鄂东南红壤发生特性的初步研究

鄂东南地处红壤向黄棕壤的过渡地带^①,其地带性土类普遍认为是属于红壤,但在亚类的划分上,却存在着黄红壤^〔1〕②、红壤^〔1-4〕、棕红壤^③④等分岐,因此,阐明本区红壤的发生特性,有助于解决该区土壤分类指标及分布界限问题。     

江西地区红壤性水稻土形成的特点

红壤性水稻土是我国中亚热带地区的主要水稻土类型。根据江西省土壤普查的初步统计资料(1960),总面积约占全省水稻土的50%以上。红壤性水稻土基本性质的研究,已经累积了许多资料^[1]。侯光炯和马溶之首先从形态发生的角度、研究了江西南昌地区某些红壤性水稻土的特性,以及形成过程中物质移动的淀积特征^[2]。     

不同熟化度红壤及红壤性水稻土的腐殖质组成及其特性

土壤腐殖质是评价红壤肥力的重要因素^[2],根据前人研究^[8,3,1]:一般土壤腐殖质的含量及组成受土壤地带性的影响。胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值自南向北逐渐递增,红壤胡敏酸与富啡酸的比值小于1。本文着重研究同一地区自然成土因素类同的情况下,红壤通过水旱耕作和培肥,土壤腐殖质的组成及特性的变化。     

铜污染土壤修复的有机调控研究I.可溶性有机物和EDTA对污染红壤铜的释放作用

通过吸附-解吸试验和室内培养试验研究了EDTA和猪粪可溶性有机物(DOM)对红壤铜吸附-解吸特性的影响及对污染红壤铜的释放作用。结果表明,外加EDTA可明显降低红壤对铜的吸附率和解吸率;吸附率和解吸率与加入的EDTA含碳量的对数呈极显著的负相关。猪粪DOM在加入量小于21.9mgL^-1C时红壤铜吸附率、解吸率显著降低,符合直线方程;大于21.9 mgL^-1C时则使红壤铜吸附率、解吸率逐渐增大,可以对数方程拟合,相关性达到极显著水平。EDTA对污染红壤铜的释放作用随着EDTA:Cu摩尔比的增大而迅速增大,随着铜处理时间的延长而降低;在同一培养时间,外加铜浓度50 mgkg^-1时,EDTA对土壤铜的释放量占土壤铜总量的比例即提取效率高于100 mgkg^-1外源铜处理时的提取效率,但随着EDTA:Cu摩尔比的增大,两者的提取效率差异越来越小。     

红壤的物理性质及其生产意义

热带和亚热带地区广泛分布着红壤性土壤。由于该地带水热条件十分优越,促进了土壤矿物组成的强烈风化和生物物质的迅速循环,从而构成了红壤性土壤所具有的独特的化学性质和物理行为。晚近的研究表明,红壤性土壤中大量存在的高岭类粘土矿物和三二氧化物不仅决定了土壤中一系列的化学环境,而且也影响着土壤中的物理过程和力学性质的变化^[13,18],而后者的控制和改善又往往是红壤开发利用成败的关键之一^[17]。     

昆明地区不同母质对红壤发育的影响

昆明地区位于云南省中部,为我国西南高原红壤的主要分布区。关于本区土壤形成过程及发生分类等同题,虽然曾有人做过不少工作,但至今仍存在着一些分歧;有人认为本区土壤的形成过程以砖红壤化为主,土壤类型为砖红壤及铁质砖红壤性土^[1,2];有人认为棕壤化为本区土壤的主要成土过程,土壤应命名为棕色森林土^[4];另有人认为本区土壤属红壤,目前的成土过程为红壤化^[5],所有这些意见,均因资料不足而难取得统一。     

徽州地区有效态微量元素含量

徽州地区位于皖南丘陵山区(包括七县二市)。为我国红壤地区北部边缘的黄红壤,农业土壤以水稻土为主。我国红壤区土壤中微量元素的含量已有专著全面介绍^[1]。就现有资料来看,徽州地区微量元素的含量情况还是空白。     

几种土壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡

本文就黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡进行了初步研究。结果表明:三种土壤对Zn²⁺离子的选择性是:黄棕壤>红壤≥砖红壤。选择系数(K_c)随着土壤粘粒表面上Zn²⁺离子饱和度的增加而下降;随着温度的上升而增加。从曲线的形状看,可以认为黄棕壤粘粒表面存在两种能量不同的吸附位,一种对Zn²⁺离子具有较强的亲和力,另一种则要差。在体系中Zn²⁺离子交换Ca²⁺离子过程中,△G⁰受△H⁰的影响远比△S⁰要大。这在黄棕壤里表现尤为明显。从热力学参数△G⁰、△H⁰、△S⁰的变化情况看,黄棕壤对Zn²⁺离子特别偏好,结合得也较紧。红壤和砖红壤则无法比拟,这可能与土壤粘粒矿物类型及表面性质有关。     

可变电荷土壤对SO42-的吸附

本文研究了三种带可变电荷的红壤在恒定pH和Cl^-离子存在条件下对SO₄^2-的吸附.三种红壤的OH^-释放量分别仅占SO₄^2-吸附量的12%,14%和20%.砖红壤在pH5.0时的电荷变化占所吸附的SO₄^2-的64-82%.作者认为大部分SO₄^2-以置换水合基的方式被吸附.     

有机质和陪伴阴离子对土壤吸附Zn的影响

本文研究了土壤有机质和陪伴阴离子对黄棕壤、红壤和砖红壤吸附Zn²⁺的影响。结果表明:土壤有机质含量与吸附Zn²⁺的数量呈正相关;陪伴阴离子对土壤吸Zn²⁺量有显著的制约作用,土壤从ZnCl₂溶液中吸附的Zn²⁺数量高于Zn(NO₃)₂的0.77-1.16倍;△pH值与吸Zn²⁺量呈直线关系。由解吸情况可以判明红壤胶体表面的高能吸附位占的比例明显大于黄棕壤或砖红壤。     

淹水条件下土壤中元素迁移的地球化学特征

本文研究了淹水条件下水稻土的两种主要母土的元素活化迁移规律及其地球化学特征。结果表明，淹水条件下淋溶迁移元素来源于不同的母体；铁，锰，钙，镁等元素的活化作用加强，迁移能力增加，元素的迁移序列中锰的迁移能力已接近钙，镁等活泼元素；两种土壤中元素的迁移序列不同。性质相似的元素在迁移过程中具有相似的行为，相互之间有很好的相关性，因而在统计区分中位置靠近。引起元素在土壤中活化迁移的过程包括还原，重碳酸化，     

冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林水化学特征

对冀北山地油松蒙古栎混交林穿透雨、树干茎流和枯透水中的Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Zn共6种养分元素进行测定。结果表明:(1)大气降水经过林冠层后化学元素含量均有不同程度增加,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Mn>Zn,树干茎流各项指标均增长较多,化学元素含量排序为Ca>K>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn,枯落物水中K和Ca元素浓度增加最大。(2)大气降雨中Zn的变异系数最大,达2.853;K和Ca元素的变异系数最小,分别为0.158,0.163。穿透雨中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为0.692;树干茎流中变异系数最大的为Zn元素,其值为0.594;枯透水中变异系数最大的为Fe元素,其值为1.164。(3)经过淋洗后水样中各元素的浓度均有所增加,穿透水、树干茎流和枯透水中Ca、K增加较多,Fe、Mn、Zn的淋溶量较少。     

密云水库集水区刺槐水源保护林水化学性质研究

研究了北京密云水库集水区人工刺槐水源保护林水化学性质,结果表明,不同月份大气降水化学元素含量不同,在观测时段内6月份化学元素含量最高,所测定元素加权平均值之和为12.001 mg/L,各元素含量按大小排序为Ca > N > K > Mg > Na > P > Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn;大气降水经过林冠层后,林内穿透降水和树干茎流中各化学元素含量变化不一,但元素总含量增加,林内穿透降水化学元素含量之和为46.192 mg/L,树干茎流为61.586 mg/L,分别高于大气降水34.191 mg/L和49.585 mg/L.     

茶树土壤的某些生物地球化学特性

Characteristics of the element abundance, material cycling, element budget in tea soils were discussed based on investigations of six tea plantations and the adjacent waste lands in the Three Gorges region. The plantations have different soil-forming parent materials, but similar landforms, and the same tea variety and close ages. The results showed that tea growing could increased the contents of organic matter, total and available N, P, Al and Mn; the elements enriched by tea trees were in the following descending sequence: P>Ca>K>Mn>Mg>Zn>Al>Fe; elements returned through litter of tea were in the sequence of Ca>Mn>P>Zn>Mg>K>Al>Fe; in the nutrient budget of the soil-tea system, P and K were in deficit, whereas Al, Ca, Fe and Mn in surplus.     

Seasonal fluctuations in microbial populations and available nutrients in forest soils

Viable microorganisms, soil respiration, and available N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P contents were determined in samples of five different forest soils collected in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Viable microorganisms and soil respiration were positively correlated and showed a clear seasonal trend. The soils exhibited high microbial population values in spring and autumn and low values in summer and winter; total respiration values were largely higher in autumn than in the other seasons. Seasonal variations in available Ca, Na, and K contents were much more marked than those found for available N, Mg, and P. Available N and K and the microbial population showed similar seasonal trends whereas available Ca, Mg, Na, and P did not exhibit a distinguishable and uniform seasonal pattern. The quantities of available nutrients in soils followed the order Ca>K=Na>Mg>P>N. Soils developed over basic rocks showed higher values of both microbial density and microbial activity than those in soils developed over acid rocks. All the variables analysed were clearly related to the type of soil but varied with the date of sampling; a significant seasonal effect on the microbial population, microbial activity and available nutrients was detected in all the soils studied.     

石柱黄连不同生长期植株营养特性的研究

采用大田调查和室内化学分析方法研究了石柱黄连不同生长期植株养分含量、吸收、比例以及养分含量与土壤有效养分的关系。结果表明,1～5年生黄连生物量、叶片重和根茎重(产量)与生长年份呈极好的二次回归关系,叶片12种营养元素含量和吸收量均以NKSCaMgPFeMnZnCuBMo,根茎养分含量和吸收量的大小序列不一致。黄连叶片和植株养分吸收量与年份呈良好的二次回归关系,根茎养分吸收量的变化可用幂函数(y=axb)表征,叶片养分吸收量成倍(4.29～11.4倍)高于根茎。黄连土壤有机质、有效氮、硫、钙、锌含量丰富,其余8种养分含量低,不同年份黄连叶片(镁、铁、铜除外)和根茎(镁、钼除外)养分含量与土壤有效养分间呈很好的三次回归关系。     

天山森林凋落物和枯枝落时层的研究

通过１９９２－１９９５年的定位试验，对天山森林凋落物和枯枝落叶的主要性质进行了研究。结果表明，天山森林生态系统中养分运转具有独特性：（１）森林年凋落量较低，为２．１ｔ／ｈｍ＾２凋落物的季节动态变化呈单蜂型；（２）以凋落物形式的养分年归还量为Ｃａ〉Ｎ〉Ｋ〉Ｐ。在凋落之前，大部分Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ被转移，Ｋ的转移量最大，而Ｃａ则相对富集，归还量最小；（３）枯枝落叶层中养分贮量和蓄水量高，但有机物质分解率较低；     

半干旱地区菜园土壤特征及持续利用

本文通过对天津地区有代表性的200多个不同种植年限菜园土壤耕层及典型剖面调查研究表明:老菜园土壤具有良好的主体构造，熟化层深厚，三相比协调、呈团粒结构，土壤微团聚体形状圆润、表面粗糙、联结疏松;新开发菜田微团聚体之间联结很紧，孔隙少，边缘整齐，彼此不沟通。老菜园土壤养分富集明显，富集特点为速效P＞全N＞OM＞全P＞速效K＞速效N。全量分析与粘土矿物显示，烧失量、CaO整个主体高于对照2～3倍;MgO、MnO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、P2O5高于对照20％～60％;SiO2、Na2O下降20％～40％;TiO2、K2O变化不大。菜园土壤整个主体与对照比较矿物组成变化不大;土壤微生物丰富，细菌、真菌高于对照2～3倍，放线菌高于对照1倍以上;土壤酶活性强，4种土壤酶活性高于对照2～5倍。不同发育年限菜园土壤微生物区系变化趋向显示，老菜园土壤细菌、放线菌数量增多，真菌数量有减少倾向。用土壤养分状况系统研究法对11种营养元素丰缺诊断表明，老菜园土壤养分限制因子很少，限制因子位序N＞K＞Mn，无肥区相对产量为70％以上;新菜田土壤养分限制因子很多，无肥区相对产量仅20％以上，限制因子位序P＞N＞K＞Zn＞Fe＞Mn＞S，揭示了半干旱地区菜园土壤的肥力特征，为菜园土壤持续利用提供了一定依据。     

Trace element concentrations and background values in the arid soils of Hormozgan Province of southern Iran

Trace element concentrations in soils of arid regions of southern Iran are described to assess the concentration ranges of selected elements in a variety of soils and rocks, and to evaluate the potential bioavailability of trace elements in relation to soil properties. The study area was classified into three sub-regions consisting of (1) shale, gypsum, and limestone (western part), (2) igneous rocks and limestone (northern part), and (3) sandstone and limestone (eastern and northeastern part). The gained background values of trace elements were used for evaluating the quality and degree of contamination with native and also with anthropogenic elements of studied soils. Some soil samples indicated a significant enrichment for Pb and Ni, with an enrichment factor (EF) of around 6.0. Soils have only been cultivated for few years compared to hundreds and thousands of years for many agricultural soils; therefore, there has been less crop removal. Furthermore, soils are not highly weathered because they are in an arid climate with low precipitation, which results in a slow rate of weathering. However, slight elemental differences between soil horizons indicated that most soils are poorly developed and also represented the similarity of trace element contents between soils and parent materials.     

Modern and paleolimnological evidence for accelerated leaching and metal accumulation in soils in New England,caused by atmospheric deposition

Empirical field evidence for changing chemical processes in soils caused by atmospheric deposition of pollutants consists of: (1) Long-term water quality data including total dissolved solids, concentrations of specific metals (e.g. Ca), and conductivity; (2) Cation exchange capacity and base saturation values for soils located on precipitation pH gradients; (3) Lysimeter studies; and (4) Chemical analysis of organic soils on precipitation pH and metal gradients. For well-drained organic soils, as precipitation pH decreases, metals are differentially leached at an accelerated rate (Mn>Ca>Mg≥Zn>Cd and Na>Al). Experimental field and laboratory lysimeter studies on soil columns yield similar results, with increases in leaching rates for soil solutions with pH=3 up to 100 × values for soil solutions with pH=5. Nearly 100% of the Pb from precipitation is accumulating in the organic soil layer or sediments. Zn is accumulating in soils and sediments where the pH's of precipitation, soil solutions, and surface waters are generally above 5 to 5.5. At lower pH values Zn and other chemically similar elements are desorbed/leached (net) at an accelerated rate. Chemical analyses of dated sediment cores from high and low altitude lakes, with drainage basins relatively undisturbed for the last 200+ yr, reveal that increased deposition of metals on a regional scale started in the northeastern United States as early as 1880, consistent with increased fossil fuel consumption. This suggests acidified precipitation as early as 1880. Cores from historically acidified lakes (pH<≈5.3 to 5.5) indicate that, as acidification of surface waters occurs (caused by acidic deposition), concentrations of Zn, Mn, and Ca decrease in the sediment. Apparently the metals are leached from the detritus prior to sedimentation. This conclusion results from data from experimental acidification of sediment cores and the general observation that precipitation pH is generally ≥0.5 pH units lower than lake water pH. Accelerated leaching of soil in New England dates to earlier than 1900.