贵州老万场金矿石灰岩与红土矿体土壤结皮中苔藓植物种类及群落比较研究

贵州老万场红土型金矿属是一种喀斯特崩塌堆积型金矿,经长期的破坏性开矿活动,使得大量石灰岩出露于地表,并形成了新型的石漠.在这样的干燥地区,苔藓植物已经成为主要的土壤结皮植被类群.为了探索红土型金矿区苔藓植物土壤结皮特征,2007年8月对贵州晴隆老万场红土型金矿石灰岩和红土矿体表面苔藓植物进行了研究.通过野外全面调查和实验室仔细鉴定,发现老万场红土型金矿石灰岩和红土矿体表面共有苔藓植物10科23属35种,没有发现苔类植物;石灰岩上有5科11属16种,红土型金矿上有5科20属26种,这两个区域有6个相同的属,7个相同的种;丛藓科种类是石灰岩和红土矿体表面上主要的土壤结皮藓类植物,石灰岩和红土矿体表面的土壤结皮藓类植物的属种相似性都比较低;石灰岩土壤结皮藓类群落都为纯群落,红土矿体表面多为混生群落.     

广西石灰岩山地受害生态系统的改建

改建石灰岩山地受害生态系统，是改善石灰岩山区生态环境的重要途径，分析了广西石灰岩山地生态系统的特点和石灰岩山地生态系统受害的表现及其对农业发展的影响，从理论和实践上论证了石灰岩山地受害生态系统改建的可行性，提出了石灰岩山地受害生态系统改建的优化模式和具体的措施。     

我国石灰岩地区森林培育技术研究进展

石灰岩广泛分布于我国,其特殊的生态特征,促进了石灰岩地区植物区系朝着特有化发展。在总结我国石灰岩地区造林立地分类、适生树种、植苗造林技术和区域营造林综合开发方面研究成果的基础上,提出当前及今后一定时期,应着重加强石灰岩地区先锋造林树种的品种选育、工程造林技术最优化和标准化、区域综合开发营造林模式研究,为加快推进石灰岩地区森林植被恢复进程提供更加有效的技术支撑。     

贵州省黔南州水土保持区划研究

通过对黔南州实地调查及相关数据的收集,利用GIS技术及SPSS软件,采用系统聚类分析法和专家咨询法,选取定量指标和定性指标相结合的方法进行区划,得到黔南州水土保持区划结果:北部中山山原石灰岩白云岩中度流失土壤保持区、中部中山山地石灰岩白云岩中度流失人居环境维护区、西部中山山原石灰岩轻度流失生态维护区、东南部低中山台地石灰岩轻度流失生态维护区、东部低山河谷石灰岩变质岩微度流失生态维护区、南部低山河谷变质岩石灰岩轻度流失土壤保持区和中南部低中山台地石灰岩轻度流失土壤保持区。通过合理的区划,提出各分区的水土保持治理方向及模式,以期为黔南州水土保持工作提供参考。     

石灰岩地区几种树种抗旱特性的研究

为保护石灰岩山地植被以及加速石灰岩山地绿化,对青檀、朴树、榉树、琅琊榆、醉翁榆等树种生理特性、解剖结构进行分析.结果表明,这几种榆科树种水分利用效率高、体内水势值偏低,叶样Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn含量高;根系庞大且穿透力强,叶肉栅栏组织与海绵组织分化明显,细胞间隙大.这些特征赋予榆科树种较强的抗旱性能.     

黔中喀斯特区不同岩性发育坡耕地土力学性质差异研究

土力学性质是衡量土壤抗冲抗蚀强弱的指标之一,分析岩性差异对喀斯特坡耕地土力学性质的影响,可为今后喀斯特坡耕地土壤研究提供参考。通过野外采取土样、室内实验测定土壤土力学特性及SPSS软件差异性统计分析。结果表明:对于耕作层而言,土壤内摩擦角:石灰岩区(14.65°)白云岩区(13.29°);土壤黏聚力:石灰岩区(13.18 kPa)白云岩区(15.01 kPa);土壤液性指数:石灰岩区(0.186)白云岩区(0.857)。对于犁底层而言,土壤内摩擦角:石灰岩区(15.44°)白云岩区(14.08°);土壤黏聚力:石灰岩区(13.51 kPa)白云岩区(14.71 kPa);土壤液性指数:石灰岩区(0.247)白云岩区(0.477)。黔中喀斯特区石灰岩和白云岩区坡耕地土壤的内摩擦角、黏聚力、液性指数的差异性达到极显著水平;石灰岩与白云岩区坡耕地的土壤紧实度、塑性指数无显著差异性。     

中国土壤胶体研究 Ⅴ.滇桂地区石灰岩发育的三种土壤的粘土矿物组成和演变

石灰岩在我国的分布相当广泛。由石灰岩所发育的土壤在不同成土条件下产生不同的特性。欲阐明此类土壤的特性,必须依靠细致的野外调查和精密的室内分析。广西是著名的喀斯特地区,石灰岩出露面占总面积的60%左右;云南东南部的石灰岩地区也占总面积的50%以上。对于这些地区的土壤发生、特性和利用等问题,已有不少研究,但在粘土矿物组成及其演变规律方面还缺乏资料,故由滇桂地区石灰岩发育的土壤中挑选少数土壤标本,分析其粘土矿物组成,借以阐明不同成土条件对石灰岩发育土壤的影响。     

明确目标 同心协力 搞好珠江上游石灰岩地区综合治理试点工程

珠江上游石灰岩地区水土流失造成的石漠化面积已达 4 0万km2 ,占该区土地总面积的 16 3 % ,严重威胁着当地的农业生产和群众生存的基础 ,加快水土流失综合防治是该区各级政府和广大人民群众的强烈愿望。珠江上游石灰岩地区综合治理试点工程建设的主要任务是 ,探索珠江上游石灰岩地区综合治理水土流失、抢救土地资源、遏制土地石漠化的方法和途径 ,为石灰岩地区大面积治理水土流失、遏制土地石漠化提供典型并积累经验。     

华南石灰岩地区土壤的发生和利用

华南地区石灰岩分布广泛,其中尤以广西校为集中,其次云南、贵州、湖南、广东毗连的地区均有之。各地石灰岩都系泥盆纪-三迭纪的沉积灰岩,具有易溶的特殊岩性,且地处高温多雨的环境,因此,极易进行溶蚀风化,所以,广泛分布的石灰岩多发育为"喀斯特"地形;喀斯特地形与其相伴风化物所发育的土壤以及农业生产的特点都带有一定的特殊性,因此,对石灰岩地区土壤的研究具有十分重要的实践意义。     

广西石灰岩山区土壤发生演化系列及其利用改良

广西省是我国主要石灰岩地区,其面积约占整个自治区50%左右。石山地形与石灰岩具有易溶的特殊岩性、且处高温多雨亚热带,从而促使强烈的溶蚀作用有关。     

Trace element concentrations and background values in the arid soils of Hormozgan Province of southern Iran

Trace element concentrations in soils of arid regions of southern Iran are described to assess the concentration ranges of selected elements in a variety of soils and rocks, and to evaluate the potential bioavailability of trace elements in relation to soil properties. The study area was classified into three sub-regions consisting of (1) shale, gypsum, and limestone (western part), (2) igneous rocks and limestone (northern part), and (3) sandstone and limestone (eastern and northeastern part). The gained background values of trace elements were used for evaluating the quality and degree of contamination with native and also with anthropogenic elements of studied soils. Some soil samples indicated a significant enrichment for Pb and Ni, with an enrichment factor (EF) of around 6.0. Soils have only been cultivated for few years compared to hundreds and thousands of years for many agricultural soils; therefore, there has been less crop removal. Furthermore, soils are not highly weathered because they are in an arid climate with low precipitation, which results in a slow rate of weathering. However, slight elemental differences between soil horizons indicated that most soils are poorly developed and also represented the similarity of trace element contents between soils and parent materials.     

广西(山弄)岗自然保护区石灰土的地球化学特征

我国碳酸盐岩分布很广,占全国土地总面积的七分之一,而以广西、贵州和云南最为集中^[1]。在热带、亚热带地区,由其风化发育的土壤与赤红壤、红壤显著不同,通称为石灰土,归于隐域土中。     

Red soils derived from limestone contain higher amounts of trace elements than those derived from various other parent materials

The concentrations of 48 trace elements (Li, Be, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, In, Cd, Sn, Sb, I, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U) in 14 soils derived from limestone, sampled at three sites, are compared with the concentrations in 500 soil samples derived from a variety of other parent materials. The 500 samples were collected from 75 sites nationwide in order to include the wide range of common soil types in Japan. Most analytical results were obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), but Cr, As, Br, Zr, Sn, and I concentrations were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), because the acid dissolution techniques employed in this study were found to be incapable of recovering these elements completely. In order to examine the reliability of analyses, the concentrations of many elements were also determined by EDXRF, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Box and whisker diagrams (Tukey plots), constructed using log-transformed values of each element, show clearly that geometric means of nearly all the trace elements in soils derived from limestone are higher than those in soils derived from other parent materials. The only exceptions are Sr, Ag and Eu, though statistical analysis (Student’s t-test) shows that the differences for these three elements were not significant at p < 0.05. Similarly, the observed differences of geometric means for Sc, Br and Ba between limestone soils and other types of soils were also not significant at p < 0.05. It can be concluded, therefore, that the concentrations of the above-mentioned 48 trace elements in soils derived from limestone are significantly higher than those in other types of soils, with the exception of Sc, Br, Sr, Ag, and Ba, though it was necessary to exclude 81 soil samples, developed on scoriaceous (basaltic) volcanic ash from Mt. Fuji, as an exceptional group for comparisons of V and Cu, as these soils contain higher levels of these two elements. The above results can be attributed to the gradual accumulation of trace elements in the limestone soils due to the intense weathering processes.     

烤烟根际微生物群落结构及其动态变化的研究

选择贵州省三种典型的植烟土壤———中性紫色土、黄壤和黄色石灰土为对象,研究了烤烟根际微生物群落结构及其动态变化。结果表明,在烤烟生长过程中,根际细菌的数量在团棵期最低,然后逐渐增加,现蕾期达到峰值,进而又逐渐减少;放线菌和真菌数量从团棵期到成熟期呈增长趋势。土壤类型不同,根际细菌和放线菌的数量不一样,黄壤>黄色石灰土>中性紫色土;真菌数量,中性紫色土>黄壤>黄色石灰土。烤烟根际微生物的种群多样性及其变化在不同土壤中表现也不一样,相对于黄壤和黄色石灰土,在中性紫色土中,根际微生物的优势种群数目较多,根际细菌和放线菌种群更具多样性,而且较稳定,表明其群落结构更为合理,这可能与中性紫色土上的烟草青枯病发生率较低有一定关系。     

河南省土壤微量元素含量分布及在农业上的应用

通过对河南省1165个土壤样品的测定分析,查明了全省土壤中微量元素硼、钼、锌、铜、锰的含量与分布,其全量均低于我国土壤的平均含量。与世界土壤平均含量比较,有高有低。有效态硼、钼普遍缺乏。锌的含量从全省范围看,仍属低水平。河南土壤微量元素的地理分布趋势是由母质、气候、地形等成土条件及成土过程决定的。微肥对不同作物的增产说明在河南省使用微肥具有一定的增产潜力,是一项很有前途的经济施肥措施。     

我国缺乏微量元素的土壤及其区域分布

微量元素指土壤中含量很低的化学元素。有的微量元素是植物正常生长和生活所不可缺少的营养元素。土壤是微量元素的主要给源。     

三峡库区土壤营养元素分布特征研究

三峡移民工程中土地资源的合理规划利用需要建立在查清区域土壤营养元素背景及分布特征的基础之上,作者利用多目标地球化学调查方法,通过野外实地调查、大面积系统性采集土壤表层样品、测试分析、数理统计,探讨了三峡库区表层土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、B、Fe、Mn、Mo、Cl等植物生长必需元素在不同土壤类型中的含量分布特征,以紫色土为例探讨了不同分布高度、不同坡度、不同植被条件对其元素含量分布的影响。结果表明:石灰土是营养元素最丰富的土壤,黄壤是营养元素最低的土壤。母岩对土壤元素分布影响明显,灰岩母岩区土壤营养元素最丰富,砂岩母质区土壤养分元素含量最低;同为碎屑岩类的泥岩、粉砂岩、杂砂岩、砂岩母岩区的土壤相比,泥岩类母岩区的土壤养分元素含量相对较高,粉砂岩母岩区土壤养分元素含量居于泥岩与砂岩母岩区土壤之间。随紫色土分布区地形坡度变化,紫色土Ca、Mg、K元素含量无规律性变化,但随地形坡度变缓,N、S、Mo含量明显增高,Fe、Mn、P含量有增高的趋势;随海拔高度降低,紫色土P、S含量增高,Mn、Mo含量有增高的趋势,而其他元素含量无规律性变化。紫色土在相同的母质、气候及相似的地貌条件下,植被覆盖类型不同,土壤中不同元素分异特征差异明显。总体来说,土壤类型是土壤元素分布的主要控制因素,不同土壤类型的元素含量差异十分显著;不同母质来源的土壤元素差异性显著;紫色土的元素分布除受土壤类型控制外,还受地形坡度、高度、植被条件等其他因素的影响,但不同元素受影响的因素及程度不同。     

山东省土壤微量营养元素含量分布

本文论述山东省土壤中B、Mn、Zn、Cu、Fe有效态含量及分布。有效硼含量0.04-6.79ppm,平均0.48ppm;易还原态锰9-1345ppm,平均169ppm;有效锰1.5-175.9ppm,平均17.1ppm;有效锌0.04-14.56ppm,平均0.54ppm;有效铜0.03-20.64ppm,平均1.08ppm;有效铁1.6-162.0 ppm,平均12.6ppm。不同土壤类型微量元素含量有明显差异,主要特征为:棕壤、褐土缺硼,潮土、砂姜黑土缺锌,水稻土富铁、锰、铜,盐土富硼。其分布呈明显的地域性,可分为山地丘陵(鲁东和鲁中南)低硼、中锌、高锰区;泛滥平原(鲁西北)低锌、中硼锰区。     

我国主要土壤中微量元素的含量与分布初步总结

微量元素是指土壤中含量很低的化学元素,是与常量元素(或称大量元素)相对而言的.土壤中微量元素的含量范围为n×10^-4-n×10^-3%,除了锰以外,一般不超过n×10^-1%.有的微量元素是动物和植物生长和生活所必需,土壤中微量元素供给过量或过少的地区会引起植物和动物的不良反应.     

Comparative mycobiotic and edaphic analyses of two neighboring soil profiles on different lithologies in Upper Galilee, Israel

Microfungal communities from two profiles of the neighboring pale rendzina and basaltic vertisoil in the Upper Galilee area, Israel, were analyzed and compared. The bedrock lithology determines the key differences in mineralogical composition of the contrasting soils on chalk and basaltic rocks. Pale rendzina on chalk is strongly calcareous while the basaltic soil profile is leached from carbonates below the 5–8 cm depth and is significantly magnetically enhanced. The soils also differ in CEC, exchangeable cations, and in microstructure. In parallel, mycobiota isolated by the soil dilution plate method (124 species) displays different patterns both in distribution along the contrasting profiles and in structure of the communities at definite depths. The basaltic mycobiota is significantly richer (87 vs. 69 species in the rendzina) being less heterogeneous and even at a 5–50 cm depth. According to all estimated mycobiotic characteristics, at 15–18 cm depth the differences between the basaltic and rendzina soils are mostly pronounced. Excellent aeration of the basaltic soil in contrast to the rendzina may account at least partly for the peak of mycobiotic differences at this depth. No single edaphic parameter is responsible for the greatest level of variations in the mycobiotic characteristics indicating that co-influence of soil biotic/abiotic factors determined distribution of microfungi throughout the profiles.