酸性黄壤施用磷石膏对高粱营养生长和膜保护酶的影响

采用盆栽试验, 研究了贵州强酸性（pH 4.3）黄壤施用磷石膏对高粱生长、养分平衡、细胞膜保护酶活性的影响。结果表明, 在强酸性土壤上种植耐铝能力弱的高粱, 铝毒害明显, 即使施用足量的氮磷钾肥, 作物也生长不良。施用磷石膏和石灰后高粱出苗和生长正常, 各生物学性状均极显著优于对照, 施磷石膏高粱长势优于施石灰处理;高粱干物质量与磷石膏（X1）、石灰（X2）的施用量呈二次曲线变化（回归方程分别为： Yw=6.88＋11.92X1-1.65X12, R=0.983＊＊;Yw=6.88＋6.39X2-0.72X22,R=0.996＊＊）;磷石膏降低酸性黄壤铝毒、提高植物钙含量的效果略逊于石灰, 在提高植物营养3要素（特别是磷、钾元素）的作用方面优于石灰, 施磷石膏植株磷含量是石灰处理的1.17-2.43倍;施高量磷石膏的高粱植株氮/磷、氮/钾、钾/磷比值分别为6.8-7.1、1.2-1.3和5.4-5.6, 比值适中、变幅小, 氮/铝、磷/铝、钾/铝、钙/铝比值提高, 改善和调节了高粱体内氮、磷、钾、钙养分的平衡。高粱叶片细胞膜保护酶（SOD、CAT和POD）活性分析表明, 施磷石膏、石灰后SOD和CAT活性增加, POD活性和脯氨酸含量下降, 施磷石膏效果优于石灰。     

磷石膏改良强酸性黄壤的效应研究

采用盆栽试验,以耐铝能力弱的高粱和强酸性黄壤为研究对象,探讨了磷石膏对强酸性环境高粱生长、养分平衡以及对土壤有效养分和交换铝的影响。结果表明,在强酸性黄壤上,由于铝毒作用,即使施足氮磷钾肥,高粱也生长不良;施用磷石膏和石灰的高粱生长正常,各生物学性状均极显著优于对照,施磷石膏高粱长势更优于施石灰者,高粱干重与磷石膏、石灰的施用量呈二次曲线变化(回归方程分别为:y=6.88 11.92x-1.65x2,R=0.983;y=6.88 6.39x-0.72x2,R=0.996),高粱株高和根长与磷石膏、石灰的施用量也呈二次曲线变化;磷石膏降低酸性黄壤铝毒、提高植物钙含量的效果略逊于石灰,在提高植物营养三要素(特别是磷、钾元素)的作用方面优于石灰,施磷石膏高粱磷、钾含量较石灰处理分别提高117.0%~200.0%和13.0%~14.8%;施磷石膏生长良好的高粱植株氮/磷、氮/钾、钾/磷比分别为6.8~7.1,1.2~1.3和5.4~5.6,比值适中、变幅小,氮/铝、磷/铝、钾/铝、钙/铝比分别是对照植株的1.9~2.0倍,5.8~6.3倍,1.8~2.1倍和2.0~2.5倍,改善和调节了高粱体内氮、磷、钾、钙养分的平衡;施磷石膏的土壤有效氮、磷、钾、钙较对照极显著增加,土壤有效磷、钾分别比施石灰提高41.8%~114.2%和59.4%~67.5%,施石灰的土壤有效磷、钾与对照差异不显著。     

施磷对镉胁迫下黄瓜苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响

  目的  探究石灰性土壤中施磷对镉胁迫下黄瓜苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为合理施用磷肥、缓解镉毒害提供依据。  方法  采用盆栽完全组合设计方案,研究了不同土壤镉添加水平（0、1、3和5 mg kg?1土）下施加不同浓度磷（0、50、100、150和200 mg P₂O₅ kg?1土）对黄瓜苗期生物量、叶片光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响。  结果  随着施Cd量的增加,黄瓜生物量先增后降,黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）呈上升趋势。施加适量磷（≤ 150 mg P₂O₅ kg?1）能够显著提高黄瓜生物量、Pn、Gs、Tr、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量（Car）,降低叶片中Ci。对于抗氧化酶系统来说,随着施Cd量的增加黄瓜叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量明显增加。施磷后,能够明显增强抗氧化酶系统。施Cd量为1 mg kg?1,施磷量为50和100 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时,CAT活性增加了1.9% ~ 9.6%。施Cd量为3和5 mg kg?1时,随着施磷量的增加,POD和CAT活性出现不同程度增加,与不施磷相比,POD活性分别增加了149.1% ~ 197.8%和150.4% ~ 252.0%,CAT活性分别增加了5.8% ~ 16.6%和0.55% ~ 19.4%,其中施磷量为100 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时黄瓜叶片POD和CAT活性达到最大。同时,施P能够降低叶片中MDA含量,且随着施磷量的增加而降低。  结论  在石灰性土壤中,施磷量为100和150 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时,能够明显缓解镉毒害,增强黄瓜叶片的光合作用及抗氧化酶系统,而施磷量达到200 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时则对黄瓜生长产生抑制作用。     

改土物料混用对酸性土壤pH和烤烟生长及物质积累的影响

为明确不同酸碱度生物有机肥配施石灰、绿肥改良酸性植烟土壤的效果,本研究采用盆栽试验,研究了石灰(T1)、石灰+绿肥(T2)、酸性生物有机肥+石灰+绿肥(T3)、碱性生物有机肥+石灰+绿肥(T4)等组成的4种不同改土物料组合对酸性植烟土壤pH值、烤烟生长和干物质与氮磷钾积累分配的影响。结果表明,酸性植烟土壤施用不同改土物料组合,可使土壤pH值提高0.79~1.12,改善烤烟农艺性状,促进烤烟根系生长,使烟叶SPAD值增加0.42~2.76,烟株干物质积累提高18.05%~61.42%;除T3外,烟株氮积累总量提高1.42%~14.07%;磷积累总量提高29.76%~98.08%;钾积累总量提高22.48%~105.47%;同时促进了干物质与钾向烟叶中分配。与其他处理相比,石灰和绿肥配施碱性生物有机肥(T4)更有利于提高酸性土壤pH值,有利于烤烟干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的积累;但石灰和绿肥配施酸性有机肥(T3)更有利于增加烤烟根系数量,有利于增加氮、磷、钾养分在烟叶中的分配比例。本研究表明石灰、绿肥和生物有机肥配合施用可提高酸性土壤改良效果,以石灰+绿肥+碱性生物有机肥最好,其次是石灰+绿肥+酸性生物有机肥。本研究结果为湖南省湘西酸性植烟土壤改良提供了理论依据。     

施用磷肥对烤烟烟叶氮磷钾养分以及酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,以秦烟96为材料,通过设置5个供磷水平,研究了增施磷肥对烤烟烟叶营养(氮、磷、钾)和多酚含量及烟叶酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响,目的在于揭示磷肥影响烟叶生长发育的营养基础以及色泽形成的生理机制,为优质烤烟生产进行合理施磷提供理论依据和实践指导。结果表明,施磷量在P2O50~5.84 g/盆范围内,随施磷量增加,烟叶氮、磷、钾含量和多酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性逐渐增加,均呈显著正相关,磷肥过多时,抑制作用显著;酸性磷酸酶活性逐渐降低,呈显著负相关。说明适宜的施磷量可改善烟叶营养,提高多酚含量及其氧化水平,有利于烟叶色泽形成;烟叶酸性磷酸酶活性可作为评估土壤供磷能力的有效生理指标。     

施钾对茶园土壤钾素及平衡的影响

盆栽选取四川、重庆典型的砂岩黄壤、灰岩黄壤、酸性紫色土为供试土壤,田间选取在砂岩黄壤上生长了25年的茶园,连续5年研究了施用钾肥(硫酸钾)对茶园土壤钾库及钾素平衡的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥能显著提高土壤钾库的各类钾素,但其绝对含量都呈逐年下降的趋势。土壤中各类钾素的变化因土壤类型而异,土壤各类钾素的增量均为灰岩黄壤砂岩黄壤酸性紫色土。不施钾肥(CK)的盆栽茶树、田间茶树分别每年从土壤取走钾素0.10.g/kg。盆栽三种土壤的钾素年平均流失量分则别为0.18.g/kg(灰岩黄壤)、0.09.g/kg(砂岩黄壤)、0.07g/kg(酸性紫色土),可见种植茶树施用K肥很有必要。     

西北地区马铃薯施肥效应和经济效益分析

2002~2011年在内蒙、甘肃、宁夏、青海4省进行田间试验研究马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应和经济效益。试验设施氮(+N)、不施氮(-N)、施磷(+P)、不施磷(-P)、施钾(+K)、不施钾(-K)处理。结果表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥平均增产分别为5 657、3 967、5 341 kg/hm2,分别有95%、75%、81%的试验增产达显著水平(P0.05),说明氮是影响马铃薯产量的主要因素,其次是钾,然后是磷。氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥的农学效率分别为37.6、45.0和44.9 kg/kg。施用氮、磷、钾肥平均分别增加收入5 218、3 683、4 141元/hm2,平均产投比(VCR)分别为9.3、12.7和8.8元/元。通过分析不同肥料价格和马铃薯价格下的VCR表明,随着施肥增产效应的增加,即使施肥量增加,VCR也增加。无论现在还是将来,西北地区马铃薯合理施用氮、磷或钾肥获得收益的概率超过75%,收益多少随增产效应、施肥量、肥料和马铃薯价格而变化。     

云南湿热地区优良牧草距瓣豆的磷钾营养

采用单因子随机区组设计,在湿热地区赤红壤上开展优良热带豆科牧草—距瓣豆的磷、钾营养需求的试验。结果表明,施用磷、钾肥单位面积距瓣豆的干物质产量、氮磷钾总吸收量和粗蛋白产量明显提高;施磷可使距瓣豆的磷含量增加,氮含量相对稳定,钾含量逐渐下降;而且年均干物质产量和粗蛋白产量分别与施磷量存在的一元二次曲线方程的拟合程度较好（Yp＝1289+50.5X-0.55X2, r=0.9519**;Ycp＝254+12.2X1-0.14X12,r＝0.9398**）。施钾使距瓣豆的氮、磷含量趋于相对稳定,钾含量有所提高;年均干物质产量和粗蛋白产量分别与施钾量亦存在的一元二次曲线方程的拟合程度较好（Yk＝1259+19.2X-0.087X2,r=0.8546**;Ycp＝248+4.3X1-0.0204X12,r=0.8055**）。结果还表明,距瓣豆定植的第三年,必须按照磷钾比例1∶0.5～1.2施入磷、钾肥,以满足距瓣豆生长的营养需求和维持距瓣豆的高产稳产。     

不同氮钾肥用量对甜瓜坐果节位叶片生理特性的影响

生殖生长阶段甜瓜坐果节位叶片早衰现象严重,不利于养分、光合同化产物向果实转移,导致产量和品质下降。试验研究了不同氮钾肥用量对大棚甜瓜坐果节位叶片生理特性的影响,延缓坐果节位叶片衰老,以期为优质高产栽培条件下合理施肥提供一定的理论依据。试验设重氮重钾(N2K2)、重氮轻钾(N2K1)、轻氮重钾(N1K2)、轻氮轻钾(N1K1)、中氮中钾(NK)5个处理。结果表明,不同氮钾处理对甜瓜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白质(SP)、丙二醛(MDA)含量影响显著,随着氮钾肥用量的增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性和SP含量均呈先增加后下降的趋势,MDA含量的变化趋势则相反,呈先降低后上升;合理的氮钾肥用量(NK处理)有利于减缓SOD、POD、CAT活性和SP含量的降低速度和MDA含量的增加速度,越到生育后期效果越明显,高氮高钾(N2K2)处理反而不利于减缓SP含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性的降低速度及MDA含量的增加速度,加剧叶片衰老。NK处理甜瓜产量、中心和边部可溶性固形物含量及植株氮、磷、钾累积吸收量均显著高于其它处理,但氮钾肥用量过高或过低均不利于植株对氮、磷、钾素的吸收,影响其产量和品质的提高。通过综合分析不同氮钾肥用量对甜瓜生理特性及产量、品质、养分吸收累积量的影响,确定在连栋棚加地膜覆盖高产栽培条件下,土壤施氮、钾量分别以N 200 kg·hm-2、K2O 300kg·hm-2为宜,但施氮、钾量过高或过低均加速甜瓜生殖生长阶段叶片抗氧化保护酶活性及渗透调节物质的降解速度,加剧叶片衰老,从而不利于产量和品质的提高。     

不同养分配比对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响

为探明高粱养分吸收和根系生长对氮、磷、钾胁迫的响应,通过长期定位试验,在高粱/玉米轮作条件下研究了不同养分配比NPK、PK、NK、NP、CK对高粱根系生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明:与NPK相比,长期不施氮肥(PK)条件下高粱总根长增加18.29%,总根体积降低26.52%,且根系主要分布在0~10 cm土层,直径小于0.5 mm细根所占比例显著增加。不施磷肥(NK)显著抑制了高粱根系生长,总根长、总根表面积和总根体积分别降低24.03%、27.48%和41.29%。不施钾肥(NP)对细根生长有明显抑制作用。不施氮、磷、钾均降低高粱对相应养分的吸收和累积,不施氮促进了营养器官中氮和钾素向籽粒转运,不施磷或钾肥抑制了氮、磷及钾的转运。高粱对养分的吸收、积累和转运与根系形态有关,不同养分积累与运转与根系形态关系表现不尽相同:氮素、钾素积累和转运与根系形态具有较好的相关性,氮素的积累和转运与植株生物量和产量的相关性大于磷素和钾素。综上,高粱根系形态及养分吸收对氮、磷及钾胁迫响应不同,该研究可为不同养分瘠薄地高粱高效栽培提供理论依据。     

Growth,photosynthesis, and uptake of heavy metals by barley and corn plants influenced by different methods of zeolite and phosphogypsum application

Abstract

Natural zeolite can be used as a heavy metals adsorbent from phosphogypsum, applied as a soil amendment. We used barley and corn seedling to investigate the effect of different methods of zeolite and phosphogypsum application on (a) growth, photochemical activity of chloroplasts and chlorophyll content; (b) uptake of strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), and cadmium (Cd) in relation to photosynthetic activity, and content of these elements in the soil. Phosphogypsum was found to negatively influence the growth and development of the seedlings, affecting their morphology traits, biomass production and photosynthetic activity. Therefore, the application of phosphogypsum together with natural zeolite, according to the recommended technique, “in mixture”; completely erased consequences of phosphogypsum treatment. Uptake of Sr by barley plants was noticed to be highly dependent on photosynthetic activity and leaf area, however, there was no close correlation found between the content of water soluble Sr in the soil and its accumulation in plants.     

EFFECT OF LATE-SEASON FERTILIZATION ON NUTRIENT RESERVES AND CARBOHYDRATE ACCUMULATION IN BAREROOT LARIX OLGENSIS SEEDLINGS

It is not clear about the interactive effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium additions on carbohydrate accumulation in tree seedlings in the late-season of fall. In late September of 2009, 0 or 60 kg nitrogen ha^?1 urea (46-0-0) was applied with 30 and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate (0-41-45) to transplanted bareroot Changbai larch (Larix olgensis Henry) seedlings. One month after first fertilization, seedlings receiving nitrogen addition had higher nitrogen and phosphorus, but lower potassium, concentrations in combined stems and roots. The higher rate phosphorus and potassium treatment increased nitrogen concentration in coarse roots (diameter > 5 mm) without nitrogen addition and improved potassium reserves. Fertilization did not affect seedling growth and whole-plant carbohydrate accumulation. In conclusion, we recommend a fertilizer regime of 60 kg N ha^?1 urea and 60 kg phosphorus ha^?1 potassium hydrogen phosphate applied in fall to improve nutrient reserves and increase root carbohydrate accumulation in Changbai larch seedlings.     

Effect of Alkalized Phosphogypsum on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties

Phosphogypsum (PG) was mixed with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], ranging from 0 to 5%, to determine the optimal amount of Ca(OH)₂ required to alkalize the acidity of PG. The alkalized PG by 4% of Ca(OH)₂ addition was selected for field tests to evaluate the effects of alkalized PG on soil microbial, chemical properties, and yield of Chinese cabbage. Soil pH increased with increasing application rate of the alkalized PG and decreased with the unmodified PG application. Available phosphorus (P), water‐soluble sulfate (SO₄ ^2?), and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) increased significantly with increasing application rate of alkalized and unmodified PG. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, soil enzyme activities, and the yield of Chinese cabbage in the alkalized PG application were greater than those of unmodified PG application. We concluded that alkalizing PG by mixing it with an alkaline material such as Ca(OH)₂ can turn it into a useful material for agricultural utilization.     

Organic Lettuce Growth And Nutrient Uptake Response To Lime,Compost And Rock Phosphate

Fertilizer recommendations are needed to increase organic vegetable yields. Thus, organic lettuce growth and nutrient uptake was investigated in a randomized block pot experiment with twelve treatments from the factorial structure of three factors: (i) Gafsa phosphate [0 and 200 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1], (ii) compost from source separated municipal organic waste (0, 15, and 30 t ha^?1) and (iii) limestone [0 and 8 t ha^?1 calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) equivalent]. Lettuce yield increased with compost application and a first order interaction between lime and phosphate was clear because lime partially replaced the need for phosphate. This was explained by the effect of liming on P availability in acid soils. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) accumulation increased in lettuces produced with compost or phosphate but only the accumulation of N was increased with lime. This compost is recommended to increase nutrient availability for organic lettuce whereas the need for phosphate fertilization may decrease with liming.     

室内恒温条件下稻田土壤中菌渣的分解过程及CO2释放特征

菌渣是栽培食用菌后的下脚料,可作为有机肥再利用。本文通过实验室条件下培养不同比例的菌渣和稻田土壤混合物[不施用菌渣(TS),土壤与菌渣质量比为10∶1(SM1)、5∶1(SM2)和2∶1(SM3),全部菌渣(TM)],研究不同处理有机碳和全氮的变化,探讨菌渣在稻田土壤中的分解过程,并分析CO_2释放特征,为菌渣合理利用提供参考。结果表明,在相同培养时间,添加不同比例菌渣处理有机碳和氮含量均比TS处理高,其中TM处理的有机碳和全氮分别比TS处理提高了10.7倍和11.0倍。有机碳、氮含量的提高量主要依赖于菌渣的添加量。总体来说,各处理随培养时间的延长,由于碳氮的分解,有机碳、氮均有下降趋势;在35 d后TM处理有机碳氮下降较快。添加菌渣越多,有机碳残留率也越大。在培养63 d后,菌渣有机碳(YC)和氮(YN)的分解残留率与菌渣添加量(X)的关系式分别为:YC=71.26X-0.607 5,r2=1.000 0**和YN=74.039X-0.413 3,r2=0.999 9**。各处理土壤CO_2释放速率均表现出先增后降然后趋于稳定趋势。菌渣用量越高,CO_2释放速率越高,各处理在不同培养时间CO_2释放速率均表现为TMSM3SM2SM1TS。在第7 d时各处理CO_2释放速率最高,在第14 d时渐渐处于平稳下降状态,培养35 d后,各处理土壤有机碳矿化强度很小,大部分有机碳被固定在土壤中,其中TM处理有机碳矿化强度最小。总之,还田菌渣越多,土壤中被固定的碳越多。     

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Growth and Yield of Upland Rice and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Upland rice is an important crop in the cropping systems of South America, including Brazil. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine influence of lime and gypsum on yield and yield components of upland rice and changes in the chemical properties of an Oxisol. The lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg^?1 soil. The gypsum rates were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg^?1. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased plant height, straw and grain yield, and panicle density in a quadratic fashion. Adequate lime and gypsum rates for maximum grain yield were 1.11 g kg^?1 and 1.13 g kg^?1, respectively. Plant height, straw yield, and panicle density were positively related to grain yield. Lime as well as gypsum application significantly changed extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), hydrogen (H)+aluminum (Al), base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity. In addition, liming also significantly increased pH, extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), calcium saturation, magnesium saturation, and potassium saturation. Optimum acidity indices for the grain yield of upland rice were pH 6.0, Ca 1.7 cmol_c kg^?1, base saturation 60%, and calcium saturation 47%. In addition, upland rice can tolerate 42% of acidity saturation.     

Effects of Boron and Lime on Productivity of Garden Pea under Acidic Soils in Northwestern Himalayas

An experiment comprising seven treatments was conducted to study the effect of boron and lime integrated with organic manures and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers on garden pea productivity. Seed yield along with growth parameters were significantly influenced by combined use of farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers either alone or in combination with boron and lime. Treatment combination of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK + borax (T₄) resulted in 37% increase in seed yield over recommended practice of 20 t farmyard manure / ha + 100% NPK (T₃). In addition, recommended practice supplemented with granubor (T₅) and lime (T₆) also significantly surpassed T₃ with respective increase of 14 and 10% in seed yield. Similarly, maximum nutrient was observed in T₄. Hence, application of boron along with farmyard manure and NPK fertilizers could be the best option to maximize pea productivity in acidic soils under humid subtemperate climate.