甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中的降解行为研究

为了评价甲氰菊酯在苹果园使用后的生态环境行为和效应,采用室内模拟方法,借助气相色谱分析技术,研究了甲氰菊酯在3种苹果园土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤理化性质和环境条件的关系。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解主要是微生物降解,非生物降解所占比例较小,降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在25℃时降解半衰期为27．5～30．4d;甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中降解的半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈显著高度负相关,常温下相关系数为0．9;综合微生物降解和非生物降解因素,苹果园土壤中甲氰菊酯降解的适宜温度是30—35℃。     

毒死蜱农药环境行为研究

研究了毒死蜱农药在环境中的水解、土壤吸附和土壤消解行为。实验结果表明,毒死蜱在水体中降解较慢,半衰期为２５．６ｄ;土壤具有较强的吸持毒死蜱农药的能力;该农药在土壤中的消解也较慢。     

降解菌HD接种和非接种根围土壤中丁草胺的降解动力学研究

测定了小麦、棉花、水稻和玉米根围土壤和非根围土壤中丁草胺的降解特征和降解菌变化动态。结果表明,种植作物丰富了土壤微生物,根围土壤丰富的微生物对丁草胺的降解具有显著的促进作用。根围土壤中丁草胺的降解是非根围土壤的1.63～2.34倍,相应的半衰期缩短为非根围土壤的 42.2％～72.8％。根围土壤接种处理后这种促进作用得到进一步加强,其降解速率是非根围土壤的1.68～2.83倍,半衰期为非根围土壤的34.4％～59.4％。试验结果表明,作物根围是丁草胺残留快速降解的微环境,作物根围接种处理可以强化丁草胺残留的微生物降解。     

混合菌降解土壤中多环芳烃的试验研究

PAHs生物降解程度受多种因素影响。通过筛选驯化PAHs降解菌,研究混合菌对土壤中菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的生物降解性能,并考察污染时间对土壤中PAHs降解效果的影响。结果表明,筛选的混合菌具有很强的PAHs降解能力,缩短了PAHs生物降解的半衰期,且PAHs起始降解速率较快,之后趋于平缓。27d内土壤中的菲、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘的平均降解率分别为98.14%、89.97%、88.47%、63.55%、65.24%、60.49%,其中菲在5d之内的降解率高于93%。污染210d的土壤中各PAHs的起始降解速率高于污染50d的土壤,因此污染时间越长,PAHs生物降解的停滞期越短。     

不同施肥条件下氯氰菊酯对土壤酶活性的影响及其降解差异

采用长期定位施肥试验土壤（轻壤质黄潮土），研究不同施肥条件下，氯氰菊酯降解变化和对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明，不同的施肥处理对土壤中氯氰菊酯的降解行为有显著影响，长期施用氮肥，土壤中速效氮含量升高，对氯氰菊酯降解有抑制作用；施用磷肥则促进降解；施用有机肥在提高土壤有机质含量的同时，虽加速了氯氰菊酯降解，但降解延滞期和残留期有所增加。氯氰菊酯在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程，降解半衰期为10．13d（PK）～14．58d（NK）。土壤中加入氯氰菊酯后，脱氢酶、脲酶活性有所升高，施肥处理不同，升高幅度也不一样．均达显著水平。磷酸酶活性变化在不同施肥处理中，表现不一样。培养26d左右，土壤酶活性大多都能恢复到初始水平。研究土壤中农药残留与施肥、土壤酶活性的关系，对于实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

丙硫克百威在几种土壤中的迁移和降解研究

对丙硫克百威在湖南几种土壤中的迁移和降解进行了研究。结果表明 :丙硫克百威在土壤中能被雨水淋溶迁移 ,在 2 0cm耕作土层中 ,丙硫克百威及其降解产物克百威要分布在 0～ 1 4cm范围内 ,丙硫克百威的使用 ,对地下水污染的可能性比较小。丙硫克百威在第四纪红土红壤、河潮土、河潮泥中半衰期分别为 6.3d、7.3d、8.8d。在施药 3 0d内 ,丙硫克百威在土壤中降解很快 ,化学降解作用要大于生物降解作用 ,其中部分降解产物为克百威、3 -羟基克百威 ,其中 3 -羟基克百威在丙硫克百威降解过程中产生甚微。克百威的继续降解随时间无明显的规律。     

热塑淀粉Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的适用性与降解性能研究

通过霉菌侵蚀法、田间考察法和受控掩埋试验法,对Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜在上海郊区的适用性及其生物降解性能进行了研究。结果表明,Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜由于其高达90%的淀粉含量,能够被霉菌等微生物作为碳源所利用,仅需数天,霉菌菌落即可在该膜表面旺盛生长。在上海崇明岛的气候条件下,Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜的诱导期为60～120d,在田间生产中具有良好的适用性,能够满足上海郊区作物生产的需要。Mater-Bi可生物降解地膜能够被崇明岛当地农田土壤中的微生物迅速降解,在土壤中埋藏90d后,失重率为58.6%。其降解速度在10～20cm耕作层土壤中的最快,90d后失重率即高达84.2%。因此种植季结束后,可生物降解地膜不需要人工或机械捡拾残膜,只需翻耕入土壤即可,最佳翻耕深度为10～20cm。     

兽药磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中的生态行为

通过室内培养和土壤薄层层析等实验方法，研究了磺胺二甲嘧啶对土壤微生物的毒性及其在土壤中的降解、迁移特性。结果显示：在土壤磺胺二甲嘧啶浓度为1mg kg^-1时，土壤中细菌和真菌数量明显减少（p〈0．05），但随时间延长，该抑制作用变缓；磺胺二甲嘧啶在土壤中降解缓慢，持留时间久，在灭菌土和未灭菌土中的半衰期分别为223．9d和102．4d，并容易在土壤中迁移和渗漏，迁移系数R大于0．7，迁移和渗漏速度受介质pH的影响，在非中性环境下，移动和渗漏能力增强。表明磺胺二甲嘧啶是一种在土壤中不易被降解、容易迁移和渗漏到水体、对土壤微生物和水体产生危害的新型污染源。     

土壤中磺酰脲除草剂降解机制研究进展

磺酰脲除草剂是一种高效、低毒、低用量(10～40g/hm~2)的新型除草剂,广泛应用于水稻、小麦和玉米等田间杂草的控制,在土壤中降解途径主要为水溶性光分解、醇解、化学水解和微生物分解,且4种降解途径下各自产生不同的降解产物。对土壤中磺酰脲除草剂降解产物的测定多采用气相色谱、液相色谱、酶连免疫吸附和生物检测,各测定方法均有利弊,色谱法需繁琐的纯化程序提纯样品以达到检测极限0.1μg/kg,生物检测和免疫吸附法测定快速、灵敏度高但缺乏专一性。结合生物降解模型研究,阐述了磺酰脲除草剂的降解机制。     

毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在土壤中的降解特征及影响因素

应用土壤培养实验,考察了毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤中的降解过程,并应用CV变异系数评价影响毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在土壤中降解的因素,结果表明:(1)应用二级动力学方程能更好拟合毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤中的降解过程;(2)土壤自身物理属性对毒死蜱及其主要代谢物3,5,6-TCP降解过程具有主要影响作用,其次是温度和化合物的浓度;(3)毒死蜱在5种土壤中的降解半衰期平均值为14.71～19.37 d,3,5,6-TCP与其母体毒死蜱相比,半衰期较长,在5种土壤中的降解半衰期平均值为29.56~73.72 d;(4)毒死蜱在5种土壤上的平均半衰期DT50为红壤(19.37 d)>黑土(19.23 d)>石灰岩土(16.35 d)>潮土(14.79 d)>紫色土(14.71 d),而3,5,6-TCP在5种土壤上的平均半衰期DT50为紫色土(73.72 d)>潮土(54.84 d)>黑土(37.19 d)>红壤(36.03 d)>石灰岩土(29.56 d)。     

Lindane Biodegradation by Defined Consortia of Indigenous Streptomyces Strains

The current study aimed to compare lindane degradation by pure and mixed cultures of Streptomyces sp. Cell-free extracts were assayed for potentiating dechlorinase activity and, based on these results, consortia of two to six microorganisms were assayed for their growth on and degradation of lindane. Furthermore, the role of bacterial consortia of lindane-degrading strains was examined in lindane decontamination soil assays. Four actinobacteria, previously isolated from a pesticide-contaminated area, were selected because of their tolerance to lindane and their ability to use the pesticide as sole carbon source. These strains as well as Streptomyces sp. M7 and Streptomyces coelicolor A3 were used to study specific dechlorinase activity (SDA) and lindane removal in mixed cultures. Pure cultures presented SDA in the presence of 1.66 mg L^-1 lindane as carbon source. SDA was improved by certain mixed cultures until 12 times compared with pure cultures. Mixed cultures with two, three, and four strains showed maximum lindane removal of 46% to 68%, whereas combinations of five and six strains did not efficiently remove the pesticide from the culture medium. The Streptomyces sp. A2, A5, M7, and A11 consortium presented the lowest ratio between residual lindane concentration and SDA and could be a promising tool for lindane biodegradation.     

Environmental fate of trifloxystrobin in soils of different geographical origins and photolytic degradation in water

In vitro biodegradation of trifloxystrobin (TFS) under darkness could best be explained by two-compartment first + first-order rate kinetics with half-lives ranging between 1.8 and 2.3 days. Hydrolysis was found to be the major pathway of degradation resulting in the formation of the acid metabolite, TFS-acid, with an EE conformation. The adsorption rate kinetics of both TFS and TFS-acid followed linear and Freundlich isotherms. The extent of adsorption was directly correlated with organic matter and clay contents, whereas desorption had a negative correlation. The high partition coefficients (KD) indicate strong adsorption of TFS on all of the test soils without any appreciable risk of groundwater contamination. In case of the TFS-acid, however, the adsorption was weaker; hence, if its further degradation is slow, it may contaminate lower soil horizons under worst case conditions. TFS did not cause any adverse effect on the soil microbial population. TFS was susceptible to aquatic photolysis in summer with an environmental half-life of 0.7-1.3 days irrespective of the latitudes.     

The effects of mancozeb and lindane on the soil microfauna of a spruce forest: A field study using a completely randomized block design

Summary The effects of mancozeb (fungicide) and lindane (insecticide) were investigated in active soil ciliates, testaceans, rotifers, and nematodes. The effects were evaluated 1, 7, 15, 40, 65, and 90 days after application of a standard and a high (10x) dose. Individual numbers were estimated with a direct counting method. Mancozeb, even at the high dose, had no pronounced acute or long-term effects on absolute numbers of the taxa investigated. The number of ciliate species, which decreased 1 day after treatment with the normal dose (0.05 <P < 0.1), soon recovered. However, the community structure of ciliate species was still slightly altered after 90 days. Testaceans were not reduced before day 15 at the higher dose or before day 40 at the normal one (0.05 <P < 0.1). A normal dose of lindane caused acute toxicity in ciliates and rotifers (P < 0.05) but the latter soon recovered. The number and community structure of ciliate species were still distinctly altered after 90 days (0.05 <P <0.1), indicating the critical influence of lindane. Testaceans were reduced only after day 15, and nematodes only on day 40 (0.05 <P < 0.1). At the high dose of lindane severe long-term effects occurred in soil moisture, total rotifers (P < 0.05), total nematodes (0.05 <P <0.1), and in the structure of the ciliate community. Generally, there were marked differences in the effect of the normal and the high dose of lindane but not with mancozeb. Ciliates showed very pronounced changes after the pesticide applications, indicating their usefulness for testing biocides under field conditions. Testaceans were more resistant than ciliates.     

海藻酸钠固定化细菌对毒死蜱的降解特性

毒死蜱的生产和使用日趋广泛,由其造成的环境污染和危害不容忽视。微生物是影响有机磷农药在环境中降解的最主要因素,也被认为是降解有机磷农药最可靠而高效的途径。固定化技术是提高微生物降解农药效率的有效方法之一。本研究以海藻酸钠为载体,采用注射器滴定法将蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cer-eus)HY-1用海藻酸钠溶胶包埋,研究了反应时间、固定化菌接入量、pH和毒死蜱初始浓度对毒死蜱降解的影响以及固定化菌的重复使用效果。结果表明:海藻酸钠固定化菌能够高效降解基础培养基中的毒死蜱,制备固定化小球海藻酸钠溶胶的最适浓度为2.5%(w/v),小球的平均粒径为3 mm。在培养时间为60 h时,固定化菌对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率达到最大。固定化小球接入量为160 g·L-1时,对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率最高。固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解有着较宽泛的pH适应范围,碱性环境更有利于其对毒死蜱的有效降解。当毒死蜱初始浓度为80 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1时,固定化菌对毒死蜱的降解率较高,达90%左右。固定化菌可重复利用降解毒死蜱,当利用4次后,固定化小球虽已发生崩解,但对100 mg·L-1毒死蜱的降解率仍高达47%。因此,海藻酸钠固定化蜡状芽孢杆菌对水体中毒死蜱的降解率较高,环境适应性较强,固定化菌可在毒死蜱污染的净化去毒方面发挥重要作用。     

Bioremediation of Lindane Contaminated Soil by Pleurotus ostreatus in Non Sterile Conditions Using Multilevel Factorial Design

A commercial strain of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was used to mediate the degradation of lindane, by landfarming technology during a 4 weeks statistical experiment. The Multilevel Factorial Design was used with two design factors, namely, straw content X ₁ (%) and lindane content X ₂ (ppm). The optimization parameters (responses) investigated were: biodegradation rate Y ₁ (μg d^?1), biomass growth rate Y ₂ (mg d^?1), biodegradation/biomass Y ₃ (μg mg^?1), total organic carbon Y ₄ (%), total organic nitrogen Y ₅ (%) and total organic carbon/total organic nitrogen Y ₆. The optima of the adequate models obtained for the period of 2 and 4-weeks were found. An overall kinetic study, conducted in this work with the aid of experimental design, determined the optimum (maximum) specific lindane degradation rate to be 0.16 g kg^?1 month^?1.     

Biodegradation kinetics of endosulfan by Fusarium ventricosum and a Pandoraea species

Endosulfan, classified as an organochlorine pesticide, is rated by the U.S. EPA as a Category 1 pesticide with extremely high acute toxicity. This study describes the biodegradation kinetics of endosulfan and the metabolic pathway utilized by Fusarium ventricosum and a Pandoraea sp. Complete disappearance of both alpha- and beta-endosulfan was observed during 12 days of incubation with F. ventricosum in flasks containing 100 mg L(-)(1) of endosulfan. The rate constants (k) for biodegradation of alpha- and beta-endosulfan by F. ventricosum using zero-order kinetics were 14.22 and 6.60 mg L(-)(1) day(-)(1), respectively. The Pandoraea sp. degraded about 95 and 100% of alpha- and beta-endosulfan, respectively, in 18 days of incubation in flasks spiked with 100 mg L(-)(1) of endosulfan. The rate constants (k) for biodegradation of alpha- and beta-endosulfan by the Pandoraea sp. were 8.19 and 3.78 mg L(-)(1) day(-)(1), respectively. Both fungal and bacterial strains formed less toxic endosulfan diol and endosulfan ether as metabolites during metabolism of endosulfan. The results of this study suggest that these novel strains may be used for the bioremediation of endosulfan-contaminated sites.     

联苯菊酯降解菌的筛选、鉴定及降解特性研究

联苯菊酯是一种广谱高效杀虫剂,大规模的应用使其广泛残留在环境中,因此筛选联苯菊酯的高效降解菌具有重要意义。从扬州农药厂附近的地表土壤取样,利用富集驯化培养分离得到一株编号为S8的降解细菌,经表形特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析其为醋酸钙不动杆菌（Acinetobacter calcoaceticus）,该菌株在pH7.0和30 ℃的条件下,对100 mg·L-1联苯菊酯的3 d降解率达56.4%,半衰期为60.7 h。其最适生长条件为：pH6.0~8.0,温度30~35 ℃,接种量5%。研究结果可为今后治理联苯菊酯残留污染提供理论参考。     

Biodegradability of Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Pseudomonas Fluorescens FS1

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), one of high-molecular weightphthalate esters (PAEs), is used in the manufacturing of polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins, polyvinyl acetate, cellulosics,and polyurethanes, and contributes to environmental pollution. In this article, the characteristics of DEHP biodegradation by aneffective degradation bacterium, Pseudomonasfluorescens FS1 that isolated from the activated sludge at a petrochemicalfactory, was capable of using phthalate esters as the sole carbonand energy source, were investigated. Experimental results showedthat the biodegradation of DEHP by P. fluorescens FS1 could be described by the first-order reaction model, whichcould be expressed as: lnC = –0.0688t + A, and the half-life ofDEHP biodegradation was 10.07 d when the initial concentrations of DEHP were less than 50 mg L^-1. The inhibition effects ofDEHP as a substrate had become predominant above the concentration of 50 mg L^-1. The PAEs-degrading enzyme of P. fluorescens FS1, mainly located in the soluble part andthe particle of cytoplasm, was an intracellular enzyme. The metabolites of DEHP degradation by P. fluorescens FS1, which monoester, phthalic acid, benzonic acid, phenol, wereextracted using dichloromethane at different time intervals and identified by the GC-MS. The tentative pathway proposed for degradation of DEHP by P. fluorescens FS1 under aerobic condition is monoester in the beginning, further enzymatic degradation of the monoester produces phthalic acid, benzonic acid, phenol and finally CO₂ and H₂O.     

八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的紫外光解动力学研究

以紫外灯为光源,研究了八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的光化学降解动态以及不同因子对其光解的影响。结果表明,八氯二丙醚在土壤表面的光解动态符合化学反应一级动力学方程。八氯二丙醚在不同类型土壤中的光解速率为红壤〉潮土〉水稻土,光解半衰期分别为11.44、14.00h和20.63h。八氯二丙醚在中性土壤中光解速率最快,在偏酸或偏碱性土壤中光解半衰期均明显延长。土壤含水量增加,有利于八氯二丙醚的光解,干燥土壤（含水量为2%）中八氯二丙醚的光解半衰期是潮湿土壤的1.3~2.6倍。当土壤中八氯二丙醚添加浓度为0.2~10mg·kg-1时,其光解速率与添加浓度呈负相关关系;不同添加剂量的催化剂TiO2对八氯二丙醚的光解均表现出明显的光敏化作用,光解速率常数提高1.6~2.4倍。研究结果将为明确八氯二丙醚在土壤中的环境行为及其环境安全性评价提供科学依据。     

Available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields after imidacloprid, diazinon, and lindane treatments

Plant available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activities were determined in insecticide-treated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields between July and November for three consecutive years (1997-1999). Diazinon was applied for both seed and soil treatments. However, imidacloprid and lindane were used only for the seed treatments. An average half-life (t(1/2)) of diazinon in seed- and soil-treated fields was 29.32 and 34.87 days, respectively. Its residues were detected till 60 days in both seed- and soil-treated fields. Diazinon treatments had shown stimulatory effects on available nitrogen in both types of treatments. However, the increase in arginine deaminase activity was only observed in diazinon soil-treated field. Residues of imidacloprid and lindane were detected in seed-treated fields till 90 and 120 days with an average half-life (t(1/2)) of 40.96 and 53.39 days, respectively. Imidacloprid had stimulatory effects, and lindane had adverse effects on both available nitrogen and arginine deaminase activities.