜种子下播大田后，相比对照处理品种表现子叶卷曲及撕裂、真叶增厚及黄化等情况，进一步表明EMS对短叶13萝卜存在的诱变效应。本研究确定了化学诱变剂EMS对萝卜诱变的半致死剂量，初步确认EMS对萝卜早期生长发育性状的诱变效应，将为后期的萝卜诱变育种研究提供研究材料和参考。     

诱变技术在亚麻育种中的应用

亚麻是重要的油料作物和纤维作物,本文简要介绍了物理诱变、化学诱变和组织培养等诱变技术的特点与机理,重点综述了γ射线诱变、航天诱变、EMS诱变和体细胞无性系变异等诱变技术在亚麻育种中的应用;同时介绍了形态学方法、仪器分析方法、离体组织培养法和TILLING技术等在亚麻突变体的鉴定与筛选中的应用,并从开展复合诱变育种和优化诱变后代筛选技术等方面对亚麻诱变技术的发展前景进行了展望,旨在为亚麻诱变育种研究提供参考。     

我国花生诱变育种技术应用研究概况

本文回顾了我国花生诱变技术应用研究的方法和取得的成就。主要采用6 0 Co诱变、激光诱变、化学诱变及上述诱变方式与杂交相结合等诱变育种方法选育花生新品种。获省部级成果 1 4项 ,育成花生新品种 3 5个 ,创造优异突变材料 3 0 0多份。同时对花生诱变技术应用前景作了展望     

化学诱变剂EMS对胡麻种子的诱变效应

EMS诱变是创造突变体,创新种质和品种改良的有效手段。为探讨化学诱变剂EMS对胡麻种子的诱变效应,设置5个EMS浓度和4个处理时间对5个胡麻品种进行诱变处理。结果表明,EMS诱变处理对不同胡麻品种农艺性状的影响差异比较大,变异比较丰富。在不同胡麻品种间,EMS诱变对种子出苗期、成苗数的影响存在差异, 在不同籽粒颜色的品种间差异更显著。胡麻植株表型变异出现了黄化苗、畸形花、花瓣不展开、花瓣颜色变异株、分茎和分枝多,茎扁平、簇头、早熟、不育等类型,这些变异丰富了胡麻突变体库;通过EMS诱变产生的突变体,可为胡麻品种改良和种质创新提供优异资源。     

TILLING技术的原理、特点及其在点突变筛选中的应用

TILLING(TargetingInducedLocalLesionsINGenomes),是一种全新的反向遗传学研究方法,它提供了一种高通量、低成本规模化高效筛选化学诱变剂EMS诱发产生点突变的技术。本文简要介绍了TILLING的原理和技术优势,并对其在植物功能基因组学、突变分子育种和预测突变频率中的应用作了初步探讨。     

EMS诱变技术在水稻育种中的应用

综述EMS诱变的原理和关键技术,简述一些EMS诱变技术在水稻育种中的应用。EMS对水稻成熟胚的愈伤组织的诱变、对水稻种子的诱变、对水稻幼穗的突变等;总结了EMS诱变育种技术存在缺点和不足;提出了今后EMS诱变技术应用在水稻育种方面的展望和发展方向。     

核技术在观赏植物诱变育种上的应用

本文介绍了对观赏植物核技术诱变育种状况 ,包括诱变的手段、种类、处理材料及辐照剂量和辐照机理进行了总结分析 ,并指出了观赏植物核技术诱变育种存在问题及发展方向。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.