垃圾填埋场恶臭污染对感官影响的评价研究

目前中国大气环境影响评价导则中缺少恶臭感官评价因子,实际工作中,多规避或以常规大气环境影响评价方法进行评价。针对这一问题,该文调查总结不同国家和地区恶臭标准、导则及文献,以某垃圾填埋场为例,通过模型模拟、敏感点现场嗅探监测及厂界监测等多种工具得到臭气浓度、臭气强度、恶臭发生频率等评价因子,研究中国恶臭污染的感官环境影响评价方法。结果表明,恶臭源调查结果显示,该垃圾填埋场恶臭管控措施较好,但当扩散条件较差时,厂界恶臭强度可达到4级(强烈的臭味);模型模拟结果显示,厂界臭气浓度可达到1 000以上且恶臭发生频次较高;现场嗅探监测结果显示,距厂界1km范围内2#(西方向)、6#(东北方向)监测点受该垃圾填埋场的恶臭影响较为严重;该垃圾填埋场周边不同方位上距恶臭源0.3～2.8km范围内的敏感点受垃圾干扰相对较高,不同方位上距恶臭源1.8～4.0 km范围外的敏感点受垃圾干扰相对较低;针对厂界东侧3～4 km范围内某一居民区来说,其居住的居民可感知恶臭,但由于恶臭发生频率较低且强度相对不高,整体来说居民区受到该垃圾填埋场的恶臭干扰程度相对较低。     

生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质分析

恶臭污染已成为生活垃圾堆肥过程中的主要环境问题.以15~80 mm粒径段的生活垃圾作为研究对象,利用嗅觉测定法和GC-MS分析了不同阶段堆肥尾气的臭气浓度和恶臭化合物的种类及其排放浓度,并对不同堆肥阶段臭气浓度和恶臭物质排放浓度的相关性进行分析.结果表明,垃圾堆肥过程中共检测到50种挥发性有机物,其中含硫恶臭物质5种,烃类化合物25种,芳香烃类化合物14种,其他物质6种.通过相关性分析,发现硫化氢、甲硫醚、二硫化碳、二甲二硫、1,3二甲基苯和邻二甲苯均与臭气浓度呈极显著相关(p<0.01),结合各恶臭物质的嗅阈值,15~80 mm粒径段垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质优先控制的顺序为硫化氢>甲硫醚>二甲二硫>二硫化碳>1,3二甲基苯>邻二甲苯.甲硫醇的嗅阈值非常低,即使其排放浓度很低,也会带来严重的臭气污染;NH3虽然对臭气浓度的贡献相对较小,但是其排放量很大,因此也应该对这2种恶臭物质进行重点监测和控制.该研究结果为生活垃圾堆肥过程中恶臭物质的监测、制定控制策略提供参考.     

基于电子鼻和GIS的大型生活垃圾堆肥厂恶臭污染源测定

堆肥能够在有效地处理有机生活垃圾的同时生产肥料产品,但堆肥过程中产生的恶臭气体是影响环境的重要因素,严重影响了该项技术的推广应用。为确定堆肥厂恶臭来源和强度,进而为进一步治理提供参考。笔者通过先期调查对堆肥厂存在的恶臭污染释放点进行了初步确定,利用GPS(global position system)定位技术进行网格化布点。在为期30 d的调查过程中,通过电子鼻检测手段分别对堆肥厂厂区和周边环境的恶臭污染状况进行检测。在获得大量现场检测数据的基础上选择GIS(geographic information system)技术中的张力样条法对调查区域进行插值运算,依据生成的数值绘制该区域恶臭污染的等强度曲线。通过作图能够直观地了解恶臭污染分布及浓度梯度下降趋势。对厂区的调查结果作图表明在堆肥厂厂区主要存在着2个主要的恶臭污染释放点源,一个位于发酵车间前段渗滤液抽排外运出口,电子鼻检测数值显示2465,另一个位于与生物滤池附近,电子鼻检测数值显示2913,通过折算臭气浓度分别为840和2191。其中发酵车间附近渗滤液抽排外运出口的取样点邻近与填埋场划定的厂界,其数值远远超过恶臭污染排放标准(GB14554-1993)规定的无组织排放厂界臭气浓度值。2个污染释放源的恶臭强度均达到5级水平。通过对周边环境的更大范围内的恶臭状况检测与比较分析,可以确定堆肥厂的恶臭污染是影响周边环境的首要恶臭因素。     

农村生活垃圾生物稳定预处理对渗滤液产生及污染潜力的影响

为从源头控制垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染,以广州市番禺区猛涌村生活垃圾处理示范基地为研究对象,以猛涌村中转站分选得到的有机垃圾为试验材料,采用生物稳定和淋溶试验研究方法,以未经生物稳定处理的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为对照（CK）,以生物稳定预处理36d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理1（T1）,以生物稳定预处理12d的垃圾淋溶试验模拟渗滤液产生为处理2（T2）。通过分析渗滤液pH、氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳等指标的变化,考察生物预处理方法对渗滤液的污染控制效果。结果表明,在10d淋溶试验过程中,T1、T2渗滤液产量比CK分别减少33、28;CK渗滤液pH一直呈酸性,而T1、T2介于在7.0～8.5;T1、T2渗滤液氨氮、总磷、COD、水溶性碳平均浓度分别比CK降低77、63,75、69,73、66,74、69,明显降低了垃圾的污染潜力,垃圾生物稳定程度越高,污染潜力越低。研究成果从生态控制的角度为垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染防治提供了理论依据。     

清洁生产理念下水库流域畜禽养殖业污染的集成防治技术

在清洁生产理念下提出对水库流域畜禽养殖业污染的"源头—过程—末端"进行全过程控制的集成防治技术,并对这一技术进行详细阐述。     

城市垃圾填埋场植被恢复研究进展

城市垃圾填埋场占用了大量的城市用地,并使得许多可利用资源如适量的碳、氢、钾、钙、镁、磷和微量的铁、锰、铜等元素被浪费,而且污染并破坏了周围的生态环境,有时候还引起爆炸。如何对封场后的城市垃圾填埋场进行合理高效的开发利用,成为国内外学者研究的热点。通过回顾国内外城市垃圾填埋场土地利用方式、绿化潜力、树种选择研究进展,对垃圾填埋场存在的诸如填埋气体、渗漏问题、植物的养护、土壤贫瘠等对垃圾填埋场绿化产生限制的因子进行探讨,提出找到垃圾填埋场绿化的综合配套技术如绿化美化规划方法、适宜的草种和树种、配套的绿化方法等将成为今后研究的重点与热点。     

“生物反应器型”垃圾填埋技术特点和应用前景

分析了常规卫生填埋场(CL)的缺点,对“生物反应器型”垃圾填埋场(BL)的结构特点进行了简要的描述,并以美国加里福尼亚州一“生物反应器型”垃圾填埋技术研究项目为例,对该技术的生物降解特性进行了介绍。目前已获得的试验结果显示,由于增加了渗滤液的循环、垃圾水分的控制等措施,使得BL的生物消化能力明显提高。与常规无控制的卫生填埋方法CL相比,BL的垃圾填埋气产量可提高75%,体积减少量增加约4倍,且渗滤液稳定快,一般不需渗滤液处理设施。最后,对我国垃圾处理技术的现状进行了简要的分析,说明BL技术对我国有良好的借鉴作用和较好的应用前景     

震灾后过渡居住期易腐废物管理与技术方案

探讨了震灾后3～5年过渡居住期间,四川地震灾区产生的生活垃圾和粪便等易腐废物的处理处置技术方案选择。灾区生活垃圾和粪便的每日产生量均将超过5 000 t。过渡期生活垃圾的管理建议为在居民点进行源头分类,易腐部分进行10～20 d的高温好氧生物处理达到无害化和初步稳定要求后,进入简易填埋场或土地利用;粪便则在化粪池原位厌氧处理。     

农业面源污染的立体防控

结合农业面源污染的现状和成因,针对农业面源污染的不同特征,提出了源头、途径及末端的防控措施以及政策保障。     

DBD技术处理鱼粉厂恶臭气体的研究

为了去除鱼粉加工中产生的大量恶臭气体,利用DBD低温等离子体技术对硫化氢和三甲胺进行去除,并在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计方法,考察了电压、放电频率、处理时间、初始浓度及其交互作用对硫化氢和三甲胺去除率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化所得的最佳工艺条件为:电压10.6k V,放电频率8.91KHz,处理时间0.26s,硫化氢初始浓度0.76mg·m-3,三甲胺初始浓度为19.8mg·m-3。此条件下硫化氢和三甲胺的去除率均可达100%,能耗为1.77×10-2KW·h·m-3;同时,验证试验结果与模型预测值吻合。本研究为DBD技术在鱼粉厂去除恶臭气体中的应用奠定了基础。     

生物质颗粒燃料成型的黏弹性本构模型

为研究生物质颗粒成型燃料压缩成型机理,该文用玉米秸秆、花生壳、小麦秸秆、大豆秸秆、棉花秸秆、木屑等6种生物质原料,采用生物质颗粒燃料成型机进行压缩成型,研究生物质颗粒燃料压缩成型过程,采用黏弹性理论,建立生物质颗粒成型燃料的本构模型,从力学角度提出生物质颗粒成型燃料的压缩成型机理,并研究对比不同种类生物质原料压缩的最大应力与能耗.结果表明,6种生物质原料中棉杆和木屑的最大应力较高,其余4种原料略低;木屑的压缩能耗最高,其次为棉秆、花生壳和豆秸,小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆较小.该研究结论为解决生物质颗粒成型燃料成型加工能耗高,关键部件受力磨损导致寿命低等问题提供一定参考.     

Application of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry to the assessment of odorant removal in a biological air cleaner for pig production

There is an urgent need to develop odor reduction technologies for animal production facilities, and this requires a reliable measurement technique for estimating the removal of odorants. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the application of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) for continuous measurements at a biofilter from SKOV A/S installed at a pig production facility. PTR-MS was able to handle the harsh conditions with high humidity and dust load in a biofilter and provide reliable data for the removal of odorants, including the highly odorous sulfur compounds. The biofilter removed 80-99% of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and indoles and ca. 75% of hydrogen sulfide. However, only ~0-15% of methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide was removed. In conclusion, PTR-MS is a promising tool that can be used to improve the development of biological air cleaning and other odor reduction technologies toward significant odorants.     

Gas production during refuse decomposition

Gas production in sanitary landfills is a subject of much concern because of the potential hazards of CH₄ combustion and of groundwater contamination by CO₂. This study investigated the pattern of sanitary landfill gas production and the factors which affect it. A basis for study was prepared by examining factors which influence gas production in soil and sewage sludge digesters. The factors studied included moisture content, temperature, pH, alkalinity, Eh, and nutrition. It was then undertaken to determine whether or not this information was applicable to the landfill. A pattern for landfill gas production was proposed based on the assumption that an anaerobic environment would be achieved and maintained after refuse placement. Four phases were identified: I. Aerobic; II. Anaerobic Non-Methanogenic; III. Anaerobic Methanogenic Unsteady; and IV. Anaerobic Methanogenic Steady. The duration of these phase and the relative amounts of gases produced within each phase were studied. An investigation of information available on factors affecting gas production in sanitary landfills also was made. It was found that, in general, the principles developed from the study of gas production in other media were applicable to the landfill environment. It was found that gas production increases with increased moisture content but that conditions of high infiltration are often conducive to reduction in gas production apparently caused by modifications to the microbial environment. There appears to exist a typical pattern of temperature variation within the landfill with a peak temperature being reached during the initial phase of aerobic decomposition. The magnitude of this peak is related to the refuse temperature at placement. Subsequent temperatures are lower and tend to fluctuate with season. Optimum temperatures for gas production are in the range of from 30°C to 35°C, however, landfill temperatures are often lower than this. Optimum levels of pH and alkalinity exist which maximize gas production rates. The types and amounts of gas produced are influenced by refuse composition. A scheme was proposed to illustrate how the various factors influence landfill gas production and how these may interact. Those factors over which some control may be exerted during landfill design and operation were identified.     

CADMIUM MOBILISATION UNDER CONDITIONS SIMULATING ANAEROBIC TO AEROBIC TRANSITION IN A LANDFILL LEACHATE-POLLUTED AQUIFER

The anaerobic conditions in landfill leachate-polluted aquifers can lead to trapping of many heavy metals as sulfide precipitates. In laboratory experiments with aqueous systems containing sulfidic solid phases (aquifer solids from a landfill leachate plume or amorphous FeS), cadmium previously trapped as a sulfide precipitate was released to the aqueous phase when conditions were changed from initially slightly anaerobic to aerobic. Cadmium was subsequently removed from solution either by adsorption on Fe oxyhydroxide phases or by precipitation as a carbonate mineral, groundwater pH being the major controlling variable.     

Sulfide Production by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria with Lactate as Feed in an Upflow Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactor

The sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have the capability of reducing sulfate (SO4-2) under anaerobic conditions into sulfide (S-2) which can precipitate metals as metal sulfides. The optimum conditions for sulfide production by SRB utilizing lactate, in an upflow anaerobic fixed film reactor (UAFFR) were not previously established. The main objective of this research was to investigate these conditions for the growth of SRB to ensure the highest sulfide production under consistent behaviour of the system. Substrate containing lactate as the organic carbon source along with sulfate, nitrogen and phosphorus as the required nutrients was used as a feed to the UAFER which was seeded with SRB. It was found that an optimum sulfide production occurred with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 6 kg d-1 m-3, while the theoretical oxygen demand to sulfate ratio (ThOD/SO4) ranged from 1.5 to 2.25. Also, the optimum total nitrogen and phosphorus demands were determined to be about 250 and 50 mg L-1 respectively. A total nitrogen concentration above 600 mg L-1 started showing toxicity and lowered the sulfide production. The optimum ThOD:N:P for sulfide production and growth of SRB in the UAFFR was 100:5:1 under optimum conditions.     

牛粪好氧发酵挥发性物质排放特征及恶臭物质分析

不同原料好氧发酵产生的臭气物质组分和浓度存在差异。以牛粪和玉米秸秆为原料研究好氧发酵过程挥发性有机物（Volatile Organic Compound，VOCs）的产排特征及主要致臭物质，开展牛粪好氧发酵试验，采用气相色谱-质谱法分析测定发酵升温期、高温期、降温期及腐熟期等不同发酵阶段的VOCs组分和浓度，硼酸溶液吸收，盐酸滴定法测定NH3，便携式检测器（Tion NH3-H2S 300 G）测定H2S，3点比较式臭袋法测定不同发酵阶段臭气浓度。结果表明，牛粪好氧发酵过程中共检出31种VOCs，其中含硫化合物42种，醇类1种，酯类1种，酮类1种，卤代烃4种，苯系物9种，烷烃类8种，烯烃3种；在好氧发酵高温期臭气浓度最高为724（无量纲），VOCs产生与排放主要在高温期。基于恶臭污染排放标准和恶臭物质气味活度值，并结合各物质检出率、GS-MS图谱及相关性分析，发现NH3、H2S、甲硫醚是牛粪好氧发酵过程的主要致臭物质；其次芳香族化合物对臭气浓度贡献也相对较大，应进行重点监测与控制。该研究可为牛粪好氧发酵过程臭气物质减控提供理论支撑。     

The source,composition and flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the river Derwent,Derbyshire, U.K.

To observe the rate of degradation of refuse and to assess the rate of pollution below a landfill, the concentration of total C, volatile content, COD, humified C, humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) in solid waste samples were analyzed. The samples were obtained by field drilling at increasing depths. The volatile content, organic C and COD decreased with the depth of the refuse and their variability was related to the decomposition processes of refuse. High coefficient of determination (r ²) values indicated a positive relationship between the results of total C, humified C, HA and FA. The concentration of organic substances in the soil below the landfill is lower than in the soil outside the landfill site.     

微生物成矿技术在环境砷污染治理中的应用研究进展

近年来,微生物成矿技术成为环境污染治理领域研究热点之一。结合典型矿化菌与砷的成矿关联规律对微生物成矿作用固定砷的机制及环境污染治理中的应用进行归纳:(1)环境中的碳酸盐矿化菌、铁锰氧化菌及硫酸盐还原菌可通过诱导成矿的方式,直接促进含砷矿物的形成或生成其他矿物间接吸附砷,通过对砷的成矿产物和成矿因素分析,揭示微生物成矿机理、特征及形成条件;(2)总结了国内外应用微生物成矿技术处理水体和土壤中砷污染的研究,利用微生物成矿技术可降低水体及土壤中溶解性或可提取态砷浓度、减少砷的生物可利用性;(3)微生物对重金属的成矿作用受环境因素影响,环境中砷的初始浓度、共存金属离子、pH、温度、营养盐浓度等均会影响微生物成矿的效率。加强微生物成矿过程微界面反应机制研究,并筛选重金属耐性和成矿能力强的微生物以提高成矿效率,同时研究成矿作用固定的砷在环境中的溶出和迁移规律进而减少矿物中砷的再次溶出,将成为未来该领域的重点研究方向之一。     

生物反应器填埋场系统中有机垃圾降解特性研究

针对渗滤液回灌型生物反应器填埋场中存在着有机酸积累的问题，试验将产甲烷反应器作为渗滤液回灌前的预处理设施引入生物反应器填埋场，研究了其系统中有机垃圾的降解和产气规律。结果表明，在本模拟试验条件下，有机垃圾在填埋场、产甲烷反应器和生物反应器填埋场系统的总产气量分别为62.1、456和518.1 L，其中产甲烷反应器产气量占生物反应器填埋场系统产气量的88％以上。在产甲烷反应器中产气速率与有机物去除率成正比，回归系数为0.4614 L/g COD。基于生物反应器填埋场系统中有机物降解的特征，建立了其产气动力学模型。该模型可用来初步估算相关生物反应器填埋场系统中填埋垃圾稳定化所需时间及产气量，为系统填埋气的能源化利用提供理论依据。